Great Han Empire

Chapter 402 Repost: The Eastern Han Dynasty and Empress Salt and Iron are no longer monopolized by the government
The hunanstone book friend on the forum has a post about the salt and iron of the Eastern Han Dynasty, you can take a look at it.

The following is an excerpt from Mr. Luo Qingkang: It shows that after Emperor He, salt and iron are no longer monopolized by the government.
Z. Eastern Han Dynasty

([-]) In the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, salt and iron were still government-operated

In the 84 years before the first year of Wuhe, Emperor Chan of the Eastern Han Dynasty (59 AD), the salt and iron system was
Government-run or private-run, ⑧ or "government-run and private-run parallel" ④? 7 I think it is government-run.

Although it was clearly recorded in the early Eastern Han Dynasty that the salt and iron industry was officially run, there are a lot of sporadic historical materials that show that this period was government run.For example, in the "Book of the Later Han Dynasty Du Shi Biography", it is said that in the seventh year of Nirvana (the 31st year of Gongwu), Du Shi was the prefect of Nanyang. If there are many meritorious deeds, it will be convenient for the common people."This is when Du Shi used water as power when he was the prefect of Nanyang. ① Invented the water blower to smelt cast iron farm tools, which made it much more convenient for the common people to buy.Therefore, Nanyang respectfully called him "Du Mu".This is undoubtedly the official camp.Nanyang belongs to the "Sanhe District", one of the five major economic zones in the Han Dynasty, and is an important town in the Central Plains, so it can represent the general.

The performance of Yantie Gongying is not only found in the Central Plains, but also in remote areas.
First look at the northwest frontier, such as Cui Ding's "Politics" plant; "Old Yongping, Jianchu

At the time... (northwest) frontier residents... all serve as private soldiers and refuse to use official organs". The so-called "official organs" are of course products made by government-run handicraft workshops. Frontier residents should buy and use them, but they are "refusal The reason is that the official ironware is no longer "firm and sharp", but "knives and carts are blunt". ②It seems that this is an official monopoly.

Looking at the southern border, such as Jianwu Ren, Ren Yan was the prefect of Jiubin, "ordered to make field utensils, and taught them to cultivate." ⑤ Let me ask: Is it the government that "casts the field utensils" or the people of Jiuzhen? "East View of the Han Dynasty" records, "Jiuzhen vulgar burns grass and farms", but I don't know about cow cakes.Ren Yan wanted to teach the people how to solve the problem of not having "hybrid teams". He had to promote the method of curing hesitation in the Central Plains, and the officials had to "make field tools".There is also a supplementary evidence, which is the "Jijie" of "Hou Hanshu·Ren Yan Lie Biography" cited Hui Zongyun: "Huajiao Shuyun taught the people to farm with cattle and sent officials to patrol." People's cattle farming is carried out under the supervision of officials.Therefore, the Jiuzhen Frontier is also a government-run iron industry.

The above historical data show that whether it is in the Central Plains or on the border, the salt and iron industry is a palace-run business.At the same time, some measures taken by the government can also prove this point.

l is 3C salt as Baigong salary.At the beginning of Jianwu period, Song Hong was Sikong, "often receiving salaries and getting salt, causing dryness (this article written by Yao "Mo Hong was Sikong, and receiving salaries to get salt"), sent all the students to welcome him to the river, and ordered Liang to. Salt is cheap , all living beings do not gather together, they are angry, chased after them, they are extremely cheap, they sell all the fruits, and they do not compete with the people for profit." ① If it is not a salt monopoly, where can such salt be used as salary? If it is not government-run, there is no need to send officials to Shanghe to "greet".It means that the palace family is in charge of export sales.The second is to use iron basins as a means of controlling salt production by salt households, just like Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.Boiling salt and iron deficiency are the main production tools for boiling salt. When salt is monopolized, national handicraft workshops are allowed to make it. Salt households must first receive iron benefits from the palace family to cook salt.This is the case with "officials and prison benefits" during the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. "Lishi" contains the inscriptions of Hantie at the time of Jianwu and Shuiping, ② is the best proof that the text records the fact that the official camp of Yantie in the early Eastern Han Dynasty was indeed the same.The third is to dig down and carry out mountain prohibition.That is to say, the people are not allowed to enter the mountain to mine at will, and must be approved by the iron official.In the fourth year of Muli (129 A.D.) in February 500, Emperor Skull "chiseled stones with the individuality of the people, vented the hidden energy, and rescued the procuratorate, which should be banned, such as Jianwu and horizontal stories." ⑧Although it is about the current affairs of Emperor Gu, it is another supplementary evidence of the official operation of the salt and iron industry in the Eastern Han Dynasty.However, there are cases of private salt and iron, but it is not allowed by the policy.In Jianwuzhong, Wei Feng was the prefect of Guiyangyang, "Weiyang County produces iron and stone, and the people of other counties often gather because of it, and they secretly smelt pounds, and they come to flee in the marsh, causing many rapes and robbers." Therefore, Wei Feng immediately banned In this way, the fiscal revenue of the official family increased greatly, and "the annual income increased by 62 million yuan". ①At the same time, there was no iron official in Laiyang County in the Western Han Dynasty, but a new iron official was established in the early Eastern Han Dynasty, and the salt and iron official camp was implemented.In addition, at the beginning of Jianwu period, the Fifth Lun "thought that he had not been successful for a long time, so he changed his family member Kehe Dong's name to Wa, and called himself Wang Boqi, cut salt and went to Taiyuan and the L Party, and the money he passed was removed as dung. The title is a Taoist priest, relatives, friends and old people don't know where it is." If the government allows smuggling of pots, Fifth Lun does not need to send his family members to Hedong as guests, and he will not change his name to "Renboqi" or "Taoist".Therefore, Zheng Xu's "Tongzhi" volume 2 quotes Hedi Banzhao's article "Xiao Wubo collects salt and iron to pay for his teacher's travel, and it has not been reformed since ZTE", which is very reasonable.Why must the official camp be implemented in the early Eastern Han Dynasty? 6. If the official camp is not implemented, it will cause social unrest.For example, if a powerful man made a casting in Shuyang County, "the marsh will flee for his life, and many will be prone to robbers", so it must be cast by an official.The fact is also the same. After Wei Feng dismissed private casting, he "cleaned up the county".Second, the military expenditure is large. If the government can operate salt and iron, it can also make up for the shortfall.The Eastern Han Dynasty was established after a long period of war; after the founding of the country in [-]n, it was necessary to eliminate the separatist forces, such as Gongsunshu, Kaixiao, etc., and suppress the rebellion caused by "dutian", that is, "the surname of the county and the garden, the commander of the army, Groups of thieves rose up everywhere and killed the chief officials." ⑥Foreigners also took the opportunity to harass, "Since the resurgence, the Huns have been the last guests";And so on, all need a lot of financial expenditure, if the monopoly of salt and iron palace camp is implemented, it can be "prepared for emergencies".At the same time, in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Shangshu Taichuang was implemented, "Although the Sangong was established, the affairs belonged to the Taige", ⑦ further strengthened the centralization of power.It has the power to control the production and export of salt and iron through administrative means to solve the country's financial distress.Having said that, in the early Eastern Han Dynasty, although the government operated special salt and iron, it did not grasp it tightly.On the one hand, it is because after the war in the Shi period, a thousand wastes are waiting to be lifted.It was too late to rectify, and some corrupt officials and powerful landlords took advantage of the loopholes.For example, at the beginning of Jianwu period, Peng Wan, Marquis of Jianzhong, saw that "Beizhou is broken and Yuyang is finished. There are salt and iron officials, and the favor is turned to trade valley. Accumulate treasures and become prosperous and strong." ② On the other hand, the place where salt and iron are boiled and cast is a remote mountainous area, and the Lehan government has yet to take care of it.For example, Weiyang County is a remote mountainous area in southern Hunan, "or within miles" of Guiyang County; after the discovery of iron in the early Eastern Han Dynasty, the neighboring counties were forced to recruit;It wasn't until Wei Xi became the prefect of Guiyang that there was no iron official and he was returned to the official camp.

([-]) Qiandi fully restores the monopoly of salt and iron

Emperor Zhang fully restored the special exchange of salt and iron, and prohibited private boiling and casting. It was during the Yuanhe period
(公元84—87年)，②废止1：章和二年(公元88年)，④前后最多不超过5年左右。

Why did Emperor Zhang want to restore the salt and iron monopoly in an all-round way? 2 On the one hand, it is "insufficient use". eLater Hanshu·Zhu Jizhuan" cloud; "(Yuanhezhong) is the most expensive time and valley, and the county officials are not enough, and the court is worried about it." Therefore, Shangshu Zhang Lin proposed: "Also salt, those who are in a hurry to eat, although expensive , People have to, officials can cook by themselves."Li Xian and others cited "Qianshu" as notes: "Because the organs are used to cook salt." ① That is, the salt monopoly was implemented.On the other hand, in order to resist the Huns.In the summer and April of the second year of Zhanghe, Wu Yinzhao said: "In the past, Emperor Xiaowu punished Huyue, so he had the right to collect the profit of salt and iron, ② to pay for his teacher's travel. Since Zhongxing, the Xiongnu has not been a guest, and has never In the last years of the Ping Dynasty, the conquest was resumed. The first emperor ascended the throne and took a break from hard work, but he was still thinking about the foresight, not forgetting the danger, exploring the old scriptures, recovering the salt and iron, and wanting to be prepared for the unexpected, Ningan border. "Obviously, the salt and iron The monopoly is to solve the teacher's travel expenses.

In order to show the importance attached to the special category of salt, the emperor returned to the third year of Yuanhe (AD and Ming Dynasty).

Year) Yichou in August, "Xing'an Town, watch Yanchi".Anyi salt oil refers to "river
East Yanchi"; the scale is not small, "51 miles in wheat, 7 miles in wide, 116 miles in weeks", is

An important salt producing area at that time.It is located in the "west of Yuxiang County, Puzhou today". ⑧
The implementation of the monopoly of salt and iron in the period of Emperor Zhang went through a fierce struggle.In the sixth year of Jianren (A.D. 81), "it was the time when Emperor Suzong discussed the restoration of the Salt and Iron Palace. ④ (Da Si Nong Zheng) said that it was impossible. Cong. "Yuan Xiangzhong Shangshu Zhang Lin advocated the monopoly of salt and iron, and Emperor Zhang "had a marsh to implement it", but Zhu Hui thought it was "impossible". The family of food does not compete with the people for profit. Today... the salt profit returns to the palace, and the servants will complain. "The emperor was angry and severely blamed him, "Everyone will be imprisoned." ① Even after the implementation of the salt and iron monopoly, some people objected with excuses.For example, in the first year of Zhanghe (87 A.D.), "Salt officials were dismissed to benefit the common people." ⑥ This is the continuation of Zheng Zhong, Zhu Hui and others' opposition to the monopoly of salt and iron.

In the second year of Zhanghe, the salt and iron monopoly was abolished. There are many reasons for this.One is the corruption of officials, which is not well grasped.Emperor He said in the middle of the marsh after he ascended the throne: "There are many bad officials, and they lose their intrusion, so as to violate the above wishes. The first emperor hated them, so he left the prefectures to ban salt and iron, let the people cook and cast, and taxed county officials are like stories. "②Eastern Han Dynasty declined gradually after Emperor He, unable to organize salt and iron monopoly on a regular basis.The monopoly of salt and iron is a product of the centralization of royal power. For example, during the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the central power was highly concentrated. It could use manpower, material resources, and financial resources through coercive means, and mobilize central and local officials to organize production and distribution.In the early Eastern Han Dynasty, Emperor Guangwu, Emperor Ming, and Emperor Zhang implemented the Taige system, and the royal power was relatively concentrated, which could be done reluctantly.But since Emperor He, local powerful forces expanded and the manor developed, which gradually overwhelmed Wang Mei. They cooked pounds privately for profit.Therefore, it is advisable to decentralize power to the localities, let the people cook and cast, and go out to conquer me.The third is the result of long-term struggle.Since Emperor Zhao's Salt and Iron Conference, the struggle has continued. "Yuan Sheng also had another Yan and Iron official three exempted from Emperor Yan. Zheng Zhong and Zhu Hui tried their best to oppose it, which was actually a continuation of the Salt and Iron Conference.

Some people have suggested that Emperor Yan Jianren's six-year proposal to "recommend" Yantie official management explained 7 I think it seems that between Yongping and Jianren, the state may allow private operation.As mentioned in Cui Sai's "Political Commentary" quoted above, the people on the northwestern frontier "all serve as frontier soldiers and refuse to use official organs" as an example.In addition, Shangshu Zhang Lin proposed that "officials can cook by themselves", that is, there is a private existence.If this theory can be established, Zhang Qi’s proposal to discuss the restoration of salt and iron can be explained clearly.
([-]) Since Emperor He began to implement private taxation

From the beginning of Emperor He in the Eastern Han Dynasty, the practice of "cooking and casting by the people, and paying county officials like stories".right
Opinions vary.Some believe that "official management is the main role, and private ownership is secondary". Some believe that the Eastern Han Dynasty's Salt and Iron Palace was in charge of "not only presiding over the official management, but also managing the private management and collecting taxes". ②In my opinion, the Eastern Han Dynasty has been implementing private tax collection since Emperor He.

After Emperor He came to the throne, Zhimao made it clear that Emperor Zhang "leaved the precepts and states to stop the salt and iron

Forbidden, let the people cook and cast, and enter the tax county palace", there is no trace of official management at all.

elephant.In addition, we can also see this from some scattered materials.For the theory
For the convenience of description, we might as well enumerate such as T2
In the fourth year of Emperor Shun Yongjian (129 AD), Shang Shupu shot Yu
Gangshangshu: "In the domain of Yongzhou, who will expand the fields, the Yiwo wild thousands of miles, the valley
．To explore the wealth, there is also the Kucha Salt Pond, which is considered to be beneficial to the people. "⑧
During the time of Emperor Huan, Xia Di "cut his beard and deformed himself, entered Linlu Mountain,

Hidden giant surname interest, for Ye Jia tune.Yu Tu's hair, the appearance is super tired, Ji Er,

For three years, people are ignorant". ④
At the time of Emperor Xian, Liu Du served as Youli Mu, "The benefits of opening up the city of Guhu,

Tong Yuyang Yitie's Rao.Min Yue Wu Mou, Gu Shi Thirty". ⑥
The historical materials cited above are all privately run.Kucha Yanmian is completely handed over to Minying

profit.Xia Fang worked as a hired worker in Lin Luqu for two or three years in order to avoid the flood of the party group, but no one knew about it.It can be seen that the scale of its "Yejia" is large, and there are many people who are suffering from it. "Yejia" should be a rich family, and it is purely operated by a private workshop.Liu Yu opened Yuyang Salt and Iron, which made the people very happy. This is also a private operation.

Recently, I picked up "Huayang Guozhi" and read it. Many historical materials in it are enough to prove that
To clarify this point.After Emperor Huan extended Jia, Zhang Shou, a native of Fu, "shortly gave Yang to the county to be his assistant, and let him be his assistant.
Liang thieves get what they get, and they live to ask for it.After six years of accumulation, I don't know how to survive.Nai'an's Yanjing got 30
5, [-] city horses, to be redeemed. ① There is also a salt official in Linjiang County, Bajun County, Eastern Han Dynasty,

In Jian and Tu Erxi, they are admired by a county.Its wealthy family also has a salt well.” ②Also, Dong

In Hanhan'an County, "there are salt bins, hundreds of fish ponds, and every family has Yan." ⑧This is the East
The ironclad proof that Hanhao's family boiled salt privately. '

In ethnic minority areas, the phenomenon of privately cooking salt and iron has existed for a long time, such as Hanshan County, "In the three years of the land festival, the Yi people gave the county to the county, and Emperor Xuan of the Dao Province merged Shu County as the northern captain... There are taxis in the land. Boil it for salt... Emperor Ling, re-divided the northern part of Shu County into Hanshan County Yun".It seems that this place was privately mined in the Han Dynasty.According to historical records, when the place was in the Han Dynasty, the remnants of the matrilineal clan still existed, coupled with the harsh climate conditions, "the rustic atmosphere is so cold. In the midsummer, the ice is still lingering." .Therefore, it is difficult to manage, so let it be mined.

As for some historical materials cited by some scholars to prove the existence of official camps, I

They feel a little distorted.For the convenience of explanation, they are listed and divided together.
Analyze it. '

(1) The third volume of "Huayang Guozhi" and "Shuzhi" are located in the "Dingye" in Yuefu County.

The county "tiaoli" says: "The county is in the west of the county, Bolushui, Bingang and Baimosha
There were salt ponds in the barbarians, and the accumulated salaries were irrigated with full water and then burned to become salt. At the end of the Han Dynasty, barbarians were all

Steel, Zhang is fighting, Yishuai Langben, Jiamu Wangjiu refuses to obey, the worst

Tat to kill, generous rewards, the rest of the class are safe, the official has it, Beishahe is. "

Some scholars take it as an example of "government management" of salt and iron in the middle and late Eastern Han Dynasty. ⑦It is true that it is run by the government, but it is not a matter of the Eastern Han Dynasty.Because the "Three Kingdoms Shu Shu Zhang Yi Biography" records very clearly. After the 14th year of Jianxing (AD 236), Zhang Yi discovered that his land "produced salt, iron and paint, and the barbarians expelled Jiubai solid food. ", Zhang Qing killed the male handsome Lang Mou who was in the way, "reiterated Sixin, and then obtained salt and iron. The device is used to support ".

(2) "Huayang Guozhi" Volume [-]
County Linjiang County "has a salt official, who is in charge of painting
Men Yijia has a salt well. "

According to "Ba Zhi", in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Ba
: Creek, a county admired.Qihao

Some scholars believe that this is a "coexistence phenomenon" in which the salt and iron officials of the Eastern Han Dynasty presided over both official and private operations. ②Actually, it is an example of private salt and iron in the Eastern Han Dynasty, which has been divided into bridges before.As for the "salt palace" in Linjiang County, it is not surprising.Since the abolition of the salt and iron monopoly in the Eastern Han Dynasty, the salt and iron palaces in local counties and counties have not been revoked, but the duties have changed.During the monopoly of salt and iron, he presided over the production, transportation and sales of salt and iron; after the monopoly stopped, only taxes were collected.After Fact 2l and the emperor, Yantieguan still exists.In the autumn and July of the 15th year of Yongyuan (AD 103), Emperor He "restored the Tuanjun old Antieguan" ⑧ is the best illustration.According to "Hanshu Geography", there is an iron palace under Zhuo County, which should be placed in Gu'an County, and it was abandoned in the middle; it was restored until the 15th year of Yongyuan.This is not "coexistence", but a single private operation of salt and iron.Indeed, after the abolition of government-run monopoly, salt and iron officials still exist.It's just that the Eastern Han Dynasty has delegated power to the counties and counties, so the Yantie officials are under the jurisdiction of the counties and counties.Even if it is private, it still needs to be approved by the Yantie official and pay taxes on time.We can see it from the strictness of the mountain ban.In the fourth year of Mujian, Shundi Zhimao said in the previous quote, "everyone enters the mountain to mine, and he is ordered to be inspected by a division." If it is not approved, it should be banned.This is one of the duties of the Salt Iron Officer.

Since Emperor He ascended the throne, it was indeed private taxation.In the seventh year of Emperor Huan's Yanjia reign (AD 164), Shi Shuo moved to the governor of Hedong. , and ask for a false salt tax". ① "Jijie" quotes Shen Qinhan's note: "There are two salt ponds in the east of the Caihe River, so the later Han Dynasty still discussed their taxes." According to this, it not only proves that private taxation was still carried out during the Eastern Han Dynasty, but also that the administration and taxation of the salt industry still belonged to counties and counties. director.Otherwise, Hou Lan would not borrow salt tax from the prefect, and the prefect would not have the right to refuse.

([-]) The envoy's "supervised sale" is not a monopoly

What is the practice of the "supervised selling" system, and when did it start? 2 This question is worthwhile

have to discuss. "Three Kingdoms · Wei Shu · Wei Lang Biography" says:

"The land in Guanzhong is deserted and chaotic, and hundreds of thousands of people have fled to Jingzhou.

The Yu family, who heard that they would be peaceful, all hoped and thought about it.And J3 people can't help themselves to jk, poetry will

Dong actually attracts pregnant, and q is a trilogy.Huan County is poor and weak, unable to compete with it, so the military strategists are strong.

Once there is a change, there must be worries.Husband's salt, the great treasure of the country, is scattered freely,
It is advisable to set up envoys to supervise the sale as in the old days, and to stand together and market Cui Niu.If there are returnees, for
give it.Diligently cultivate and accumulate millet, LJ half colonize Guanzhong.When the movement people hear about it, they will compete day and night to return it...

...Waiting for Bai Taizu.Taizu followed it, and began to send the servant of the uncoverer, Shepen Yanguan. "

The first thing to be clear is that the time to restore the supervisory sales system is in Xiandi Jian'an
column year.As for the founding year, historical materials Yuanzheng.But from the book of health regulations
Look, the sentence "respecting the old since the chaos, it should be the same as before, and the envoys will supervise the sale" shows that it was created at least

Before "Chaos".And "chaotic" refers to the Yellow Turban Uprising, which is the feudal orthodox historian's criticism of the peasants.

People's uprising, that is to say, the supervision system should have been established before the Yellow Turban Uprising
There is.The Yellow Turban Uprising broke out in the seventh year of Lingdi Guanghe (AD 184).
According to the analysis of historical data currently available, the system of envoys sent by the central government to supervise the sale of salt industry seems to be continuing.

Between the seventh year of Jiajia and the seventh year of Guangren (AD 164-184), ① because of the seven years of Yanjia

Years ago, the Dashou was still in charge of the salt and iron industry, sending salt and iron officials to collect taxes, and paying the salt and iron taxes
Part of it was handed over to Tianyu.Even though the powerful Zhongchang servant Hou Lan personally stole books and borrowed them in Hedong

The salt tax in the county also "cannot be paid for a long time".It shows that there is no need to send
"Shiyin" supervises the salt officials to ensure the court's tax revenue,

The Eastern Han Dynasty had clear regulations on the occupations of salt officials, "where the counties and counties produce more salt, the salt officials shall be appointed, and the salt tax shall be the main responsibility." ⑦The reason why the envoys of the central government are placed to supervise the sale of salt officials is nothing more than that the counties and counties cannot guarantee the tax revenue of the superiors.The chain of salt and iron tax in the middle and late Eastern Han Dynasty was on the link of "people's pot", and it was necessary to grasp the sales volume and price of salt, so as to levy taxes.Therefore, the role of the "messenger" seems to be like this.Why Shiniao County cannot guarantee the tax revenue of the court, but must send envoys to supervise the sale? 7 I think there are the following reasons: one is the problem of the county salt and iron officials themselves.Zhimao, the emperor who is frugal, made it very clear that after the monopoly was implemented, "to violate the will of the land" was rooted in the fact that "there are too many officials, and they "lost their envoys". For a long time, Cikou Wei Lang said that the reason why Xiandi Jian'an Rennian resumed the "supervision and sales system" of Iraqi envoys was also because of "random come and respect", the management was not strict, and the salt tax could not be guaranteed to be handed over.In fact it is.If the prefectures and counties do not grasp it tightly, not only will the price of salted rice be high, but the population will also decrease; on the contrary, "the abundance of salted rice will be ten times that of before." ①At the time of Emperor An, Yu Qie was the prefect of Wudu. There are tens of thousands of county households." ② It shows that in the same county, due to the different measures taken by the prefects before and after, the effects are very different.The reason why Wuduna changed a lot in [-] was mainly due to the measures taken by Yu Shu to subdue the Qianghu, open the river, and appease the refugees.In this way, the prefectures and counties can guarantee to pay the imperial court taxes. On the contrary, the former prefect like Yu Yao is far behind. The price of salt is so high that the people can't afford it, so of course the tax revenue cannot be guaranteed.The second is that after the Huanling party's copper disaster, the political situation in the Eastern Han Dynasty was unstable, Wang Mei was declining day by day, and the people could not live on, so peasant uprisings were brewing everywhere.Until the seventh year of Guanghe, the Yellow Turban Uprising was finally thought of.In order to cope with the needs of internal and external wars, the imperial court had to follow the Mining Forces. Therefore, the central government sent "envoys" to supervise the salt officials to step up the collection of salt and iron taxes. This is also possible.

Of course, there were other reasons for Emperor Xian to restore the system of "supervising real" salt officials at the beginning of Jian'an.The main issue is the resettlement of refugees.The refugee problem is the most difficult problem for the rulers of all dynasties.Not only did the government reduce the objects of taxes and servitude, but the landlord class reduced the land rent because the fields were barren, and more importantly, refugees gathered in Ibze, which led to a major uprising.After [-] relatives of Guanzhong people flowed into Jingzhou, the phenomenon of "routine flow" appeared again.However, after the refugees returned to their homeland, they did not solve the problems of land, cattle, farm tools, seeds, etc., which was still a factor of social unrest.And the generals collected them into trilogy, which caused the warlords to seriously threaten the central government.For this reason, the central government restored the "messenger" salt supervisor to ensure the collection of taxes.The salt tax "benefits the market, and if there are people who return to the people, supply them" to achieve the purpose of "researching and accumulating chestnuts to harvest Guanzhong" and stabilize social order.

(End of this chapter)