Great Han Empire

Chapter 429 On Zhuge Liang's Legalism
On Zhuge Liang's Legalist Thought 
On Zhuge Liang's Legalism
[ Author: Wang Yanjun Zuofeng | Reposted from: Wuhou Temple | Hits: 269 | Update Time: 2004-11-27 | Article Entry: Glasses ]
"Huihui is like Changgeng, shining alone."Zhuge Liang is an outstanding legalist statesman and military strategist in the history of our country.The great practice of Legalism in his life has achieved brilliant results, which has played a role in promoting the development of Chinese history and set a shining example for future generations.This article attempts to discuss the formation of his legalist thought, the veil of his legalist thought cast on him by later generations, and his great practice of legalist thought, so as to seek advice from Fang Jia.

[-]. Formation of Zhuge Liang's Legalism

There are many reasons for the formation of Zhuge Liang's legalist thought, including subjective reasons and objective reasons.

1. The characteristics of the times.The Eastern Han Dynasty was a powerful landlord monopoly regime.In order to protect their own interests, the rulers respected Confucianism and opposed the law, and the land was annexed by the big ones, and the peasants were extremely exploited, which intensified class conflicts. In 184 AD, the "Eight States Concurrently" Yellow Turban Peasant Uprising destroyed the ruling foundation of the Eastern Han Dynasty and hit the powerful landlords. , cleaned up the muddy water in the field of superstructure, the Tao of Confucius and Mencius and the theology of prophecy were swept away, and objectively provided a suitable climate and soil for the new generation of legalists to thrive. Line struggles followed one after another, and a chain of wars broke out.In 189 A.D., Dong Zhuo was attacked by allied forces from Dongfang states and counties.However, the powerful landlord bureaucrats represented by Yuan Shao, Yuan Shu, Gongsun Zan, Tao Qian, Liu Biao, and Liu Yan went against the wishes of others and followed the way of Confucius and Mencius against the trend. On one side of the separatist regime, "every family wants to be the emperor", and the melee has been fought for years, causing the whole country to fall into a situation of fragmentation.The economy of the Yellow River Basin was destroyed unprecedentedly.The people are in dire straits.The middle and small landlords, represented by Cao Cao, Liu Bei, Sun Jian, and Sun Ce, have the same dictatorship over the peasants as the powerful landlords. The claims and demands of the warlords are fundamentally different.Advocates unification, opposes division, and demands the reconstruction of a centralized feudal country; advocates the rule of law, opposes the rule of ritual, restrains mergers of powerful and powerful, and combats the separatism of state and county warlords;They parted ways with the state and county warlords, strongly demanded that the legalists unify the reform line, reform the corrupt politics of the Eastern Han Dynasty, held high the legalist fighting banner, and waged a war to unify China.It ended the situation in which the Confucian ideological line dominated since Emperor Yuan of the Western Han Dynasty.

2. Characteristics of birth.In 181 AD, Zhuge Liang was born in a small bureaucratic landlord family in Yangdu, Langxie.At that time, the Eastern Han Dynasty, which worshiped Confucianism and opposed the law, was unable to control the situation.The world is in turmoil, class contradictions and the struggle for power and profit within the ruling class are extremely fierce, and the trend of separation and segregation has basically taken shape.When Zhuge Liang was four years old (184), the Yellow Turban Uprising,
Emperor Han Ling organized the royalist army to suppress and massacre the rebels, turning the prosperous land of the Central Plains into a slaughterhouse.

Zhuge Liang's father, Zhuge Si, was the Prime Minister of Taishan County and died soon after.Since 188, Zhuge Liang has been raised by his uncle Zhuge Xuan.
The horror of the war in his hometown has been deeply imprinted on Zhuge Liang's young mind, and his desire for national unity, national unity, and people's peace is still strong in his thoughts.In 94 AD, Zhuge Liang lived in Yuzhang with his uncle at the age of 14. In 195, after Zhuge Xuan lost his official position, he took Zhuge Liang to attach himself to Liu Biao in Jingzhou.Zhuge Xuan died of illness in 197 A.D. Zhuge Liang and his younger brother plowed Longmu in Nanyang Longzhong until 17 A.D.Zhuge Liang, a young man who was displaced and wandered around to seek refuge for a living, experienced another ten years of hard work. Facing the situation and situation, he felt safe in the face of danger. It is reasonable that the legalist thought of demanding the unification of the motherland came into being.

3. Social characteristics.In the late Eastern Han Dynasty, Nanyang and Xiangyang were the gathering places for bureaucrats and tyrants.According to records, from the south of Xianshan Mountain in Xiangyang to Yicheng for more than a hundred miles, there are dozens of bureaucrats such as assassins and prefects.The contradiction of land annexation by powerful forces was very acute, and tens of thousands of peasants participated in the Huangzhong uprising.In 190 AD, Yuan Shu instigated Sun Jian to kill King Inspector of Jingzhou and occupy Nanyang. In March, Liu Biao succeeded Jingzhou Governor. With the support of Kuai Yue, a local tyrant in Xiaolu County in Nanjun County, and Cai Mao, a local tyrant in Xiangyang, he entered Xiangyang, which became the political, military, and cultural center of Jingzhou.However, Liu Biao is "relaxed from the outside and tabooed from the inside, and he is too scheming to decide." "Liu Biao Biography", he likes empty talk and does not know "common affairs".
"The Biography of Zhuge Liang". "Expertise in Confucianism", "The number of returnees of Kansai and Yanyu bachelors" "Liu Biao Biography".However, after Cao Cao defeated Yuan Shao in the "Battle of Guandu" in 200 AD, the situation of unifying the north was approaching; Sun Quan's separatist regime in Jiangdong also became more stable.The rapidly changing situation has stirred up people with lofty ideals in Jingxiang.Xu Yuanzhi in Yingchuan, Hou Guangyuan, Meng Gongwei in Runan, and Cuizhou Ping in Boling, they "followed each other morning and night" with Zhuge Liang, read and recited poems, talked about the past and the present, commented on major events in the world, and expressed their opinions. Use legalist thought, analyze reality, study history, and find a good strategy to realize the great political responsibility of unifying the motherland.They heard and witnessed Dong Zhuo's rebellion and the defeat of the Confucianist line by Eryuan; the power of the Yellow Turban Peasant Uprising; scenario.Therefore, Zhuge Liang had a deep feeling for the reality at that time and the people's desire for unification, so when he lived in a thatched cottage, he aspired to unification and became a hero who "knew current affairs" at that time.Therefore, Zhuge Liang said in "Again and Qun Xiajiao" many years later, "In the past, I made friends with Cui Zhouping and heard about the gains and losses. Later, I made friends with Xu Yuanzhi and diligently enlightened me."With the help of these people, especially he had a close relationship with Pound Company and Sima Decao, famous scholars in Xiangyang who were dissatisfied with Liu Quanyu.In this way, a group was formed in Xiangyang that despised Confucian scholars. They believed that Confucian scholars were mediocre people who "didn't know current affairs", and only those who understood current affairs were talents.Lord Pang De was the leader of this group, and he held Zhuge Liang in high regard.Pang Shanmin, the son of Lord Pang De, married Miss Zhuge Liang as his wife.Zhuge Liang’s father-in-law, Huang Chengyan, was also a famous scholar in Miannan, and his wife was “worthy of being a worthy wife.” These close social relationships, their investigation and research on social practice, and his ten-year practice of farming are all part of Zhuge Liang’s Legalism. The cause of formation.

4. Learning characteristics.The formation of Zhuge Liang's legalist thought is inseparable from his intensive reading and research of legalist works in his youth, and learning from others' strong points.During Zhuge's childhood, he was influenced by Qilu culture, and the Legalists Guan Zhong and Le Yi were the models they admired.Zhuge Liang lived in Xiangyang for 13 years in Longzhong. He studied hard, read many political, economic, and military books, and studied political, economic, and political ideas and ideas of various schools in the past dynasties. Through the analysis, it is concluded: "Lao Tzu is good at cultivating character, and should not be in danger;
Shang is good at Zha Fa, and cannot be educated; Su and Zhang are good at Chi Ci, and cannot form an alliance." "Zhuge Liang Collection, On Zhuzi". His works on pre-Qin legalists, especially Guan Zhong, Shen Buhai, Han Fei, etc. , and even more serious study, "compared himself to Guan Zhong and Le Yi" and the study of legalist works such as "Zhuge Liang's Biography" played an important role in the formation of his legalist thought. From the "Zhuge Liang's Biography", it can be seen that he never dies in learning. Reading is to "observe its general outline", grasp the outline, and understand the essence. He opposes the style of Confucianism that clings to the classics, finds chapters and excerpts, and digs into the tedious textual research of the appendix, which is divorced from reality. From the works he reads As a reference for observing the current social situation and the situation of the world. He "cultivated the long acres so that he could sing for Liang's father". He established his lofty ideals and political responsibilities, and formed his goal of realizing national reunification. The legalist thought. Zhuge Liang’s great repayment was based on the experience summed up later, with the "Commandment Nephew Book", "Commandment Book", "You Commandment Book", "Brother Jinyan Zijie Book" ", "Speaking with Brothers and Promises to Support Children", it can be clearly seen that the juniors are required to have lofty aspirations and goals. For example, "Book of Commandments to Nephews"
"A husband's aspirations should be kept in Shang Yuan, admiring the sages, abandoning passions, abandoning doubts and stagnation, so that the aspirations of the concubine can be ignited and revealed, and then there is a feeling; forbearance and stretching, to go to the small, wide consultation, to get rid of stinginess, although there are If you stay in the water, what harm is it to your spirituality? If you are not good, if your ambition is not strong, your intentions are not generous, you stay in the vulgar in vain, you stay silently in your emotions, and you will always hide in the mediocrity, you will not be a rabbit."This passage can be said to be the self-report of Zhuge Liang's great political adversary in his youth.

Due to the above four important reasons, Zhuge Liang's legalist thought was gradually formed. Therefore, when Liu Bei "visited the thatched cottage three times" in 207, he was able to analyze the objective situation for Liu Bei incisively and put forward a complete set of unified innovation methods. The home route, first take Jingzhou and Yizhou, and stand with Cao Cao.Then he made friends with Jie Fuyue, made friends with Sun Quan externally, and "cultivated political principles internally".Then send troops in two directions, "Northern the Central Plains", to achieve hegemony and rebuild a centralized feudal country.Since then, Zhuge Liang has written glorious political and military chapters in Chinese history with his own legalist thought and line.

[-]. Remove the veil of illegalist thinking that covers Zhuge Liang
Out of reverence for Zhuge Liang, a legalist statesman and military strategist, the masses have created the artistic image of Zhuge Liang after a long period of creation.However, in the era when Confucianism became the absolute dominance of the landlord class, the literary and dramatic works produced served its politics, especially the emergence of "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms" with a serious anti-French tendency, which cast layers of shadow on Zhuge Liang. The outer veil of illegalist thought distorts Zhuge Liang's own ideological system.

1. A model of Confucianism, these works dress up Zhuge Liang as a loyal minister who "kejifufuzha" and "loyalty repays kindness".It is said that Shu Han is "strict orthodox", and Cao Wei is "usurping".Liu Bei is a "sage king and a benevolent lord", and Cao Cao is a "rebellious minister and thief".Zhuge Liang is the 'orthodox' representative of 'rise and fall'.He sticks to the feudal moral creed of "a man who knows himself dies" and the idea of ​​destiny that "people make decisions" and "heaven makes things happen".He wears a turban and a crane cloak, sits on a four-wheeled cart, shakes a feather fan, drives ghosts and gods, and decides life and death. Thought.He fanatically praised Zhuge Liang as a model of Confucian feudal morality, especially the incarnation of ministerialism.However, did Zhuge Liang really spend his whole life in order to "repay the kindness of knowledge and experience"? Did he devote himself to succeeding Liu Han's "peerless"? This is not the case. The combination of Zhuge Liang and Liu Bei certainly does not rule out the factor of "repaying gratitude", but it is mainly him The two are consistent in implementing the legalist line.Although Liu Ge had the ambition to unify the world and establish achievements, but when he started the incident, he was born in a humble background and his power was weak. There would only be two Guan Zhangs, and there would be no place in the land.He himself bumped into things and had nowhere to go, so how could he not consider the route to choose.Zhuge Liang was born in troubled times, aiming at unification.He saw with his own eyes that the two Yuans pursued the Confucian line and perished, and Liu Biao and Liu Zhang followed the Confucian separatist line.But Achnatherum splendens is dangerous.Starting from the legalist thought of seeking truth, he made a concrete analysis of the situation at that time.Liu Bei had no way out, but Zhuge Liang had a plan in mind, so the thatched cottage confronted Liu Bei suddenly.As soon as Zhuge Liang came out of Longzhong, Liu Bei "felt like a fish in water". They first occupied Jingzhou and Yizhou, and under the bond of implementing the Legalist line of gradually unifying the world, they were closely integrated.Facts later proved that the implementation of Zhuge Liang's correct line made Liu Bei turn from danger to safety, and from small to large, he became the emperor of a country with three points.Therefore, the combination of the two is to promote the legalist line of unity and advancement, and to rebuild a unified and centralized feudal country, not to "restore the rites after the rise and fall".

2. Immortals and hermits with "magical calculations".It is said that Zhuge Liang, a hermit and "immortal", can "watch the sky at night", and he knows that "Liu Biao will die soon, and Liu Zhang will not be the master of his career, but will be a general after a long time."There must be heavy fog in the first three days when the straw boat borrowed arrows.He "has never been a fledgling, but he knows that three parts of the world are known" and so on.In fact, this is the result of Zhuge Liang's good use of Legalism's realistic thinking, observation of social reality and natural reality, investigation and research, and specific analysis and research of the objective situation.It is by no means a "magic plan" or a "prophet".If Zhuge Liang was just a "hermit" who "traveled in the rivers and lakes in a small boat, or visited monks on the mountains, or found friends in the villages, or played the piano and chess in the Dongting", he was not a "commercial lie", or "Xianyou", I am afraid that even where is Yizhou? No one knows who Cao Cao is, how can he make such a profound analysis of the situation and characters at that time.

3, 
The Taoist priest who "calls the wind and calls the rain" actually asked an outstanding legalist politician and military strategist to wear a Taoist robe, scatter his feet, bathe and fast; abstain, burn incense and pray, and practice demons. "Seven Stars Altar to Worship the Wind", "Creatively Laid Eight Formation Circles", "Driving Liuding Liujia to Sweep the Floating Clouds", "Wuzhang Yuan Xingxing", etc. In fact, it is a natural law for the Battle of Chibi to have a southeast wind.Lu Xun didn't take advantage of Liu Bei's defeat and followed up with Chuchuan, which was "after the Wei soldiers attacked him", and definitely not scared off after the chaos of the "Eight Formation". "Dead Zhuge and life Zhongda" is due to Zhuge Liang's good command of the army and flexible strategies and tactics, which made Sima Yi unable to grasp the details for a while and did not dare to chase after him.

4. The representative of "heroes make history".What is said, "Fulong, Fengchu, the two get one, and the world can be safe."When Zhuge Liang took the stage, he always played the leading role, and everything was as he expected. He sat on a four-wheeled cart, waving a feather fan, pointing to where, and winning. It seemed that history was directed by Zhuge Liang.However, history has proved that without the Yellow Turban Peasant Uprising at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, it would have been impossible to destroy the Confucianist regime of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and it would have been impossible to open up a new period of promoting the Legalist line.The reason why Zhuge Liang had successful military achievements is that he complied with the trend of historical development, it was the enlightenment of his legalist thought, and it was the result of his promotion of the legalist line of unifying China.And "the people, and only the people, are the driving force for creating world history."

[-]. The Great Practice of Zhuge Liang’s Legalist Thought

Since Zhuge Liang stepped onto the political stage in 207 A.D., in establishing and consolidating the Shu Han regime, he made great practice of his legalist thought and tried his best to promote the legalist political line of unifying the motherland, with brilliant results.In 2 A.D., he went to Zisang in person and persuaded Sun Quan and Sun Liu to join forces to win more with less, and defeated Cao Cao in the battle of Chibi.After that, he helped Liu Bei take advantage of the victory to "cross the border and protect its rock resistance".In 8 A.D., Liu Bei officially established the Shuhan regime, which competed with Cao Wei and Sun Wu.After Liu Bei's death, he "harmonized the precepts of the two, Fu Yiyue in the south, befriended Sun Quan on the outside, and cultivated political principles inside." "Farming and planting grains, retreating the people". "Seven captures and seven verticals' Meng Huo, pacified Nanzhong. "Military funds come out, and the people are rich." Qi Shan defeated Wei in eight years.Ultimately, due to subjective and objective reasons, the overall goal of "Northern Central Plains" was not achieved.
In 234 AD, the disease occurred in the Wuzhangyuan Army. "He died before returning home", but he followed the historical trend and made useful contributions to the realization of the reunification of the motherland, national unity, people's peace, and the development of social production in the practice of his legalist thought.

l. "Internal revision of political principles" to rule Shu by law.
Zhuge Liang adopted the pre-Qin legalist's idea of ​​"ruling the country while the law lives" in the policy of governing Shu.In order to get rid of Liu Yan's father and promote Confucian benevolent government, "grammatical and legal restraints and miscellaneous things work together, Sui government is not alone, and punishment is too strict. Shu natives, dictatorship, and the way of monarchs and ministers are gradually replaced by mausoleums," "Answer Fazheng "Book"), adhere to the clear stand of "rule Shu by law". The "criminal law is strict and beneficial" strictly restrains the tyrannical and powerful annexation of separatist forces.At that time, Fazheng advised Zhuge Liang to "suspend the sentence and relax the ban."Zhuge Liang answered solemnly, and clearly declared: "I am prestige now with the law, and the practice of the law is to know the thinking; limit it to the nobility, and the addition of the nobility will know the glory. Grace and honor are combined, and the upper and lower have festivals. As the main rule, Yu Si noodles potato ""The Answer Book".Some people ridiculed him for being stingy with Ao's sin. He said: "Governing the world is based on great virtues, not small favors."Governing the country should use "ruling ministers with punishment and morality".Therefore, during the Northern Expedition, Jiang Gui believed that he was employing people, and advised Ge Liang not to kill horses. Zhuge Liang said in "On Cutting Horses": "The four seas are divided, and military exchanges will only begin. If the law is abolished, what's the use of punishing thieves? This shows that Zhuge closely linked the rule of law and unification. To achieve unification, it was necessary to "govern Shu by law" and "repair political principles internally."Therefore, in politics, he "does not choose expensive punishments", and in organization, he "does his best to promote talents." , Effectively strengthened the centralized ruling order of the Shu Han.

2, 
"Science and education are strict, and rewards and punishments must be believed."Zhuge Liang said in "Rewards and Punishments": "Punishment is prohibited, so it is intentional", "Rewards are used to promote merit, and punishments are used to prohibit adultery."He believes that laws and punishments are an important tool for governing the country, which can shock people's hearts and persuade good and evil.He said: "Often law,
The essentials of rules". How to master and play the role of engineers and soldiers, Zhuge Liang advocated "loyalty to the country" ("Yu Qun Xia Ce") and opposed "righteous selfishness" ("Soldiers"). often,
"Taking private as public" and "people have two minds, their country is in danger" ("Reward and Punishment"), which affects the survival of the country. Therefore, Zhuge Liang, in his political negotiations, "opens up his heart, announces public sufferings, and is loyal to benefit the time." Although hatred must be rewarded; those who violate the law and neglect their relatives must be punished; those who plead guilty and empathize must be released no matter how serious they are, and those who make clever rhetoric must be worn despite their strength" ("Zhuge Liang Biography"). Similarities and differences", "It is not advisable to be selfish, so that internal and external differences can emerge" "Qian Chu Shi Biao".He "rewards are not overdue" and "punishments are not expensive".Xuanhui made meritorious service on his mission to Soochow. After returning home, "within three days, he became the prime minister's mansion and the prefect of Yuba County"
"Xuan Hui Biography".General Fu Li Yan was under Liu Bei's care, and Zhuge Liang found out that he was double-faced and sabotaged the Northern Expedition, so he was demoted from the above table.He clearly stated in "Rewards and Punishments": "If rewards and punishments do not avoid resentment, then Qi Huan will save Zhong's strength. If punishments and punishments do not avoid relatives, then Zhou Gong has the name of killing his younger brother."This is his continuation and development of the pre-Qin legalists' thought of "do not evade ministers for punishment, and reward good people for all".

3, 
"Govern fruit by law", "measure by force", and "govern by force".Zhuge Liang believes that the rule of law determines everything in the army. He said in "The Whole Division": "If the rewards and punishments are not clear, and the laws and regulations are not believed, the whole will not stop, and the drums will not advance, even if there are millions of divisions, they will not be able to use them."He said in "The Essentials of Soldiers": "A well-controlled soldier, an incompetent general, cannot be defeated; a jade, a soldier, a capable general, cannot win."It shows that the role of a general depends on soldiers, but more on law.Therefore, he emphasized in "On Cutting Horses": "The reason why Sun and Wu were able to conquer the world is because of the Ming Dynasty."It clarifies that ruling the army by law can be invincible in the world.He pointed out in "Cutting Off": "The military law is different, and the punishment is heavy if it is too light. It is not allowed to commit crimes now, and those who violate orders will be beheaded."In the army, he "set up banners to see his eyes, beat all the drums to ring his eyes, set up axes to align his hearts, Chen Jiaoling to follow the same path, rewards to persuade common meritorious deeds, and punished to prevent common falsehoods."For example, after the loss of the street pavilion, because of the meritorious service of the prince, the well was moved immediately.The horse said that he had done it, so he beheaded it to show the public.And went to Wei Zishou, and was demoted to the third class.To teach the law.Because of his "clear laws and clear rewards and punishments".Adhere to the legalist line, "guided by the rule of law", "soldiers use their lives, and ignore dangers", so the Shu army "rewards and punishments are strict and orders are clear", "the army is neat", "and its soldiers come and go like guests and bandits Those who are stalkers do not hunt, as in the country.His use of troops is like a mountain, and his advance is limited like the wind." When the enemy is outnumbered, he can defeat the enemy and win. His military line of "ruling the army by law" is in the service of the legalist unified and innovative political line. On the basis of Sun Wu: "Soldiers, encirclement is a major event, a place of death and life, and what has happened" and Sun Bin: "Using soldiers to lead them", it is clearly stated in "Governing the Army"; frontier affairs,
When the enemy is in chaos, we use force to govern and punish violence, so there is a plan for the country to secure the country." He also said: "The country is assisted by the army, and the group is assisted by ministers. The strong use the national security, and the weak do not Therefore, under Zhuge Liang's great practice of ruling the army by law, the army became a reliable tool to defend and consolidate the Shu Han regime, and played a strong role in implementing Zhuge Liang's legalist unified innovation line.

4. "The way to govern the country is to promote talents."The pre-Qin legal family advocated; "The prime minister must start from the state and county, and the fierce general must start from the army."Zhuge Liang summed up historical experience and came to a reliable conclusion: "Duke Huan regards Guan Zhong as hegemony, and King Qin mourns the country with Zhao Gao". "Prosperous ministers, far away from villains, this is why the Han Dynasty prospered, and relatives, far away from virtuous ministers, and the reason why the Han Dynasty has declined since then" "Former Masters".Based on these beneficial experiences, he believes that: "The problem of governing the country is to promote talents."How can we promote the virtuous? He adopted it;
The method of "Bing Yao" relies on subordinates, through deliberation, and recommends according to decrees.In this way, "those who are capable cannot be concealed, those who are incapable cannot be disguised, and those who forget their reputation cannot enter" "Bing Yao".He used the "five evils of the people" as the standard for inspecting, promoting and dismissing officials.Phi Ruzhou Shuzuo Jiang Wan, he thinks it is: "the weapon of the country", and he is especially recommended for promotion. Therefore, he made an exception and reused it. Because he selected talents according to the pre-Qin legalist line, this organizational line played a huge role in implementing his legalist unified innovation political line.

5. Yantie official camp, persuading farming and mulberry.In terms of economic policy, Zhuge Liang learned from the financial management experience of the former Han legalists, implemented the official management of salt ranks, set up the captain of the department of salt and the general of the general of the whole department, specialized in iron smelting and boiling of salt, and restrained the powerful monopoly of salt and iron production. The financial revenue of the Shuhan, only the salt industry, "has a lot of profit, which is beneficial to the country."At the same time, please Ge Liang attaches great importance to agricultural and mulberry production, and advocates "persuading agricultural and mulberry production".He took the lead in setting an example, encouraging his descendants and family members to cultivate mulberry, and meticulously organized the production of mulberry and sericulture and brocade weaving in Shu.It has formed a prosperous scene in the Western Sichuan Plain of "buildings face each other, and hometowns are connected", "the Song Dynasty of skill, hundreds of rooms leave the house, and express harmony with each other" ("Zhang Gao Biography").Make the Shu Han "the only way to defeat the enemy is to look up to Jinmu".And the production of Shu brocade was promoted from the Chengdu Plain to the south and central regions, and the products were exported to Wu and Wei, and its income was the main source of Shu Han's military expenditure. "Farming and planting grains", "retreating to rest the people", and "dividing merits and incomes to raise people's wealth" are Zhuge Liang's consistent family economics and military propositions.For example, in Fuzheng, "Soldiers are now planting mangosteen in the valley", "to aid the army with food" "Liu Yumao Jiahua Lu". "Order people to teach people to fight in the middle to cut and slash farming." Feng Su's "Dian Kao·Zhuge Liang Wu Xiangxiu's Southern Expedition", so that the ethnic minorities in the southwest "gradually go to the mountains and forests, only rule the flat land, build towns, and farm and mulberry" "Ibid.". During the Northern Expedition In the middle, "Xiu Shi persuaded the family" and "divided troops to farm in Weibin". In order to promote agricultural development, he advocated the construction of water conservancy, specially set up weir officials, and sent more than 1200 people to the Chengdu Weir District to organize, manage and build Duge Weir , to facilitate irrigation. In order to promote cultural exchanges and economic production, change the "Yizhou Dangerous Village", and the transportation is inconvenient, Zhuge Liang organized the army and the people to "cut stones to make space" on the Sichuan-Shanxi border to restore the Qinzhan. A 400-meter post station was built from Baishuiguan to Chengdu Yu Chu. In Yuecui County, he dug rocks and built a mountain road with "stone pedals and rough". Zhuge Liang, in order to limit the excessive oppression of the peasants by the powerful landlords, "cast straight money, equalize all prices, and now the officials are officials." "Liu "Ba Zhuan" stabilized farmers and enabled agriculture to develop. Although the economy of the Shu Han Dynasty was in continuous wars, under the solid line of Zhuge Liang's legalist ideological line, the Chengdu Plain still showed "ditches and veins scattered, borders are waxy; millet oil Oil, Shi Dao Mo Pod" (Zuo Si "Shu Du Fu") and "Tian Chou Bi, warehouse facts.The instruments are sharp, and the accumulation is rare." The prosperity and prosperity of "The Biography of Zhuge Liang".

6, 
"Harmonize Zhu Rong in the west, Fu Yiyue in the south".In order to realize the unification of Legalism, Zhuge Liang innovated the political line. In view of the characteristics of Han, Rong, and Han people in the Southwest and Northwest, his Legalism made a great practice in his ethnic policy, and he opposed the Confucian law of plunder, massacre, and suppression ．Take "Xihe" and "Nanfu".Xiong protected the stability and unity within the Shu Han regime, and resisted Cao externally.This is something that the pre-Qin family law figures did not raise.For example, in Pingnan, in addition to punishing and suppressing the main elements of the Shu Han regime as the enemy, Meng Huo, the upper-level rebel leader, also adopted a strategy of combining "military warfare" with horses and "heart warfare". Attacking the heart, "seven captures and seven verticals", it was said that he surrendered and served as the prime minister's mansion.For the upper-level figures who are willing to cooperate with the Shu Han, adopt the policy of "using them as commanders", and select them as officials from the county, county to the central government.Make the Nanzhong area "do not keep troops, do not transport food, but the rules and disciplines are roughly determined, and the barbarians and Han are rough and safe" "Remonstrance".The Northern Expedition to the West and the Rong, combined with the Qiang and Hu, made an extraordinary use of the outstanding people, Tianshui Jiang Wei, and made people of all ethnic groups live in harmony. An anti-Cao coalition army composed of people of all ethnic groups was established, which promoted the social and economic development of the Shu Han. It has promoted the integration of people of all ethnic groups and made positive contributions to the formation and development of a unified multi-ethnic country in my country.

7, 
"Befriend Sun Quan externally", unite Wu against Cao.This is the strategic policy formulated by Zhuge Liang in his thatched cottage to observe the unified reform front of the Legalists.Practice has proved that whether you can stick to it is related to the victory and development of the Shu Han.In the Battle of Chibi, Sun and Liu defeated Cao, allowing Liu Bei to take advantage of the victory to "cross the border and benefit", and to be able to stand up with Cao and Sun, which is the victory of this policy.Although it is inevitable for Shu and Wu to unite against Cao Cao, there are also conflicts of interests, which are concentrated in the dispute over Jingzhou.The Shu Han has Jingzhou, which can defend Yizhou, go straight to the east of the river, and go north to Wan and Luo.Sun Wu won Jingzhou, controlled the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, spied on the Shu Han, and drove directly to Wanluo.Therefore, Liu Bei took Yizhou, and Sun Quan immediately claimed Jingzhou, which almost led to a war between Sun and Liu.Cao Cao pacified Hanzhong, Liu Bei had no choice but to "make peace with Sun Quan" and use the Hunan water as the boundary.Practice has proved that Sun Liu's alliance will benefit Cao Cao.However, Liu Bei took Hanzhong, Guan Yu rashly attacked Cao Wei in the north, and did not make friends with Sun Quan. Cao and Sun had a tacit understanding, "Sun Quan attacked and killed Guan Yu, and took Jingzhou."It caused irreparable trauma to the future development of the Shu Han.After Liu Bei's death, Zhuge Liang first befriended Sun Quan and formed a "horn aid" with Wu. During the Northern Expedition, Sun Quan proclaimed himself emperor. He sent people to congratulate him, established the alliance between Shu and Wu, and sent money to "frequently go to Wu" to consolidate the two countries. The alliance enabled Zhuge Liang to conquer the south and the north. "Without worrying about the worries of Jiangdong, the friends of Henan cannot go to the west, and the north is beneficial, and it is already deep."From the repeated results of the Shangshu Han's policy of uniting Wu with different results, it shows the correctness of Zhuge Liang's strategic policy.

"Being a teacher is a thousand years without a performance, which is more than a wind music legacy."From the analysis of the causes of the formation of Zhuge Liang's legalist thought, the veil of legalist thought cast on him by later generations, and the great practice of his legalist thought, we can see that he was using the law to rule Shu, govern the government, govern the army, govern people, govern money, govern He has carried out great practices, made great contributions, made brilliant achievements in military affairs, governance and diplomacy, and set a shining example for future generations.In this regard, the legalists of all dynasties.Politicians and military strategists are fully affirmed.Today, there is no doubt that there are very practical references and benefits in the process of reform, opening up, anti-corruption and anti-corruption, vigorously developing productivity, and revitalizing China, and should be carried forward.

Author unit

Wang Yanjun, deputy research librarian and deputy director of Tianshui Museum.

Zuo Feng, Deputy Director of Tianshui Culture and Publishing Bureau,

Vice President and Secretary General of Tianshui Three Kingdoms Culture Research Association

(End of this chapter)