Great Han Empire

Chapter 432 "Ancient Chinese Etiquette Civilization" by Peng Lin ([-])
●Bury the remains of loved ones: Jixi ceremony 
Ancient Chinese Etiquette Civilization No. [-]
Burying the Remains of a Loved One: The Xixi Ritual
In the first half of the funeral, the body is processed and put into the coffin mainly through small and large methods.The theme of the second half of the funeral is the burial of the coffin. "Shuowen Jiezi" says: "The burial is Tibetan." 'The purpose of burial is to hide the body.In ancient times, there was no burial system. People usually left the remains of their relatives in the wild and covered them with firewood. "Shuowen Jiezi" said: "The ancient burials were paid with thick clothes, and the deceased held a bow and could drive birds." 'Because the bodies of relatives were often bitten by birds and beasts of prey, the children couldn't bear it, so they guarded the bodies and drove away the birds and beasts with slingshots.According to legend, when the Yellow Emperor began to use the coffin, the body was buried deeply, and it was safe in the soil, which reflected the evolution of civilization.
The first sentence of the scripture "Jixi Cry" is "Jixi Cry". The ancients liked to use the first two characters as the title, so the next chapter of the funeral was named "Jixi". "Ji" means already, and "Ji Xi Cry" is after Xi Cry.After the great collapse, the bereaved family cried day and night at the funeral.After the evening cry two days before the funeral, the funeral home began to arrange the funeral.
[-]. Post-funeral funeral
After the funeral was completed, the mourner was disfigured and lived in a mourning hut built against the wall outside the door. At night, he slept on straw mats and used soil blocks as pillows. He did not take off his head and waist.I always miss my loved ones who have passed away, and cry when I feel sad, there is no time for day and night, and I don’t say anything that has nothing to do with the funeral.I just drink porridge, cook a handful of rice in the morning, cook a handful of rice in the evening, don’t eat vegetables and fruits, and I’m hot in my body, so I don’t have the mind to think about the taste of food at all.When the mourner travels, he travels in a crude wooden mourning chariot: the top cover of the chariot is made of white dog skin that has not yet grown hairs, the rear and sides of the chariot are made of cattail grass, and the driving whip is made of cattail grass stems; The weapons pouches are made of dog hide, the pins at the ends of the hubs are made of wood, the ropes and bridles for boarding are made of rope, the horse bits are made of wood, and the manes of the driving horses are not trimmed.The same is true for the chariot of the bereaved spouse, except that the curtain in the chariot is made of cloth of great merit.
On the first day of every month, the boy should hold the broom in his left hand, with the end pointing up, and follow the person who withdraws the sacrificial table into the room.Before setting up the sacrificial table, remove the previous one, and the boy sweeps away the dust in the room, and the garbage is piled in the southeast corner of the room.After setting up the sacrificial table, the boy picked up the broom, with the end hanging down, leaning towards himself, and followed the candle holder out of the room.The items used in the swallow’s residence, the food for day and night, and the water for bathing are all prepared in the swallow’s dormitory as in the past.
[-]. Funeral
The funeral was held at dusk, and two candles were lit outside the gate of the funeral palace for illumination.The coffin is still half buried in the cave on the hall.All the men and women of the mourning family ascended the throne outside the door where they cried day and night.In order to avoid the disturbance of the uproar, everyone present at this time should stop crying.
After paying homage to all the guests who attended the funeral, the head of the funeral walked into the funeral palace door and ascended the throne at the hall.Then, Yousi uttered "噫兴" three times in a row to alert the spirit of the dead; he called "听奶" three times in a row to tell the spirit of the dead that he was about to leave.The men and women began to cry.I wish to take out the inscription with the name of the deceased placed in front of the cave, and insert it on the "heavy" in the court.The mourner cried and danced, regardless of the number of times.After Yousi slowly lifted the coffin out of the cave, Yousi wiped the coffin with a cloth of great merit, and covered the coffin with the barbarian quilt that Xiao Lian used when he was young.
The deceased had to report to his elders whenever he went out during his lifetime, which is the so-called "must report when going out".At this time, the person has passed away and is about to be buried in the cemetery, but before leaving, he must first bid farewell to the ancestral temple to express his filial piety for the last time. This ceremony is called "Chaomiao" or "Chaozu".This is a very humane treatment, so "Book of Rites Tan Gong" said: "The dynasty of mourning also follows the filial piety of the deceased."He mourned and left his room, so he went as far as the temple of Zukao. '
In ancient times, due to the difference in status, the number of temples was different: seven temples for emperors, five temples for princes, three temples for officials, and two temples for scholars.The two temples of scholars refer to the father's temple (or You Temple, Kao Temple) and the ancestral temple.Scholars are divided into superior and inferior, and the temple system is also different. The superior has a temple for his father and ancestor, while the inferior has the same temple for his father and ancestor, which is called the ancestral temple.Therefore, a corporal can complete the pilgrimage to the temple in one day, while a sergeant has to go to your temple first, and then to the ancestral temple the next day, which takes two days to complete.
"Ji Xi Ceremony" is the funeral of a corporal, so the funeral family starts to arrange the funeral after the eve cry two days before the funeral, and the next day they go to the ancestors, and the next day they are buried.If it is a sergeant, the funeral should be arranged three days before the funeral, and two days will be left to visit the father's temple and the ancestral temple.
[-]. Chao Zu
To move the coffin from the funeral palace to the ancestral temple, a device called a "shaft" is used.The shape of the shaft is slightly like a rectangular wooden frame, but there is a rolling shaft at the front and back.For the coffin-moving team, the "heavy" with the inscription on it is arranged at the front, followed by offerings, candles, coffins, candles, and finally the mourner and his relatives.The mourning team is lined up with men at the front and women at the back; regardless of whether it is a man or a woman, they are all in the order of closeness to the deceased, with relatives at the front and strangers at the back, because the coffin is in front.
作者： 溪山琴况 2005-8-12 20:21 回复此发言 
Reply 83: Serialization of "Ancient Chinese Etiquette Civilization" by Peng Lin, Professor of History Department of Tsinghua University
After arriving at the ancestral temple, the coffin cannot be carried up the hall from the steps, because that is the step specially used by the temple owner—that is, the father and ancestor; but it must go up the hall from the west steps, which means that it is still walking in the way of the son of man.The sacrificial offerings are placed under the hall first, and then displayed in the hall after the coffin is laid.The mourner follows the coffin to the hall.Then the woman went up to the hall and stood facing east.All the masters ascended the throne under the eastern steps.The coffin should be placed in the middle between the two pillars in the hall, because this is the position of the venerable.Then adjust the direction of the coffin to face north, and place the coffin on the prepared bed.The mourner stood on the east side of the coffin, facing west. 'Heavy' is placed in the atrium as in the funeral palace.Yousi first removed the old memorial ceremony displayed in the hall, and then set up a new memorial ceremony for moving the coffin to the ancestral temple. This is the so-called "ancestral memorial ceremony".The mourner cried and danced in the hall, then went down to pay respects to the guests, and then went to the steps to cry and dance.The bereaved wife and the relatives above the meritorious service stand facing west on the east steps.
The carriages, road carriages and shovels that the deceased had used during his lifetime are all displayed in the court.Because the coffin faces north, the shaft of the chariot should face north.They are now the place where the soul attaches, so they are collectively called "soul cars" after the Han Dynasty.The crossbar in front of the carriage is covered with light-colored buckskin, and there are shields, quiver bags, leather bridles, leather uniforms, and flags on the carriage.Tassels, bridles and bridles decorated with shells are all hung on the scales.The court clothes were placed on the road cart that the deceased took when he went to court or Yanyou; the coir raincoat and bamboo hat were placed on the field cart that the deceased rode in when he was hunting.
Then the driving horses are brought in, and the tassels of the horses are decorated with ribbons of three colors.Yuren stood on both sides of the horse, and the charioteer stood behind the horse holding a whip.The mourner cried and danced three times, and then Yuren led the horse out of the temple gate.Then, the guests go out, and the mourner sends them outside.
[-]. Decorate the hearse.
So the coffin in the hall was loaded on the hearse in the court, and the mourner wept.After the coffin was bound, Yousi moved the libation that had just been placed in the hall to the west of the coffin for display, covered it with a towel, and then decorated the hearse.
There are dead people in the coffin, and when it is transported to the cemetery, passers-by may be disgusted, so it must be decorated.The overall design of the coffin ornaments is very similar to a house, divided into upper and lower parts, the upper part is called "willow", and the base is a rectangular wooden frame, covering the coffin cover.The willows are covered with cloth, and the shape of the house is slightly like a spire.The front and left and right sides of the willow are surrounded by bamboo tubes, which are called "pools", just like slippery under the eaves.According to the book of ceremonies, the coffin decoration of the doctor's class is decorated with copper fish hanging on the side of the pool. When the hearse moves forward, the copper fish shakes back and forth, giving the feeling of "fish jumping over the pool".In recent years, on stalls in the folk cultural relics market in Beijing, you can occasionally see fish-shaped copper pieces, which should be hanging fish from Zhou Dynasty tombs. The sellers don't know what it is, so the bids are often very low.The lower part of the coffin is called the 'wall', which refers to the front and left and right sides of the coffin, which are surrounded by cloth and are called 'curtains'; at this time, there is a 'pool' shaped like a house in the front part, connecting the top of the coffin and its surroundings. There are buttons on the white cloth, one on the front, one on the front, and one on the left, and the rear is black.There are two ribbons on each side of the coffin.
There are 'Pi' on the left and right sides of the coffin, and 'Yin' on both sides of the car. See below for details on the use of Phi and Yin.
[-]. Chen Mingqi
Ming ware refers to burial utensils, so the ancients said it was a "hidden ware", and later generations called it a "underworld ware".Ming utensils are not practical utensils, so the workmanship is rough and bad. "Book of Rites Tan Gong" says that "bamboo is useless, tiles are not good for taste, wood is not good for chopping, qin and se are not flat, yu and sheng are not harmonious, and there are bells and chimes. If there is no rice pad, the bamboo and pottery cannot be used, the wooden utensils are uneven, the qin, se and yu sheng have no sound of palace merchants, and the bell and chime cannot be hung.The reason for this is not to deceive the ignorant of the dead, but to save manpower and material resources. "Book of Rites Tan Gong" said: "Confucius said that a person who is a bright weapon knows the way of mourning, and it is not usable to prepare things."Alas!The dead use the tools of the living.It's not dangerous to use it to die. It can be seen that Confucius believed that burying with practical utensils is as sad as burying with living people.
Displaying the Ming vessels at this time is to prepare for the burial.The Ming utensils are displayed on the west side of the car, and the specific position is: take the southern end of the westernmost line as the respected position, from west to east, after placing a line, turn in the opposite direction.From the north of Yin: two reed bags for wrapping mutton and hog meat; three dustpans for containing millet, millet, and wheat.Three urns: respectively hold vinegar, sauce and minced ginger and cinnamon.There are two tile pots: they hold Li and wine respectively.Each utensil has a wooden frame, and the mouth of the utensil is plugged.There are also the daily utensils of the deceased, as well as musical instruments, armor, helmets, shields, arrow holders and other weapons, walking sticks, bamboo hats, and pheasant fans used when living in swallows.The bow and arrow are newly made. Although the components are complete, the workmanship is poor, as long as it can be opened.There are four arrows for close-range shooting and four arrows for practice shooting, and the arrow feathers are all short.
[-]. Zudian
The ancients had the habit of offering sacrifices to the god of roads when traveling. According to Zuo Zhuan, in the seventh year of Duke Zhao, Duke Zhao of Lu was about to go to Chu.Similar records can also be found in other documents, such as "Hanhou Chuzu" in "The Book of Songs · Daya · Han Yi", and "Zu" in "Zhongshanfu Chuzu" in "The Book of Songs · Daya·Zhaomin" are all guiding gods .
Before the coffin departs, ancestor sacrifices are also performed.After the orientation of the coffin was adjusted between the two couplets in the hall, the head of the funeral sent the guests out. At this time, Suiren and the craftsman pulled the hearse between the east and west steps of the hall.I wish to display the offerings of ancestor sacrifices to the south of the mourner, and the west side is facing the front of the hearse, and the sacrifices are covered with towels.
So the Qianzu Memorial to the west of the hearse was removed, and the mourner cried and danced at the prescribed ceremony.Yousi turned the hearse to the south, indicating that he was about to leave.The mourner stamped his feet and wept, and moved slightly southward to the place facing the girdle in front of the coffin.The woman goes down to the hall and ascends the throne between the east and west steps.So, turn the front of the car and set off officially, Zhu put the inscription on "Yin" (see below for details), and Yousi changed the direction of "Chong" to face south.When the sun is to the west, there is a memorial ceremony for the ancestors, and the mourner weeps and dances.At this point the driving horses were brought in again, as they had been done for the first time.So, the guests left and went out, and the mourner sent him outside the temple gate.After a secretary asked the date of the burial, the owner entered and returned to his original position.
[-]. Giving funeral objects
Before the burial, the monarch and the minister again donated money, silk, horses and other things to help the funeral family bury the coffin.
The funeral gifts sent by the envoys sent by the monarch are: a bundle of black and light yellow silk, and two horses.The gift of horses is meant to help the mourners pull the hearse.After the horses are brought into the gate, they are displayed on the south side of the heavy wood in the courtyard.Put Bo on the left side of the hearse compartment, and then go out.The housekeeper collected the silk, and the scholar led the horse out of the temple gate.
The Qing, the doctor, and the scholar donate the property to help the funeral, and they must send envoys to kill them.The envoy's entourage led the donated horses into the temple gate, displayed them in the south of "Chong", and put the silk on the left of the hearse.
Brothers in mourning may present both funeral aid and sacrificial offerings.People who know each other well usually only give funeral items, not sacrificial items.Those who knew the deceased well could present both burial aids and burial objects; those who knew the living well could present both burial aids and property to the host.The bereaved master ordered someone to record the items presented by the guests on the wooden board, and record the artifacts on the handbook.The brief book that records the artifacts is called "send book", which must be buried in the tomb. In recent decades, archaeologists have discovered many send books in various places.
After the funeral procession departs, the list of additional mourning items must be read out. At this time, only the mourner and his spouse can cry, and others should admonish each other if they cannot help crying.Shi read the list recorded on the wooden board, and his assistants could sit while counting chips.Everyone can cry.
Eight, the great ceremony
On the day of burial, at dawn, the sacrifices of the Daxian Lian will be displayed outside the gate in advance.Daxiandian is designed for the burial of remains, so it is also called burial ceremony.This is the last libation offering for the deceased, so it is very grand, and the specifications of the offering exceed all previous libation offerings.According to the number of etiquettes, the standard of Shi Li is three tripods for special sacrifices. At this time, they are promoted to the first class, and the specifications of Shaolao five tripods are used, one tripod each for sheep, hog, fish, wax, and fresh animals.The offerings displayed on the east side of the hearse are four beans and four beans. The four beans are filled with cow stomach, clam meat paste, pickled sunflower, and snail meat sauce; the four beans are filled with dates, rice cakes, chestnuts, dried meat.In addition, there are sweet wine and wine.
The artifacts collected last night will be displayed again at this time.When the guests attending the funeral enter, the mourner will worship in the temple and cannot leave the coffin.
In order to formally display the offerings of the Daqian Memorial set outside the gate in the court, the priest first removed the ancestral offerings displayed yesterday, and relocated the removed offerings to the northwest of the hearse.Then the five tripods outside the door were carried in from outside the door and placed near the 'Chong'.The four beans are arranged in a square: the cow's stomach is in the southwest, the clam meat sauce is on the north side, the pickled sunflower is on the east, and the snail meat sauce is on the south. The beans in the south are respected and turn in the opposite direction; The jujubes are also arranged in a square shape: the jujube is to the south of the snail meat sauce, the rice cake is to the south, the chestnut is to the east of the rice cake, and the dried meat is to the north of the chestnut.Zu is a group of two, arranged from south to north, and the Zu in the south is the respect, and there is no change of line.The fresh rabbit's zu is displayed separately in the east of the pig's zu.Li and wine are on the west side of the bar.
Nine, initiation
After the funeral, the funeral procession is ready to go to the cemetery.Yousi carried 'Chong' out from the center of the temple gate, and then pulled the horses and carts out of the gate, set up the carts, and waited for departure.Then, remove the offerings of the Daqian Lian, first remove the towels covering the offerings, and then put the lower ends of the hind limbs of the sheep and pigs in the tripod into the 'buds' and prepare to take them to the cemetery.The so-called bracts are round baskets made of reed grass.According to the rules of etiquette, scholars can only use two bracts.The fish, wax, and fresh animals in other tripods are not real animals, so they don't need to be put into the buds.Then the Ming utensils, mats, urns and other utensils were also withdrawn in sequence.
Initiation is an important ritual in funerals. In 1998, a 30-year-old person in Gyeongsangbuk-do, South Korea passed away, and the funeral family held a "Confucian Burial" for him.Yin, also written as '纼' or called '绋', is the rope that pulls the hearse. When the hearse starts to go to the tomb, the mourners lead the cart and walk in front, which is called 'fayin'. "Book of Rites Tan Gong Xia" said: "Those who hang in the burial must hold the lead, if they go from the coffin to the burial, they will all hold the silk." 'It can be seen that zhiyin is the behavior of relatives and friends to express their 'help' for the funeral.It is a common etiquette in ancient times to carry out burial assistance, such as "Zuo Zhuan" in the [-]th year of Zhaogong: "The funeral of the Jin Dynasty, between our towns, the ancestors helped to carry out the funeral." ’ Du Yu’s note: ‘绋, lasso also.Rituals and funerals must be held. '
The practice of citing has been widely spread, and it is a way for people to express their friendship with each other and remember the past. Today, we can still see its last meaning in funerals.Nowadays, when attending a memorial service, when people send wreaths, they usually write the word "pull" at the end of the ribbon. Probably few people would think that the word "pull" here is the common word for "pull". "Someone pulls" is the meaning of pulling a chariot in ancient times.After understanding this truth, it is not difficult for us to understand why the couplets mourning the dead are called "elementary couplets", the cloth and silk for mourning are called "elemental curtains", and the songs sung at funerals are called "elegy".
The road to the cemetery will definitely have unevenness. In order to prevent the coffin from tilting and overturning, the two sides of the coffin have been tied with "drape" when decorating the hearse. The drape is a kind of red or black ribbon. The drape is held by two mourners, who hold it firmly when the hearse shakes to keep it balanced.The number of drapes indicates different identities. The emperor wears six drapes on one side and twelve drapes on both sides; the doctor wears four drapes on one side and eight drapes on both sides;Therefore, at the funeral of a scholar, a total of eight scholars held the cloak on both sides of the car to keep the coffin stable.
After the hearse departs, the head of mourning and relatives follow behind, weeping and dancing.When leaving the palace gate, the bereaved master thought of the relative's body getting farther and farther away from home, and felt sad from it, so he stamped his feet and cried.On the way to the funeral, the hearse generally cannot stop on the road, except when the monarch sends people to present funeral gifts.This ceremony was arranged to take place when the hearse arrived at the gates of the state.The monarch sent Zai Fu to present a bundle of black and light yellow silk.After the prime minister gave the order of the king, the mourner cried out, bowed and kowtowed.The Zaifu boarded the hearse and put the silk in the veil of the coffin.After the head of mourning pays homage to the Zaifu, the hearse and mourners continue on their way.
[-]. Confession and Consciousness
The funeral procession came to the tomb, and the chariots, road chariots, shovels, and funerary artifacts were displayed on both sides of the tomb passage. The hosts faced west and lined up in the east of the tomb passage, and the woman stood facing east in the west of the tomb passage.In order to keep quiet and ensure nothing goes wrong when the coffin is lowered, neither men nor women are allowed to cry.
The lower coffin is called '窆(bian)'.In order to prevent moisture, a cloth called 'yin' should be placed on the bottom of the tomb.Yin is interlayered, with fragrant herbaceous plants such as maoxiu and vanilla stuffed in the middle.There are five pieces in total: the lower three are placed horizontally, and the upper two are placed vertically.
Then lift the coffin out of the car, remove the coffin decorations, and then tie '綍' on the coffin.綍, in the literature, it is often mixed with the aforementioned 'yin' as '绋'.綍 refers to the rope used to lower the coffin.It was the rope that was used to lift the coffin from the cave in the funeral palace. Now when it is used to lift the coffin, the funeral assistants must hold the handle, and then slowly lower the coffin into the tomb.In ancient times, there was a strict hierarchy in the number of burials used for funerals. According to the book of rites, there were six for emperors, four for princes, and two for officials.According to the explanation of Zheng Xuan, a scholar of the Eastern Han Dynasty, there are six emperors, about a thousand people; four princes, 500 people; two doctors, 300 people; it can be seen that the scene is quite grand.There is no record in the literature about the number of officials who held the funeral. It is assumed that the number of mourners present will certainly not exceed the doctor's 300 people.After the coffin is buried, the mourner weeps and dedicates five pieces of black and light yellow silk to the deceased, then kneels down to the coffin, stands up and weeps again.After the offering, the mourner and the mourner's wife worshiped the guests who came to the funeral respectively, and then wept in their places.
Yousi put the burial utensils, weapons, musical instruments, etc. next to the coffin; then placed the coffin decorations such as willows and walls on top of the coffin; The "筲" and so on are placed between the coffin and the coffin.After the decoration is completed, put the "fold" on the coffin first.It is a large wooden board with several square holes chiseled in the middle, shaped like window panes, with three vertical and five horizontal holes.The function of the folding is to support the filling soil above and prevent the coffin from being crushed.After the folding frame is completed, a mat is laid on it to prevent dust from falling into the tomb.Adding anti-wood to the mat, the function of anti-wood is to fill the earth and press down. Its structure is the same as that of the bottom of the coffin, which is three horizontally and two vertically. Meaning between heaven and earth.Finally, fill the grave with soil and tamp it down.
By the way, it should be mentioned that in ancient times, there was "tomb but not grave", and there was no raised seal on the cemetery, which is what later generations call the tomb.According to the "Book of Rites Tan Gong", Confucius was the first to pile up soil on the tomb as a tomb.Confucius lost his father in his early years, and his mother died many years later, so Confucius buried his parents together in a place called 'Fang'.Confucius traveled among the nations all the year round. He was a so-called "man from the southeast and the northwest". In order to accurately mark the location of the tomb so that he could come to pay his respects from time to time, he piled up a four-foot-high seal on the tomb.This is the earliest grave mound seen in the literature.
After the coffin is buried, the clothes on the carriage, road carriage, and shovel are gathered on the hearse and brought back.When returning home after the burial, he does not drive the car, as if he feels that the spirit of the deceased will return home.
Eleven, anti-crying
After the funeral, the mourning family returns to the ancestral temple and the funeral palace from the tomb to cry, which is called "anti-crying".The ancestral temple was the place where the deceased led his family to perform various ritual activities. Today, the hall is still there, but the people have disappeared, and the heart is extremely sad. "Book of Rites · Asking about Funerals" very vividly describes the mood of the bereaved family at this time: "When they go to send them off, they look forward to it, but if there is something to pursue, they can't reach it; too.Therefore, sending it off is like admiration, and its opposite is like suspicion.Seeking but getting nothing, entering the door but not seeing it, going to the hall but not seeing it, entering the house but not seeing it.Dead and dead!Never see you again!Therefore, weep and dance, and stop mourning. After the mourner entered the temple gate, he went up the hall from the west steps and stood facing east.All the masters stand facing east in front of the west steps under the hall.When the woman entered, the men cried and cried, and the woman went up the hall from the steps.After entering the hall, the mourner's wife enters the room, stamps her feet and cries, then leaves the room, ascends the throne on the steps of the martyrdom, and takes turns wailing and dancing with the men, and stops mourning.
The guests who came to express their condolences came to the hall, and one of the elders went up to the hall from the west steps, comforting the mourner and saying: "This is a helpless thing!" The mourner couldn't bear to be the master right away, so he paid his respects to the east of the master's position.The elders go down to the hall and go out of the temple gate with other guests. The mourner sends them outside the gate, then worships and kowtows, thanking them for coming to the funeral, and attending the ceremony of crying instead.
Then, the men and women of the bereaved family went to the funeral palace, which was the residence of the deceased and the place where the funeral was held before the funeral. Now the funeral is empty.
At the end of the ceremony, the brothers of the same clan go out first, and the mourner pays homage to see them off.Then came when the hosts went out.The head of the funeral closed the door of the funeral palace, bowed his hands to the hosts, and then everyone returned to their funeral homes.
●Sacrifice of Requiem: Shi Yuli 
Ancient Chinese Etiquette Civilization [-]
Requiem Sacrifice: Shi Yuli
The entire funeral ceremony revolves around the two themes of dealing with the body and soul of the deceased.If it is said that the Jixi Ritual is "sending the body away", sending the body of the deceased to the cemetery for burial, then the Shiyu Ritual is "returning to the soul", welcoming the spirit of the deceased back to the funeral palace for sacrifice.
The bodies of loved ones can no longer be seen again, so why sacrifice?Confucianism believes that the spirit and gods of relatives exist forever between heaven and earth, and have the ability to protect good and punish evil; children's thoughts will not be blocked by time and space.Sacrifice is a way to communicate between the living and the dead. It can not only express the children's continuous longing for their loved ones, but also pray for the blessings of the ancestors.
"Rituals" has an article "Shiyu Rituals", which records the formal ceremony of Shiyu sacrifices.Regarding the name and time of Yu Ji, Zheng Xuan explained: "Yu, An Ye."The flesh and blood return to the earth, and the essence is omnipresent. A filial son is hesitant about it, and three offerings are made to make it safe.Court burials are in danger at noon, and I can't bear to leave for a day. It can be seen that Yu Ji is a sacrifice to stabilize the spirit of the dead and prevent them from wandering.The time of Yu Ji was at noon on the day of the funeral, because the filial son couldn't bear to leave the soul of his relatives for a day.
[-]. Standing corpse
One of the main changes in rituals after the burial in "Book of Rites·Tan ​​Gong Xia" is "Yi Yu Yi Li".Before the coffin is buried, the sacrifices to the deceased are collectively called "Dian"; after the coffin is buried, the first sacrifice is called Yu, and a "corpse" must be erected.
In ancient sacrificial rituals, as long as the victim died after reaching adulthood, there must be a corpse.A corpse is a person who accepts sacrifices on behalf of the dead.Zheng Xuan explained in the notes of "Shi Yu Li": "The corpse is the master."In the sacrifice of a filial son, the image of the relatives is not seen, the heart is not attached, and the corpse is set up to make up his mind. 'A filial son cannot sacrifice aimlessly, so a person must be found to represent the dead, so that the living's mind can belong. The sacrifice to the corpse is called 'sacrificing the corpse'.
So, what are the conditions for choosing a corpse?The first is gender.If the victim is male, the body must be male; if the victim is female, the body must also be female.
Followed by the class.The corpse must be held by the grandchildren of the deceased, not by the son.If the corpse is a child and has no self-restraint ability, his father will hold it during the sacrifice, so "Book of Rites" says that "a gentleman embraces a grandson but not a son."If the deceased has no descendants, one can be selected from the grandchildren with the same surname.However, the requirements for the corpse of a woman are quite special. A woman with a different surname (different from her husband’s surname) must be found to be the corpse. Therefore, the granddaughter cannot be the corpse, and the grandson’s wife is usually the corpse. Therefore, people with low status like concubines of concubines should not be appointed.
Normal sacrificial offerings, in addition to offering sacrifices to corpses, also include yin and yang displeasure.The so-called Yin Yan is to use sacrifices to serve the gods before offering sacrifices to the corpses. Because the sacrifices are placed in the northwest corner of the room where there is no sunlight all year round, it is called "Yin Yan".The ritual of yin and annihilation is relatively simple, without lifting the lungs and spine, without scorpion and black wine, and there is no need to report the ceremony at the end, and it is just offering food to the gods.The so-called "Yang Yan" means that after offering sacrifices to the corpse, the sacrifices are placed in the northwest corner of the room, where the sun can still shine, hence the name.
If the victim is underage and dies young, he cannot enjoy a complete set of adult sacrifices, and he cannot set up a corpse for sacrifice, but can only use yang or yin.Because of this, if the person sacrificed for an adult does not have a corpse, it is tantamount to treating him as a short-lived person, which is absolutely not allowed.
There are two situations for offering sacrifices to the prematurely deceased: if the eldest son is the eldest son, "Yin Yan" is used for the sacrifice; if the son is a bastard, or if there is no latter after death, he can only go to the eldest son's house to sacrifice, and only Yang Yan can be used.
Two, disgusting
During the Yu Festival, the mourner, brothers and women all wear the mourning clothes for the funeral, and the guests of the deacon wear the hanging clothes for the funeral.
Before serving the corpse, the ritual of offering food to the gods is held first, and the dead are directly served with food, which is the above-mentioned 'Yin Yin'.The seat for the sacrificial person is set in the southwest corner of his living room, with the seat facing east from west, and a small table for the gods is placed on the right side of the seat.People with different identities perform sacrifices, and the specifications of the main animal used are also different. Scholars and officials use a "special animal", which is a pig.First cut the pig in half, take only the left half, disassemble it, put it in the tripod and cook it, then take it out and put it on the zu. This zu is called "sacrifice zu".There are fish zu and wax (rabbit meat) zu that match with animal zu.The three zu are placed in front of the god's table, and other offerings include: two beans, one for sunflower (pickled sunflower), the other for snail sauce; two donuts, one for millet, The other Dun is Ji; there is a choll filled with vegetable soup and a gou filled with wine.
After the sacrifices were prepared, the mourner leaned on the mourning stick under the preface and walked into the room.Yousi opened the Dungai, and the mourner bowed and kowtowed again, and the ceremony of worshiping the gods began.The funeral invites the gods of the deceased to come and enjoy the sacrifice. Yousi put the millet on the chopped white grass as a sacrifice. After the sacrifice, take the millet as a sacrifice, and sacrifice three times in a row; ) offering sacrifices, also three times.The mourners use a spoon to scoop up the wine in the goblet and pour it on the white grass for sacrifice.The mourner bows and kowtows again.The mourner reads the congratulations, the mourner bows and kowtows again, and then goes out crying.
[-]. Corpses
Funeral wishes welcome the corpse into the temple.When the corpse entered, the man cried and danced, and the woman also cried and danced.After the corpse entered the room, the mourner continued to dance, but stopped crying to show respect for the corpse.The mourner and the mourner invite the corpse to sit down.
After the corpse is seated, various pre-eating sacrifices must be performed. These sacrifices can be divided into two types: ▉ sacrifice and vibration sacrifice, which need to be explained first. ▉Sacrifice is to insert the sacrifice into the sauce or salt, and then take it out to sacrifice, and don't eat it after the sacrifice.Vibration sacrifice is to insert the sacrifice into the sauce or salt, shake it when taking it out, sprinkle the excessive salt grains, and then sacrifice it, and taste it after the sacrifice.
The corpse picked up the goblet, first took the water spinach and put it between the two beans for sacrifice.Then millet and lungs were used for sacrifices, and wine was used for sacrifices.After the sacrifice, the mourner will read the congratulations, and the mourner will worship and kowtow again, and persuade the corpse to drink wine.The corpse took a sip of the wine.The corpse is sacrificed with lungs and spine vibration.Then, offer sacrifices to the vegetable soup in the pot.
The main part of the corpse is 'Nine Rice'.In ancient times, people ate with their hands, and one hand was called a meal.A meal is not swallowed in one gulp, but divided into three swallows.After each meal, drink big soup and eat dishes with seasonings.The nine meals for the corpse in the Yu Festival are divided into three meals, three meals each time.After the first meal and three meals, the corpse is sacrificed with rib meat.For the second meal and three meals, the corpse is sacrificed with the calf meat of pigs.For the third meal and three meals, the corpse is sacrificed with pork shoulder.The eater also offers fish zu and cured zu, and each zu only puts three fish or three pieces of rabbit bacon.After the corpse is eaten, the eater puts the leftover lungs and spines into the pot.
The bereaved master washes the waste jue (not enough jue), drinks wine and presents it to the corpse.The corpse is sacrificed to the wine in the noble, and then the wine is tasted.The corpse holds the jue in the left hand, and the liver is shaken in the right hand for sacrifice, and then the wine in the jue is drunk.The funeral wish is given to the corpse, and the corpse uses it to soothe the mourner.The mourner sacrifices the wine first, and then drinks it up.The head of the funeral offers wine to the mourner. The mourner holds the jue with his left hand, and sacrifices watercress and meat sauce with his right hand. Then he takes the lungs to sacrifice, and then sacrifices the wine. do.The mourner drinks wine and presents it to the attendant, and the attendant sacrifices the wine in the noble, then drinks it all, and pays homage to the mourner
The wife of the bereaved host washes the jue (jue with enough feet) in the room and drinks wine to offer to the corpse. This is the second offering of wine to the corpse after the bereaved host, which is called "Ya Xian".The widow of the bereaved host put the jujube and chestnut in front of the corpse mat.The corpse sacrifices jujube, chestnut, and wine.Then, Bin followed the mourner and offered barbecue to the corpse.After the corpse sacrifice and barbecue, drink up all the wine in the jue.The mourner's wife also drinks wine and presents it to Zhu, and presents food and barbecue; finally, she presents wine to the eaters; the ceremony during the period is the same as that at the beginning.Finally, the leader of the guests offered to Shi San.The leader of the guests drank wine and offered to the corpse after washing the title, and then offered barbecue. The whole ceremony was the same as the previous two times.
After the three offerings are completed, a farewell ceremony is held for the corpse.The corpse sat down impromptu.The bereaved master washes the deposed noble and drinks wine for the corpse.The corpse holds the jue in its left hand, and takes the dried meat in the right hand to sacrifice, and shakes the dried meat on the zu to make sacrifices; then sacrifices the wine, and then drinks the wine in the jue.At this time, the mourner, the brothers and the woman stamped their feet and cried.The widow of the bereaved host washes her feet and presents three gifts, and the elders of the guests wash and presents three gifts. The same is true for rituals.
The mourner went out of the room to tell the mourner that the funeral was over.The mourner wailed, and all the men and women wailed with him.When the dead body goes out of the house and goes out, the mourner and both men and women cry and dance.After the corpse went out, the mourning staff changed the offerings in front of the gods to the northwest corner of the room, and the arrangement was the same as before, which is the so-called 'Yang Yan'.The sacrifices are surrounded by mats.
After the Yu sacrifice is over, the guests go out the gate, the mourner sees them off, bows and kowtows.
Four, three Yu, death cry
There is a difference between the number of Yu sacrifices and the time required, three Yu and four days for scholars; five Yu and eight days for officials; seven Yu and twelve days for princes; nine Yu and sixteen days for emperors.The ancients used Ganzhi to record the day. Those whose celestial stems are A, C, E, G, and Ren are rigid days, and those whose celestial stems are B, D, Ji, Xin, and Gui are soft days.The ancients used a soft day to bury the body, and the first Yu sacrifice was at noon on the funeral day, so it must be a soft day.Zaiyu's sacrifice is held every other day, so it is still a soft day.The Sanyu Festival is held on the day after Zaiyu, so it is Gang Day.
The general idea of ​​the congratulatory speech is: I mourn my son, someone and relatives, and I am sad and uneasy day and night.I would like to use clean sacrifices, oysters, millet, and new wine, 'sorrow and recommendation'. "Sorrows and sacrifices" is the last sentence of the Zhu Wen, which means to recommend offering sacrifices in sorrow, and may your gods and ancestors meet. 'Ai Jian Yu Shi' (sorrowfully carry out the Yu Ji Festival), 'Ai Jian Cheng Shi' (sadly carry out the Yu Ji Sacrifice).
At dawn the next day of the Sanyu Festival, the Crying Festival was held.We mentioned in the funeral ceremony that after Dalian, the men and women of bereaved families only need to go to the funeral palace to cry at morning and evening, instead of crying all day long.At times other than morning and evening, when grief strikes, you can also go to the funeral palace to cry bitterly, which is called crying without time.During the sacrifice of Sanyu, the deceased had passed away for about a hundred days, and the heart of mourning had diminished, so there was a ritual of "soldiers crying".After the mourning ceremony, the bereaved family can only cry day and night every day.Crying is an important symbol. The sacrifices before the crying belong to the funeral sacrifices, and the sacrifices after the crying belong to the auspicious sacrifices. Therefore, "Book of Rites·Tan ​​Gongxia" says: "The day when the crying is done, it is the day, and it is auspicious." Yiyi Funeral Festival. '
[-]. The temple and the master
So far, we have to talk about the wooden master (equivalent to the tablet of later generations) in the sacrifice.At the beginning of the funeral, there was no deity, so the word '重' with Ming Jing was used instead.Starting from Yuji, the gods began to be erected, and the most important ones were buried in the ground.
There are two kinds of god masters, 'Sang Lord' and 'Chestnut Lord'.Sangzhu is used for Yu sacrifices.As the name suggests, the mulberry master is made of mulberry wood. The reason for this is that mulberry can be used to express mourning because of the homonym of mulberry and mourning; "Mandarin Zhou Yushang" said: "When the time comes, order in the Wu Palace, set up a mulberry master, and set up a few feasts." ' That's what it means.
After the sacrifice of crying, the mulberry of the newly deceased is mainly worshiped in the temple according to the order of Zhaomu, which is what "Yi Li·Shi Yu Li" said "by its class".The ancients sacrificed, the gods of the Taizu lived in the ancestral temple, and the seats faced east from west; the gods of the descendants were arranged on the left and right sides of the Taizu in the order of Zhao Mu; the row of seats on the left faced south, and the south was bright, so it was called Zhao; A row of seats faces south and north, and the north is dark and solemn, so it is called Mu.Zhaomu indicates seniority, the father is Zhao, the son is Mu, the grandson is Zhao, and the great-grandson is Mu.At this time, the three-year mourning has not yet ended, and the newly deceased does not have his own temple to live in, so he can only be attached to the same ancestral temple as his own Zhaomu class to receive sacrifices, so it is called "祔祭", or "祔寺之祭" '.The difference from the Yu Festival is that the Yu Festival is held in the funeral palace, and the Lord Sang is also in the funeral palace.
During Xiaoxiang's sacrifice, the mulberry master should be buried and the chestnut master should be used instead, which is the god master made of chestnut wood.Xiaoxiang's sacrifice is also held in the ancestral temple. Before the sacrifice, the chestnut owner is transferred to the ancestral temple, and then sent back to the funeral palace after the sacrifice.
During the sacrifice of Xiaoxiang, the ceremony of "bad temple" will also be held. "Guliang Biography" said in the second year of Wengong: "There are times when the master destroys the temple, and Yu Lianyan destroys the temple."The way to destroy temples is to change the eaves or change the paint. 'Bad temples are also called ruined temples, but it does not mean destroying old temples and rebuilding new ones.It is only to make some symbolic changes to the old temple.According to the Zhaomu system, the new master's Zhaomu position is the same as that of his grandfather. After three years of mourning, the new master will move into the ancestral temple.If the ancestral temple is handed over to the new owner intact, it will be considered disrespectful; demolishing and rebuilding will inevitably cause unnecessary waste.Therefore, a method of getting the best of both worlds was adopted, and the old temple was refurbished through "easy eaves" and "repainting".The so-called easy eaves is to change a certain part of the eaves.Repainting is to repaint the ancestral temple.The eaves of the old temple were replaced and painted again, which means that it is no longer an old temple and can be regarded as a new temple.Renovation is a method used by the ancients to deal with various problems arising from the change of sacrificial objects or places with the principle of frugality. It is often used in other rituals, and due to space limitations, it will not be listed here.
Daxiang and Yuji are the last two sacrifices of the three-year mourning, and the places of sacrifices are both in the funeral palace.After the sacrifice, the new owner must move to the new temple, and then remove the funeral palace.However, the relocation of the master who destroyed the temple is a major event, which cannot be taken lightly, and must first go through the sacrifice.The 禘 Festival has a fixed time, and it may not be exactly the same month as the 禫 Festival.Therefore, after the sacrifice, the new master moved to the grandfather's temple and waited for the sacrifice.
As the name of sacrifice, 禘 refers to different things. There are 禘 for Tianzijiao Festival, 禘 for Yin Festival, and sometimes 禘 for sacrifice.Some scholars believe that the sacrifice at this time is a kind of joint sacrifice held temporarily after the end of the three-year mourning. Moved to the temple, the following temples were upgraded in order
[-]. Xiaoxiang, Daxiang and Yu
From the sacrifice of the death cry to the three-year mourning, there are several important rituals such as Xiaoxiang, Daxiang, and Yu.
Xiaoxiang is the anniversary festival, which is held in the thirteenth month of No. 13; Daxiang is the second anniversary festival, which is held in the fifth month of No. 20;The time of 禫 offering, "Shi Yu Li·Ji" says it is "the middle of the moon and 禫", Zheng Xuan interprets "中" as the interval, that is, one month away from the Daxiang Festival, seven months in No.20.Wang Su believes that the sacrifice of Yu and Daxiang is in the same month, that is, the 25th month.After the sacrificing, the mourning is officially released.
Xiaoxiang is the anniversary festival, and the sorrow of the filial son has been reduced, so he began to replace the original crown with practice crowns, so Xiaoxiang is also called "practice".The so-called training crown is a crown made of cloth with ash and ash. The nature of the training crown is between fierce clothes and auspicious clothes, which marks the change from mourning to auspicious. "Sangzhi" said, "Xiang, goodness, and decoration of small goodness."
Here, we also need to mention the concept of 'submission'.In the ancient system of mourning clothes, sacrifices were made on every major ceremonial festival. After Yu sacrifices, almost every item of mourning clothes should be changed to light clothes. Cloth, the crown is six liters of cloth; after the death cries, the mourning clothes are changed to six liters of cloth, and the crown is seven liters of cloth.For the mother's clothes, the four liters of cloth are used for the first funeral, and the seven liters of cloth are used for the crown after the death is mourned.In addition, after the death cries, the man has to "go to hemp to serve Ge", that is, to replace the waist with Ge, which is also one of the contents of obedience.
Xiaoxiang will wear a training crown in the future, and the middle coat can also be changed into a training suit, and the neckline can be trimmed with light red borders, but men can't get out of the Ge Tie at the waist.In ancient times, there was a saying that "Men pay more attention to the head and women pay more attention to the belt". Men's mourning clothes, the headband is the most important; women's waistband is the most important.So, get rid of mourning from the most important place, but gradually.
Daxiang is the name of the second anniversary. "Book of Rites · Miscellaneous Notes [-]" says that "Xiang, the removal of the master, will last in the evening and be served in the court."Xiang, because of his clothes. 'It means that Daxiang is a sacrifice for the mourner to remove his clothes.On the night before the sacrifice, the head of mourning wears court clothes and announces the time of Daxiang Festival. The next day Daxiang still wears court clothes.After Daxiang, the costumes basically returned to normal, and onyx (white raw silk) crowns can be worn, and the crowns are bordered with white silk. "Book of Rites" says that Confucius started playing the qin five days after Daxiang, but the tone was not formed, and the tone was harmonious when he played the sheng ten days after Daxiang was more than a month old.The 禫祭 is the sacrifice for the removal of clothing after the Daxiang Festival. From then on, the mourning is officially removed, and there are no taboos on clothing.覫 means indifferent and peaceful, and the grief of the bereaved family has gradually calmed down.
Although the mourning period of the period is only one year, it must also include the rituals of Xiaoxiang, Daxiang and Yu, so the time of the salute has to be staggered. "Book of Rites Miscellaneous Notes II" says: "The funeral of the period , Practice in November, auspicious in thirteenth, and auspicious in fifteenth. 'It means that the Xiaoxiang Festival is in the No.11 month, the Daxiang Festival is in the No.13 month, and the Yu Festival is in the No.15 month.
For bereaved families, they must face the reality and cannot be immersed in grief indefinitely.Everything has an end. "Book of Rites Four Systems of Funeral Clothes" says that "mourning shall not exceed three years", which is just a kind of restriction on funeral rites, so as to ensure that filial sons are "indestructible, and will not hurt life with death".The purpose of Confucianism in arranging various rituals such as crying, Xiaoxiang, Daxiang, and 禫 in funerals is to remind the living to gradually change their mourning clothes over time through new sacrifices, gradually get rid of sorrow, and return to the funeral. to normal life.
[-]. Rules for funeral
In different stages of bereavement, people have different degrees of grief.Rituals express emotions, so funerals also have many staged requirements for the daily life of the mourners.In addition to what has been mentioned above, there are at least the following.
The first is residence.To mourn for their parents, they have to live in Yilu (thatched hut built against the wall), without any decoration inside, sleep on thatch at night, use soil clods as pillows, and do not take off their head and waist girdles.In the mourning period, he lived in a chalk room (thatched cottage built with adobe), and the mats used as bedding were trimmed neatly, but not tied.You can sleep on a mat if you are mourning for your great achievements.You can sleep on the bed if you take minor meritorious deeds and mourning with hemp.In addition, after the funeral of the parents, after the death cries, the side of the leaning hut close to the ground can be propped up with pillars to increase the space in the shed.The grass on the roof of the shed can also be trimmed slightly, and the grass thatch used for sleeping can be replaced with the one that has decayed.Xiaoxiang can move to live in the chalk room and sleep on mats.After Daxiang, you can return to your dormitory to live.After the festival, you can resume your normal life and sleep on the bed.Such a variety of differences, "Book of Rites · Jian Zhuan" said that "this mourning is also sent by the dweller."What needs to be explained is that living in a hut and sleeping on thatch are for men, not women.
Followed by diet.The pain of bereavement also inevitably manifests itself in diet. "Book of Rites Tan Gong Shang" said: "The sorrow of crying, the feeling of beheading, and the food of porridge come from the emperor." It can be seen that no matter how high or low the status is, as long as a close relative dies, they will have no intention of eating and drinking, and will continue to eat porridge, or even not eat or drink.In order to prevent mourning and hurting students, Confucianism has made many regulations.
"Book of Rites: The Book of Mourning" says that in a country, the death of the monarch is a national mourning, and the sons, officials, concubines, and all the scholars will not eat for three days.After three days, the sons of the world, the doctor, and the concubine can eat porridge, usually a handful of rice in the morning and a handful of rice in the evening, but there is no limit to the number of times, and they can eat it when they are hungry.The soldiers can eat rice made of brown rice and drink water, and there is no limit to the number of times.
At the funeral of the parents, the filial son does not eat or drink for three days.After three days, he must be given porridge. "Book of Rites·Jian Zhuan" says that after crying, you can eat brown rice and drink water, but you can't eat vegetables and fruits. You can eat vegetables and fruits after Xiaoxiang, and you can eat meat after Daxiang. And other condiments.After the festival, you can drink wine.In addition, the father is still alive, and he will serve the mother and wife for a period of one year. They are not allowed to eat meat or drink alcohol at the end of the funeral.
The above-mentioned regulations on diet can be exceptions for the elderly and infirm.For example, if people over 70 years old are in mourning, they can wear mourning clothes and eat the same as usual.
The third is speech.In the body of filial piety, the filial son must be silent, and it will gradually change as the mourning period prolongs. There are many related discussions in "Book of Rites". The Book of Rites·"Four Systems of Mourning Clothes" says: "The mourning of beheading is not right; the mourning of uniform decline is right but not spoken; the mourning of great achievements is spoken but not discussed; the mourning of minor achievements is discussed but not happy." It can be seen that those who live in mourning should not talk about things other than funerals; when guests ask questions, those who wear the mourning of chopping can only say yes or no, and do not give specific answers; It is not allowed to take the initiative to ask questions; those who are mourning for great merit can ask questions, but are not allowed to make comments; those who are mourning for sputum and minor merit are allowed to make comments, but they cannot have a happy expression.
After the burial, if the filial son is a monarch, he can talk about the affairs of the emperor, but not about his own country; if the filial son is a doctor or scholar, he can talk about his own country, but not about his own private affairs.
The fourth is clothing. "Book of Rites·Jian Zhuan": Period and Xiaoxiang, practicing crown and fate, must not get rid of it, men get rid of the head, women get rid of the belt.Why do men get rid of their heads?Why do women get rid of their belts?The man's head is heavy, and the woman's head is heavy.Those who are easy to take are those who are easy to take lightly.Another period of great prosperity, plain onyx linen.In the middle of the moon, it is thin, thin and slender, and it is omnipresent.Who is easy to wear?For those who are easy to light.The mourning of the beheading, the mourning of the Yu soldiers, and the mourning of the Qi's decline, the light ones are covered, and the severe ones are special.After practicing, he suffered the loss of great achievements, and he was very troubled.In the mourning of the decline of Qi, when the soldiers of Yu cried, and in the mourning of great achievements, Ma Ge obeyed both.The kudzu root of Zhan Shuai is the same as the hemp of Qi Shuai; the kudzu root of Qi Huai is the same as the hemp of great power; the kudzu of great power is the same as the hemp of small power; Of.Those who take the heavy clothes at the same time are those who are easy to take light.
The fifth is behavior. "Book of Rites Zeng Ziwen" said that although Xiaoxiang's master changed his clothes and practiced crowns and clothes, his grief was still deep, so he didn't stand or walk with everyone, and he didn't go to other people's homes to mourn or cry.
"Book of Rites · Miscellaneous Notes [-]" says that during the mourning period, relatives with minor merits and above, unless you are Yu, Fu, Xiaoxiang, and Daxiang, are not allowed to take a bath.For those who are in mourning, if someone asks to meet, they can only go to see after the funeral, but they can't ask to see others.Relatives below Xiaogong can ask to see others after the burial.In addition, those who have served three years of mourning will not go to other people's homes to pay homage even after the practice sacrifice.Those who have served for one year of mourning can go out to pay homage to the mourning after practicing sacrifices.
As far as the monarch is concerned, the emperor's decrees can be passed in the country after he is buried; only after the death is weeping can he run for the king's affairs.For doctors and scholars, after the burial, the government orders of the monarch can enter their homes; if there is a war, they should also participate.After Xiaoxiang, the monarch can manage state affairs, and doctors and scholars can manage family affairs.After the festival, everything returned to normal.
In addition, during the mourning period, playing games, going out to feast, marrying and having children, hiding in mourning and asking for officials, etc., will all be regarded as animal behaviors that violate human nature and will be condemned by public opinion.After the Wei and Jin Dynasties, etiquette was incorporated into the law, and similar behaviors would be punished by law.For example, "Laws of the Tang Dynasty" stipulates that during the period of mourning for parents and husbands, those who marry themselves, those who play and have fun, and those who cancel the funeral in advance shall be sentenced to three years in prison; those who are pregnant shall be sentenced to one year in prison; Those who feast will be punished with a stick for one year.
The above regulations must be strictly abided by, and any behavior beyond the stage will be condemned. The "Book of Rites" records many violations of etiquette, so that future generations will remember them and must not repeat them.For example, after the Daxiang Festival, white shoes without noses can be worn. The crown and tassels are made of white raw silk, and the border of the crown is also made of white silk.But You Ruo used ribbons as crown tassels, and silk decorations on the shoes, which can only be worn after the festival.What You Ruo did just showed his eagerness to get out of mourning.
Another example, in Xiaoxiang, the host rewards the guests with wine, and the guests do not drink it but put it in front of the table, and the guests do not raise their glasses, so there is no travel reward (persuading each other to drink), which is the requirement of etiquette.However, when Lu Zhaogong was in Xiaoxiang, he paid for his travel, and when Lu Xiaogong went to Daxiang, he did not pay for his travel.
A gentleman with the right way will never be in a hurry to get out of mourning.Even when it's time to get rid of the mourning, I still worry about it. "Book of Rites Tan Gong Shang" said that after the Lu State official Gongsun Mie (Meng Xianzi) sacrificed to the family, although the musical instruments in his home were hung but not played, he would not let the women who served the bed into the house, immersed in his homesickness.Confucius said in admiration: "Xianzi is really superhuman!" '
Confucianism believes that the three-year mourning period is long and complicated, and whether it can be guarded everywhere without loss is an excellent time to observe whether people have a heart of benevolence, common sense, and strong ambition. " said: "The benevolent can see his love, the wise can see his reason, and the strong can see his ambition."Propriety is used to rule, righteousness is used to be righteous, filial sons, younger brothers, and chaste women can all be obtained and inspected. '
●Sacrifice to the Master of All Ages: Shidian Ceremony
Ancient Chinese Etiquette Civilization 21
Worshiping to the Master of All Ages: Shidian Ceremony
There are two most striking types of sacrificial objects in ancient China, one is heaven and earth, the sun and the moon, which belong to nature worship; the other is blood relatives, which belongs to ancestor worship.But there is another kind of sacrificial objects, which are neither natural gods nor blood relatives, but the pioneers of civilization, such as the founders of agriculture, sericulture, medicine and other scientific fields, who have brought infinite benefits to mankind, but unfortunately most of them don’t know about them Names can only be referred to as 'Xiannong', 'Xiancan', 'Xianyi', etc. during sacrifices.A slight exception is the sacrificial offering to the "ancestor". Not only are people sure that the person being sacrificed is Confucius, but the ceremony is also the most solemn.
[-]. Education and life
Confucius, son Zhongni, was born in Zouyi (now southeast of Sishui County, Shandong Province) in the 22nd year of Duke Xiang of Lu (551 BC).The ancestors of Confucius can be traced back to Weizi, a worthy minister in the last years of the Yin Dynasty. Take Kong as his family.Confucius' father, Shu Lianghe, was a senior official in the state of Lu, but he died when Confucius was three years old. Therefore, Confucius was very poor when he was young. '("The Analects of Confucius·Zihan"), worked as a small official in charge of the warehouse "Commissioner", and also worked as a "Chengtian" who raised cattle and sheep, and has a good understanding of the situation of the lower classes of society.Confucius, with the attitude of "three people must have my teacher", humbly learn from everyone.At the age of 15, he aspired to become a gentleman with great knowledge and high morals. Around the age of 30, with academic success, he began to enroll students and teach courses.At that time, academics were controlled by the government, and only noble disciples were eligible to study, which is the so-called "learning in the government".Confucius created private schools with his own power, broke the cultural monopoly, moved academics down to the folks, and promoted the popularization and prosperity of ideology and culture, which can be called a merit of all ages.Confucius implemented the policy of "no discrimination in teaching". As long as you give him "shuxiu" (ten pieces of dried meat) as tuition fees, you can become his student.According to legend, he had 72 disciples, among whom [-] were excellent in academics.Confucius regards writing, conduct, loyalty, and faith as the "four teachings", requiring students to have both writing and morality, and implement them into actions.He also proposed teaching principles such as teaching students in accordance with their aptitude, emphasizing both learning and thinking, and heuristic teaching.Confucius' life, "Never tire of learning, never tire of teaching, forget food when angry, forget worries with pleasure, don't know old age is coming" ("Historical Records Confucius Family").Later generations regard Confucius as a great educator, which is by no means overrated.
Confucius advocated benevolence and love, hoping to realize the ideal of "a world of great harmony", and traveled around the world for this purpose. Unfortunately, the Spring and Autumn Period, the feudal lords were powerful, violent, and usurped one after another. Confucius' theory was received coldly. , Wei, trapped between Chen and Cai' ("Historical Records The Family of Confucius"), hit a wall everywhere, and returned to the State of Lu in desperation.Confucius lamented the lack of rituals and music and the lack of literature, so he concentrated on sorting out the "Six Classics" such as "Poetry", "Book", "Li", "Yi", "Yue", "Spring and Autumn", and used them as teaching materials to educate students. The "Six Classics" is the essence of Chinese civilization and the most precious original text. It can be passed down through the ages and broadcast overseas, and the contribution of Confucius ranks first.
In the 16th year of Duke Ai of Lu (479 BC), Xia Siyue was already ugly, and Confucius died. It is called 'Kongli'.In the following year, Duke Ai of Lu ordered that the three rooms where Confucius lived in be converted into a temple, and people collected the clothes, qin, carts, books, etc. used by Confucius as a memorial.At four o'clock every year, people will spontaneously go to the tomb of Confucius to offer sacrifices, and Confucian scholars will talk about the rituals of drinking wine and shooting at the village advocated by Confucius at the side of the tomb.This grand occasion, beyond the results of the battle, was still the same when Sima Qian was born.
Sima Qian respected Confucius very much, thinking that he was a rare "sacred" person in the world.Sima Qian used the poems in "The Book of Songs" "Looking up at the mountains, and walking in the scenery" to express his mood of "although he can't reach it, but he yearns for it".He personally went to Qufu to visit the temples and sacrificial utensils dedicated to Confucius. He witnessed Confucian scholars practicing rituals here, and he was so moved that he could not go when he returned home. ("Historical Records The Family of Confucius")
[-]. A Brief Explanation
Sacrificing to Confucius was originally a personal act, and the sacrificers were mainly descendants of Confucius, and the main form was the "Four Ding Sacrifice".The four seasons of spring, summer, autumn and winter, each of three months, are called Mengyue, Zhongyue, and Jiyue respectively.In ancient times, the days were recorded with the stems and branches, and there were no more than 30 days per month. Therefore, the heavenly stems such as A, B, C, D generally appeared three times, and the first Ding day was used to worship Confucius, which was called Shangding.The Four Ding Sacrifice is the sacrifice held on the Shangding day of the middle month of the four seasons.This tradition has continued into modern times.
In addition, since the Han Dynasty, a total of 12 emperors have visited Qufu Confucian Temple [-] times to offer sacrifices to Confucius.It was Liu Bang, Emperor Gaozu of the Han Dynasty, who opened this precedent.According to "Han Shu Gaozu Benji", Han Gaozu Liu Bang ascended the throne for [-] years, and when he returned to the capital from Huainan and passed through Qufu, he sacrificed Confucius with the ceremony of Tailao.
In the Eastern Han Dynasty, in addition to continuing to worship Confucius at the Confucian Temple in Qufu, people began to worship Confucius in schools in various counties and counties.According to "Book of the Later Han Dynasty: Etiquette Records", in March of the second year of Emperor Yongping of the Ming Dynasty, all counties and counties held township drinking ceremonies.
In the school, Confucius and Duke Zhou were sacrificed together because the "Book of Rites·Wen Wangshizi" said: "Everyone who starts to establish a scholar must lay a foundation for the first sages and teachers." 'It means that whenever a school is established, the etiquette of 'Shidian' must be used to worship the 'sages' and 'teachers'.According to the interpretation of Confucian classics in the Han Dynasty, the first sage refers to the Duke of Zhou, and the first teacher refers to Confucius.Therefore, the practice of offering sacrifices to Zhou and Kong together prevailed in the Han and Wei dynasties.But there are also different ways to deal with it. For example, before Sui Daye, Confucius was regarded as the sage and Yan Yuan as the teacher.At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, Zhou Gong and Confucius were still worshiped at the same time in Guoxue.In the second year of Wude (619), Tang Gaozu ordered Guozi to establish Zhougong and Confucius temples.Five years later, Emperor Gaozu personally held the ceremony of release, with Zhou Gong as the sage and Confucius as the sage.
This chaotic situation of sacrificial objects did not change until Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty.In the second year of Zhenguan (628), Fang Xuanling and others proposed that Zhou Gong and Confucius were both saints, but Chinese studies should worship Confucius.With the approval of Emperor Taizong, Duke Zhou was dismissed, and Confucius was regarded as the sage, and Yan Yuan deserved it.In the Yonghui Year of Emperor Gaozong (650-655), Duke Zhou was once again regarded as the sage and Confucius as the teacher, but it was very short-lived. , Assisting Cheng Wang in governing the country, compared with the emperor, he should be worthy of being a king, and the release ceremony should still be a sacrifice to Confucius.Gaozong followed his words.Since then, Confucius' exclusive status in the sacrificial offerings of Chinese studies has never changed.
Tang Taizong also made two major measures to promote the rites of offering sacrifices to Confucius all over the country.In the fourth year of Zhenguan (630), Emperor Taizong ordered all prefectures and county schools to build Confucius temples to practice Confucianism.This is the beginning of the establishment of Confucian temples in the prefectures and counties of our country, and the ceremony of worshiping Confucianism has been carried out all over the country.This one.
How do prefectures and counties worship Confucius?For example, who officiates?How many times a year are there sacrifices?What time every time?Wait, there are no examples to follow.According to Zheng Xuan, the number of offering sacrifices is once every season, so the Taixue of the Wei and Jin Dynasties also sacrifices once every season.According to the Sui Dynasty, Guozi Temple commemorates the sages and teachers every year on the fourth day of the middle month.During the reign of Emperor Gaozu Wude of the Tang Dynasty, Guozixue also offered sacrifices at four seasons.In the early Tang Dynasty, scholars in prefectures and counties often sacrificed four times following the stories of the Wei and Jin Dynasties, and the officiant was mostly served by the academic officials themselves.In the 21st year of Zhenguan (647), Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty stipulated that the funeral ceremony should be held in the mid-month of spring and autumn.There should be a specification for the release ceremony. The release ceremony of Chinese studies should be the first offering of wine offered by the son of the country, the congratulatory speech is called "the emperor would like to send it", the division is the second offering, and the doctor of the son of the country is the final offering.State studies, with the governor as the initial dedication, the assistant as the second dedication, and the doctor as the final dedication.For county studies, the county magistrate is the first offering, the county magistrate is the second offering, and the master book and county lieutenant are the final offerings.Emperor Taizong's regulation of sending officials to release the memorial ceremony, and prefectures and counties to observe the order and officiate, raised the standard of the ceremony, which was followed by later generations.If the crown prince releases the libation in person, the standard is higher. The crown prince himself is the first offering, the state son's sacrificial wine is the second offering, and the secretary is the final offering.
As we mentioned earlier, the word "Shi Dian" comes from "Book of Rites·Wen Wangshizi".So, what is the funeral ceremony like? "Wen Wangshizi" itself does not explain this.Zheng Xuan's note for it said: "The interpreter only recommends food and drinks, and has nothing to do with welcoming the corpse." From Zheng Xuan's explanation, we can see that the biggest difference between Shidian ceremony and general sacrificial ceremony is that there is no 'corpse', but only 'recommended food and drink'.Kong Yingda of the Tang Dynasty made a further explanation on the basis of Zheng Xuan, and believed that Shidian is "a matter of direct laying on things, without eating and drinking."It means that the sacrifice is just placed directly in front of the god, and after the ceremony, there is no need for entertainment between the sacrificers.It can be seen that this is a rather simple ceremony.According to legend, there is also a ceremony called "Shicai" in ancient times to worship the ancestors and saints.Some scholars say that Shi Dian has music but no corpse, and Shi Dian does not even have music, and only put some apples, fen and other dishes in front of the god.It is a pity that Shicai ceremony was lost during the Tang and Song Dynasties, and it is impossible to verify it today.
With successive dynasties governments' advocacy of offering sacrifices to Confucius, the memorial ceremony has become more and more complicated.When Liu Song, Yuan Jiachu established Chinese studies, and discussed the specifications of Shi Dianli, Pei Songzhi proposed to join the dance team and use "Liu Yi".Yi (yi) is the ranks of the ancient dance team, with eight people as a yi, and the number of yi depends on the level, such as the emperor uses eight yi, and the princes use four yi.Pei Songzhi's suggestion to use Liuqi is actually to use the rank of princes.Due to the insufficient preparation of Jinshi instrumental music, it failed to be realized.In the third year of Yongming, Emperor Wu of the Southern Qi Dynasty, when the Guoxue was established, the rituals and music of Shidian were discussed again.Shangshu ordered Wang Jian to advocate the use of the music of Xuanxuan and the dance of Liuyi, and he was allowed.In the Tang Dynasty, when the crown prince held a memorial ceremony in person, there were special movements for ceremonies such as welcoming the gods, traveling with the prince, and singing and laying coins, called Chenghe, Suhe, Yonghe, Shuhe, etc.In the 1140th year of Shaoxing in the Song Dynasty (17), the Shidian ceremony in the capital was promoted from the original middle priest to the grand priest.By the 1504th year of Hongzhi ([-]), Emperor Xiaozong of the Ming Dynasty, the ceremony of Shi Dian was raised from six to eight, and the number of ritual vessels such as beans was equal to that of the emperor.
In addition, the title of Confucius has also continued to increase.Confucius was originally a commoner, and he hadn't been an official for a few days before his death, but he had the glory of his death.During the Kaiyuan period of the Tang Dynasty, Confucius was posthumously named "King Wenxuan".In the first year of Song Zhenzong's Dazhong Xiangfu (1008), he was given the posthumous title of 'the most holy king of Wenxuan'.In the 11th year of Dade Emperor Wuzong of Yuan Dynasty, posthumous posthumous title was added
'Dacheng Zhisheng Wenxuan King'.In the ninth year of Emperor Jiajing of Ming Dynasty (1530), it was renamed "Confucius, the most holy teacher", because of it in the Qing Dynasty.In the history of more than 2000 years after the Spring and Autumn Period, Confucius was the only one who gained such a reputation and was worshiped continuously from generation to generation.By the way, it should be mentioned that Confucius' disciples Yan Yuan, Zeng Shen, etc. also received corresponding titles. Due to space limitations, I will not repeat them here.
Three or four
In ancient times, there was a tradition of matching virtue with the heavens. When offering sacrifices to the heavens, the Xiahou family shared the gifts with the Yellow Emperor, the Yin people shared the gifts with the Emperor Ku, and the Zhou people shared the gifts with the Houji.This form was also imitated by the etiquette of offering sacrifices to Confucianism. The Confucian Temple uses the four most outstanding disciples of Confucianism, Yan Yuan, Zeng Shen, Zisi, and Meng Ke, as "four companions".
Yan Hui was the first to receive the honor of matching.Yan Hui, courtesy name Ziyuan, Xi called Yan Yuan, and his father Yan Lu were both students of Confucius.Yan Yuan is the most proud disciple of Confucius.Yan Hui's "one sack of food and one ladle of drink, in the back alleys, people are unbearable to worry about, and they will not change their joy when they return", he is dedicated to learning; he also has the ability to "know ten by hearing one" ("The Analects of Confucius·Gongye Chang") .Confucius evaluated students by three subjects: virtue, speech, and literature, with Yan Hui as the head of virtue.Duke Ai of Lu once asked Confucius who among his disciples was the best learner?Confucius said that "there was Yan Hui who was eager to learn", and said that after Yan Hui's death, "I have never heard of a good scholar" ("The Analects of Confucius·Yong Ye").Yan Hui stayed out of office all his life, but followed Confucius all the time, and was as close as a father and son.Therefore, later generations regard him as the closest disciple of Confucius.In the spring and February of the second year of Wei Zhengshi in the Three Kingdoms (AD 241), King Qi sent Taichang to offer sacrifices to Confucius in Piyong with Tailao, with Yan Yuan as his companion.This is the beginning of Yan Yuan's sharing with Confucius.
The second person to enter the ranks of sharing is Zeng Shen.Zeng Shen, courtesy name Yu, was also the best student of Confucius. He and his father Zeng Dian also studied under Confucius successively.Zeng Zi is a well-known filial son, who advocates to his parents, "When you are born, you should do things with propriety; when you die, you should be buried with propriety and sacrificed with propriety" ("Mencius Teng Wengong 712"). Moving ghosts and gods, from the Han Dynasty to the Sui Dynasty is nothing but" (Volume [-] of "Zong Shengzhi").Zeng Zi was also a man of fortitude and fortitude, "If humiliation can be avoided, just avoid it."It is unavoidable, a gentleman regards death as home! '("Spring and Autumn Fanlu Bamboo Forest")'You can entrust a six-foot orphan, you can send a hundred miles of life, and you can't take it away when you are approaching the big festival. '("Confucius Taber") and other famous sayings are all from the mouth of Zeng Zi.His book "University" is one of the "Four Books", known as the "Confucianism Program" and "The Gate to Morality".In the first year of Emperor Ruizong's Tai Chi ([-] A.D.), Shi Dian used Zeng Participation as the beginning of Zeng Participation.
The third is Mencius.Mencius was taught by Zisizi, and he is the most important representative figure in the history of Confucianism after Confucius.Mencius developed Confucian's rule of virtue into the theory of "benevolent government", which is of great significance in the history of political thought.Mencius also put forward influential viewpoints such as "the monarch is less valuable than the people" and "the theory of nature is good". His theory of mind and nature opened the precedent of Song and Ming Dynasties.The seven chapters of "Mencius" written by him were included in the "Thirteen Classics" and "Four Books" in the Song Dynasty, which had a huge influence.In the seventh year of Song Shenzong Yuanfeng (AD 1084), Mencius began to enter the ranks of sharing.
The last one is Zisi, Kong Ji, the grandson of Confucius.Zisi lost his father when he was young, so he lived with Confucius all the time.When he was an adult, he was the master of Lu Mu, and he made great achievements in academics. Later generations compiled 23 of his 23 essays into the book "Zi Si Zi". It has been handed down to the present, and the rest were lost in the Sui and Tang Dynasties. "The Doctrine of the Mean" occupies an important position in the history of Chinese philosophy, and Han Yu believes that its importance is equal to "Book of Changes" and "Mencius".Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi regarded it as the work of "Confucius taught the mind method".Zhu Xi included it in the "Four Books", and it has since become one of the must-read classics for scholars.In the third year of Song Duzong Xianchun (1267 A.D.), Zisi began to enter the ranks of sharing.
In 1126, the Jin people captured Hui and Qin emperors, and the Northern Song Dynasty died.Gaozong traveled south and established the Southern Song Dynasty government in Lin'an.Kong Duanyou, the eighth generation grandson of Confucius No. 40, moved south to Quzhou, and built a Confucian temple there to offer sacrifices, becoming the Southern Sect of Confucius, while those who stayed in the Confucian Temple in Qufu were called the Northern Sect.In the third year of Xianchun (1267), Wushen in the first month of spring, Du Zong went to Taixue, paid homage to Confucius, and performed the ceremony of giving up vegetables, sharing it with Yan Yuan, Zeng Shen, Zisi, and Meng Ke.Gu Yanwu highly praised the Lizong generals Yan, Zeng, Si, and Meng Peixiang Confucius: "Since then, there has been no difference in the country, no difference in customs, from the Yuan Dynasty to the Ming Dynasty, the rule of the former kings died, but the way of the former kings survived, and the merits of Lizong It's too big. '("Rizhilu" Volume [-], "Pairing")
Four, twelve philosophers
If the "four matching" is the first level of accompanying sacrifices when offering sacrifices to Confucius, then the "twelve philosophers" is its second level.According to "The Analects of Confucius Advanced", Confucius once used four subjects of virtue, speech, political affairs, and literature to evaluate the merits of his students: "Virtue, Yan Yuan, Min Ziqian, Ran Boniu, Zhonggong; speech, Zaiwo, Zigong; political affairs, Ran Boniu. You, Ji Lu; Literature, Ziyou, Zixia. '
Therefore, these ten people are recognized as good students of Confucius.In the eighth year of Kaiyuan (720 A.D.), when Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty ordered Guoxue to worship Confucius, these ten people were used as the "ten philosophers" to share.
After Confucius and Mencius, the most outstanding hero of Confucianism is Zhu Xi.Zhu Xi (1130-1200), with the character Yuanhui and the name Hui'an, was born in Youxi County, Nanjian, Fujian Province (now Wuyuan, Jiangxi Province) with his ancestral home.Zhu Xi was a student of Li Tong, a disciple of Cheng Yi's third biography, and studied everything in his studies, including classics, history, literature, Buddhism and Taoism, and even natural science.On the basis of penetrating hundreds of schools of thought, he developed the Song Dynasties and became a master of Neo Confucianism.The "Four Books Collected Notes" written by it is of a superb level, so it was the official text of the imperial examinations in the Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties, and it had a huge impact on Chinese thought and culture.Zhu Xi was also a great educator, engaged in teaching activities all his life, and put forward a set of distinctive educational ideas.In view of Zhu Xi's outstanding contribution to Confucianism, in the 51st year of Kangxi (AD 1712), Zhu Xi was added as the No.11 philosopher.
In the third year of Qianlong (1738), the Qing people added You Ruo as the No. 12 philosopher.There are very few documents about You Ruo's deeds, and later generations don't know much about him.But there are two things worth noting. One is that there are three passages of You Ruo's remarks in "The Analects of Confucius Xue Er", and only You Ruo and Zeng Shen are called "Zi" among Confucius; When You Ruo died, Duke Mourning of Lu hanged him, which shows You Ruo's prestige in Confucianism.The second is "Mencius Teng Wengong 12", Zixia, Zizhang, Ziyou and others thought that Youruo's words, deeds, and temperament were similar to Confucius, and planned to serve him with the etiquette of serving Confucius.It can also be seen that the disciples of Confucianism admire You Ruo.Therefore, in the third year of Xianchun in the Southern Song Dynasty, because Yan Hui was promoted to the "Four Sages", he planned to promote one of the disciples of Confucianism into the Ten Sages.Until the third year of Qianlong, You Ruo finally became the No.[-] philosopher
Five, sages and Confucians worship
Those who are worshiped in the Confucian temple, but the rank is lower than the four match and twelve sages, are called "Xian Xian" and "Xian Confucianism".
The sages mainly refer to the disciples of Confucianism.In the 15th year of Yongping in the Eastern Han Dynasty (72), Emperor Ming went to Qufu to worship Confucius and 72 disciples of Confucius.Since then, it is customary to paint the 72 disciples on the walls on both sides of the Confucian Temple, but not to offer sacrifices.In the eighth year of Tang Kaiyuan (720), ten philosophers were worshiped together, and other disciples followed.During the reign of Lizong in the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhou Dunyi, Zhang Zai, Cheng Hao, Cheng Yi, and Zhu Xi were worshiped.A total of 79 sages have been enshrined in the Confucian Temple today, and they are enshrined at the north end of the east and west verandahs on both sides of the Dacheng Hall. In addition to the disciples of Confucius, there are also Zichan, Junboyu, and the five mentioned above. A master of Song Dynasties.
Pre-Confucians refer to scholars who have made outstanding contributions to Confucianism in history.It was Tang Taizong who first launched this measure.In the 21st year of Zhenguan, Emperor Taizong issued an edict that Zuo Qiuming, Bu Zixia, Gongyang Gao, Gu Liangchi, Fu Sheng, Gao Tangsheng, Dai Sheng, Mao Chang, Kong Anguo, Liu Xiang, Zheng Zhong, Du Zichun, Ma Rong, Lu Zhi, Zheng Xuan, Fuqian, He Xiu, Wang Su, Wang Bi, Du Yu, Fan Ning, Jia Kui, etc. 22 are "Spring and Autumn", "Poetry", "Book", "Ritual", " Scholars who have made outstanding annotations such as "Yi" are awarded as the heroes who spread Confucianism in recognition of their contribution to the annotation.In the seventh year of Song Shenzong Yuanfeng (1084), three scholars who had made outstanding contributions in the history of Confucianism, including Xun Kuang, Yang Xiong, and Han Yu, were included in the list of worshippers.Since then, the list of Confucian ancestors has continued to increase, and finally reached 77 people, who were enshrined at the southern end of the two verandahs.Different from the Four Companions and the Twelve Philosophers, the sages and Confucians who were enshrined only had tablets and no statues.
[-]. The cultural significance of offering sacrifices to Confucius
In history, Confucius is a symbol of Chinese culture.Wherever the Chinese civilization reaches, there are Confucian temples in both the north and the south, as well as in Taiwan and Hainan.This is also the case in North Korea, Japan, Vietnam and other places in the ancient Han cultural circle.Leaving aside Yuan Shikai’s offering sacrifices to Confucius for restoration, that’s another matter; it should be said that what the memorial ceremony intends to express is respect for the ancient Chinese civilization, and it has a distinct significance of advocating culture and education.In ancient China, there were many regimes established by ethnic minorities, but they all regarded Confucius as the orthodox patriarch. Only because of this, no matter how regimes changed in history, Chinese culture has always been continuous.Here is a very typical example.According to "Liao History · Clan Biography", in the first year of Shenchu ​​(916), Liao Taizu established the eldest son as the crown prince.Taizu asked the courtiers around: "As a king who is ordered, he should worship God in the sky. If I want to sacrifice to those who have great merit, who should I sacrifice first?" The courtiers all said that they should offer sacrifices to the Buddha.Taizu disagreed with this suggestion, saying: 'Buddhism is not a Chinese religion. At this time, the crown prince said: "Confucius, the great sage, who is revered by all generations, should be sacrificed first." Taizu Dayue decided to build a Confucius Temple immediately, and ordered the crown prince to hold a memorial service in the Spring and Autumn Period.We often say that Chinese culture has a strong cohesive force.I think there are many factors that constitute this cohesion, but Confucius, as a representative of Chinese culture, is widely recognized, and it should be said to be one of the important factors.
In addition, the memorial ceremony is held in academic institutions such as Guoxue or prefectures and counties. Therefore, the memorial ceremony is often accompanied by academic activities.Judging from the literature records, starting from the Wei and Jin Dynasties at the latest, the emperor and crown prince had to perform a memorial ceremony every time they read a scripture.For example, "Book of Jin · Li Zhi" records that in February of the second year of Wei Zhengshi (241), King Qi gave a lecture on "The Analects of Confucius", in May of the fifth year, "Shangshu", and in December of the seventh year, "The Book of Rites". 'And make Taichang Shidian, and Tailao worship Confucius in Piyong'.In the seventh year of Taishi (271) of Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty, the crown prince taught the "Book of Filial Piety"; in the third year of Xianning (277), he taught "Poetry";In the third year of Emperor Hui of Jin Yuankang (282), the Crown Prince taught "The Analects of Confucius" well.In the second year of Emperor Taixing (293) of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the Crown Prince taught "The Analects of Confucius".In all of these, the prince "pro-released and sacrificed to Confucius".In the first year of Xiankang in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (320), Emperor Cheng taught "Poetry".In the first year of Shengping (335), Emperor Mu taught the "Book of Filial Piety".In July of the third year of Ningkang (357), Emperor Xiaowu taught the "Book of Filial Piety". 'And interpret it like a story'.Similar records are endless in history.
Scholars lectured on Confucian classics for the emperor, and they were often arranged in Confucian temples.For example, it is recorded in "Sui Shu · Ritual Records" that when the Later Qi gave lectures to the emperor, the scriptures were first selected in the Confucian Temple and the candidates for the lectures were determined.At dawn on the day of the lecture, the emperor, wearing a celestial crown and a black gauze robe, came to Guozixue on an elephant ride and listened to lectures in the temple.After the lecture, perform the funeral ceremony.For another example, "Old Tang Book·Etiquette Records" records that in February of the 14th year of Zhenguan, Ding Chou, Emperor Taizong visited Guozixue in person to watch the Shidian ceremony, and then Kong Yingda, who offered wine, gave him a lecture on the "Book of Filial Piety".There are countless similar records.The situation in prefectures and counties in various places is probably the same.
The sacrificial recipients in the Confucian Temple included the academic elites of past dynasties. What the sacrificial recipients saw was actually a condensed history of Chinese academics; Standing in front of these most outstanding celebrities in Chinese history, Wang Fuzhi, Gu Yanwu and other well-known and outstanding figures cannot but be encouraged and educated in many ways.This is where its positive meaning lies.In order to prove this point, we might as well give another example of a minority emperor.According to "History of Jin Xizong Ji", in the first year of Huangtong (1141) in February Wuwu, Jin Xizong went to the Confucian Temple to worship again.At the end of the ceremony, he said to his courtiers with infinite emotion: "I was a wanderer when I was young, and I didn't know how to learn."The years have passed, and I deeply regret it.Although Confucius has no position, his way is respectable and admired by all ages. 'Because of the encouragement he received in the Confucian Temple, Xizong changed his past and studied hard from now on, such as "Shangshu", "The Analects", "Five Dynasties History", "Liao History", "or continue at night".
[-]. The funeral ceremony in Korea today
In history, the Korean peninsula was the most thoroughly Confucianized area other than mainland China.To this day, the influence of Confucianism in South Korea can still be seen everywhere, the most symbolic of which is the funeral ceremony at Sungkyunkwan.
The word "Chengjun" comes from "Zhou Li Chunguan Da Zongbo", and later generations use it to refer to national schools.Sungkyunkwan is the national culture of North Korea, with a history of more than 600 years.Government schools in China include Guoxue (Taixue) and state schools and county schools.In terms of layout, they generally include temples and studies. The temple is the place where Confucius is sacrificed, and the studies are the places where reading.Today, there are still more than 300 "village schools" of ancient Confucian scholars in the north and south provinces of South Korea, and each school also has two parts: temples and schools.The layout of Chengjunguan is slightly different from Beijing Guozijian. Guozijian has a temple on the left and Taixue on the right; Chengjunguan has a temple in the front and a school in the back. The Minglun Hall plaque written by Zhu Zhifan, the envoy of the court, has been preserved to this day.In front of Minglun Hall is a square, and on both sides are Yangxian Zhai, which was the living room of the students.
The etiquette of the memorial ceremony at Sungkyunkwan completely complies with the customs of ancient China.Since Confucius is worshiped in many parts of the country from top to bottom, the time must be staggered.Therefore, it is stipulated that Sungkyunkwan uses the upper day, each road uses the middle day, and the township school uses the lower day.The memorial service of Sungkyunkwan Hall is held on time every spring and autumn on the first day of the middle month. It is a worship to the ancestor of humanities, so no tickets are sold. Welcome to visit. It has become one of the famous cultural landscapes in Seoul.Sungkyunkwan Museum uses Baji dance, and the music and dance students are students from the etiquette school. They hold Didi and dance to the sound of bells and chimes.There are many foreign tourists, competing to take pictures or taking pictures, showing great interest in oriental Confucian culture.What needs to be pointed out in particular is that the ceremony of worshiping Confucius in Sungkyunkwan, including costumes, music, ritual vessels, etc., was passed down from the Ming Dynasty and has not changed until now.The music for offering sacrifices to Confucius was recorded in the Joseon Dynasty, so it has been preserved to this day, but it has been lost in China, so it is listed as a world cultural heritage.After the changes in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the clothing for offering sacrifices to Confucius in the Confucian temples in Beijing and Qufu is the style of the Qing Dynasty.
In ancient Chinese national studies, in addition to the routine rituals of laying foundations in spring and autumn, there is also a ritual of the new moon.Beginning from Houqi, on the first day of each month, the son of the country will lead the students below the doctorate and the students of the son of the country above the doctorate, and the four students of the Imperial Academy, who are below the teaching assistant of the Imperial Academy, to the steps of the Dacheng Hall to worship Kong Yi. Yan'.Sungkyunkwan uses the first day of each month as the incense burning day. On this day, scholars are invited to give lectures on "Four Books", "Book of Filial Piety", etc., and burn incense and read books to commemorate Confucius.
Although the scale of Confucian memorial ceremonies in township schools is much smaller than that of Sungkyunkwan, they are meticulous.Those who participated in the ceremony proudly called themselves "Confucian scholars", and each had a special sacrificial attire called "Confucian scarf clothing", which was said to have been passed down from the Ming Dynasty.Various ceremonies in the sacrificial offering, from the first offering, the second offering, the third offering, to the supervisory ceremony, the incense, the scarf, etc., are all dedicated to each other, and are written on long papers and made public.What makes people ashamed is that Korea still uses the ancient name Shidian ceremony for worshiping Confucius; while in China it is called "performance of worshiping Confucius", and the word "shidian" is rarely known even in Beijing and Shandong.
Hong Kong regards Confucius' birthday as Teacher's Day. Although there is no ceremony of laying a memorial ceremony, it expresses the respect of the majority of teachers to Confucius, China's first teacher and a model teacher for all generations, which is commendable.
●Heirloom of Poems and Ceremonies: Family Rituals
Ancient Chinese Etiquette Civilization 23
Heirloom of Poems and Ceremonies: Family Rituals
Confucianism regards self-cultivation and family harmony as the basis for governing the country and the peace of the world, and family governance governs the country. "University" says: "If you want to govern your country, you should first regulate your family; if you want to regulate your family, you should first cultivate your body." '"Mencius Liloushang" said: "The foundation of the world lies in the country, the foundation of the country lies in the family, and the foundation of the family lies in the body." 'And the tool for self-cultivation and family harmony is etiquette.
[-]. If you don't learn etiquette, you can't stand
In the old days, on the gates of scholarly families, there were often four characters of "poetry and etiquette biography" written to flaunt the style of the family.The family of poetry and etiquette originated from "The Analects of Confucius Ji Shi". Chen Kang asked Confucius' son Kong Li: "You are the son of a teacher, you must have received special teachings, right?" Kong Li replied, "My father's education for me is actually the same as that of everyone else."If it is necessary to say that there are separate teachings, there are only two.One day, he was standing alone in the courtyard, and I walked in front of him.He asked me: 'Have you studied poetry yet? ’ I replied: ‘No. ’ He said: ‘If you don’t study poetry, you won’t be able to speak literary words. ’ So I started studying poetry.Soon, he was standing in the court again, and I walked in front of him again, and he asked me: "Have you learned the etiquette?" ’ I said: ‘No. ’ He said: ‘If you don’t learn rituals, you can’t gain a foothold in society. 'So, I started learning rituals again.I heard my father's teaching alone, just these two times. After hearing this, Chen Kang said happily: "I asked one thing, but got three things. I know the usefulness of poetry and etiquette, and I know that the family tradition that a gentleman requires his children to inherit is poetry and etiquette." The poems mentioned by Confucius refer to the earliest collection of poems in our country, The Book of Songs. There are more than 300 poems in it, with pure thoughts, sincere emotions, and full of literary color. Express yourself.If one wants to gain a foothold in society, it is not enough to speak well, one must also know what to do and what not to do, how to restrain one's words and deeds, and how to respect others. This kind of code of conduct that meets moral requirements is etiquette.
Because of Confucius' advocacy, scholars of all dynasties regarded poetry and etiquette as the treasures of life and family inheritance, and ordinary people also regard "knowledge of books and rituals" as the standard of knowledge and education, and hope that their children will continue to work hard.
[-]. Pre-Qin family etiquette seen in "Book of Rites"
The family is the first classroom for educating children, and it is also an important place for practicing the order of human relations.Confucianism summarizes the complicated social relationships into five categories: monarch and minister, father and son, husband and wife, brothers, and friends, which are called "five relationships".Only when the five ethics are harmonious can society be stable.Shi Que, a famous minister of the Wei State in the Spring and Autumn Period, said: "The ruler's righteousness, the minister's behavior, the father's kindness, the son's filial piety, the brother's love, and the younger brother's respect, the so-called six obediences." 'The harmony of family ethics is achieved through etiquette.Due to the lack of literature, the whole picture of family etiquette education in the pre-Qin period is no longer known, but the outline can still be obtained from the "Book of Rites", "Qu Li", "Nei Ze", "Shao Yi" and other chapters.
Sun Xidan believes that the title of "Qu Li" is mostly about the subtle twists and turns of etiquette, but it is especially detailed in speech, diet, cleaning, coping, and the method of advancing and retreating, hence the name. The main purpose of the "Nei Ze" chapter, Zheng Xuan said, is "the method of serving parents and uncles in the living room of men and women".It is the etiquette of serving parents and parents-in-law in the boudoir (in ancient times, parents-in-law and mother-in-law were called aunts and uncles); in addition, there are also contents such as how to educate children. "Shaoyi" mainly records the etiquette of the young and the long, and the content is similar to "Qu Li" and "Nei Ze".
"Qu Li" has very specific and detailed regulations on children's words and deeds. If children go out, they must "tell them when they go out, and face them when they go out." Let the parents worry about it; another example is the child's demeanor, which requires that the young son always ignore lies, and the boy does not wear clothes.Libi Square.don't listen.When the elders carry it with them, they put both hands in the hands of the elders. 'Don't look arrogantly to the sky, don't wear leather clothes.When standing upright, do not tilt your head sideways to listen to people talking.If the elder is holding your hand, you must hold the elder's hand with both hands to show intimacy and respect; it is also like going out with your husband, "talking to others without crossing the road."Mr. Yu is on the road, rushing forward, standing upright and cupping his hands, don't greet acquaintances loudly across the road.If you meet your husband on the road, you should step forward quickly and meet him with your hands upright.And so on, "Qu Li" can be found everywhere.
However, "Qu Li" is not limited to trivial rituals with subtle twists and turns, but also puts forward many macro ideas and spiritual realm requirements. For example, the phrase "no disrespect, just like thinking, stability words" at the beginning of the volume actually reminds the whole volume He emphasized that all etiquette must be based on sincerity and respect.Another example is "Ao can't be long, desire can't be followed, ambition can't be satisfied, and joy can't be extreme", which refers to the ideological cultivation of the salute.Another example is "husband and courtesy, inferiority and respect for others."Even if you are a seller, you must have respect, let alone wealth?If you are rich and know good manners, you will not be arrogant or promiscuous; if you are poor and humble, you will know good manners and you will not be intimidated." The principle of "self-abasement and respect for others" is the principle of etiquette; and the proposition that even a negative person must have dignity .It can be seen that Confucianism attaches great importance to the ideological level of etiquette education, and intends to improve the intrinsic virtue of those who perform rituals.
Filial piety to parents should not just be talked about, but should be seen in concrete actions. "Nei Ze" has a series of requirements for this, such as "children should be parents, rooster crows, wash in salty water, brush hair and hairpins, brush hair and crowns and tassels, so as to be suitable for parents and uncles. Voice, ask about the coldness of the clothes, the pain and itching, but respect and restrain it.When going in and out, it is either first or last, and respectfully supports it.When entering the washroom, the younger ones will be served with plates, and the elders will be served with water.Ask what you want and respect it, soft color to warm it. It means that as a child, you should get up at dawn every day, clean the indoor and courtyard, wash up, dress neatly, go to the door of your parents' room, and ask them in a soft voice if they have a good night's rest .If the rest is not good, you should find out the reason and find a solution in time.If parents have itches, help scratch them to make them feel comfortable.
In ancient times, families lived together with a large population. If there is no certain limit between men and women, incest is likely to occur. Therefore, Confucianism has to set it as a "great defense between men and women". "Nei Ze" has specific provisions on this, such as " The outside and the inside don't share the same well, don't share the same bath, don't share the bedding, don't share the begging, men and women don't share the clothes, don't talk inside, don't talk outside', which means that men and women don't use the same well, don't use the same bathroom, don't Use the same sleeping mat, do not borrow or return things from each other, do not mix clothes with each other, do not spread the words inside the boudoir, do not bring outside discussions into the boudoir, and so on.
In addition, there are many special terms in etiquette occasions, such as "Qu Li" says: "The death of the emperor is called collapse, the princes are called death, the doctor is called death, the scholar is called Bulu, and the common people are called death." "Since 'death' is a very taboo word, it cannot be used by the venerable, so the emperor must say 'beng' when he dies, the princes must say 'death' when he dies, the doctor must say 'pawn' when he is dead, and the soldier must say 'pawn' when he is dead." Not lu', only common people use the word 'death'.There are many similar regulations, and they are all common sense that must be familiarized with.
Another example is holding objects on ceremonial occasions, which must show different degrees of respect in the heart. "Qu Li" says: "Whoever serves is careful, and those who carry it should carry it."Holding the weapon of the Son of Heaven, it will be weighed, the monarch will be balanced, the doctor will hold it down, and the scholar will lift it up. 'When holding objects, the height of the hands should be at the same height as the heart; if carrying objects, the height of the hands should be at the same height as the belt.If it is a utensil held by the emperor, the height of the hand should be higher than the chest; if it is an utensil of the monarch, the hands should be flush with the chest; if it is a utensil of a doctor, the hands should be lower than the chest; .If you don't understand these common senses, you will inevitably behave in a disrespectful manner, which will make people laugh at you.
So wait, don't worry about it.Since "Book of Rites" is a must-read book for scholars in ancient my country, and it has been widely spread, the contents of "Qu Li" and other chapters have been passed down as common sense of etiquette for thousands of years, forming a folk etiquette tradition in our country, which is very important for the cultivation of national quality. It has had a very far-reaching and extensive influence.
[-]. "Yan's Family Instructions"
Yan Zhitui, Zi Jie, was born in Linyi, Langxie. "Northern Qi Shu·Wenyuan Biography" says that Yan's family is "Shishan" in "Zhou Guan" and "Zuo Shi", and Yan Zhitui is "intelligent, insightful, knowledgeable and talented".Yan Zhenqing's "Yan's Family Temple Monument" says that Yan Zhi promoted officials to the Northern Qi Dynasty's Huangmen servant, Daizhao Wenlinguan, Pingyuan prefect, and Sui Donggong bachelor.The year of Yan's birth and death is unknown, but according to Qian Daxin's textual research, he was born in Xinhai (531), the third year of Datong in Liangzhong, and died in Kaihuangzhong in Sui Dynasty (Volume [-] of "Suspect Years").
Yan Yanzhitui lived in the end of the world, the country was divided, and the war continued. He wandered all year round, suffered from hardships, and witnessed too many people and events with ups and downs. It can be said that he has read the vicissitudes of life.Most of the children of his own family were born among soldiers and horses, and they did not have the opportunity to receive systematic education. Teaching them how to settle down and maintain integrity in this chaotic world has become the most concerned issue of Yan Zhitui in his later years.As an elder, he combined his understanding of life, how to run a family, how to be a person, how to learn, etc., combined with ancient and modern historical events, and wrote seven volumes and twenty articles. Yan Family Instructions".
Volume [-] begins with the "Preface", which tells the origin and purpose of writing this book.Yan attributed his life's achievements to the education he received when he was young. "My family's morals are always strict", and the family etiquette education is very systematic. Wing wing wing, if the court Yanjun Yan'.Yan believes that the education method of the ancient emperors recorded in "Da Dai Li Ji·Bao Fu" is very correct. From the time the emperor conceived, the method of prenatal education should be followed. Personality; when I was a child, the teacher and guardian used "filial piety, benevolence, etiquette and righteousness to guide learning"; when I was a little older, I was taught to distinguish right from wrong, "If you make it happen, you will do it, and if you make it stop, you will stop it."Confucius said, "Small success is like nature, and habits are like nature." He just saw the extreme importance of cultivating children's good character from an early age to the road of life.Yan said that the main purpose of his writing this book is to "tidy up the family and raise the children and grandchildren" and set an example for the Yan family.
Yan's family pays attention to the education of their children: "The wise are not taught, but the stupid are useless even if they are taught, and the mediocre people do not know if they are not taught." 'The responsibility for the education of their children lies with the parents.Yan admired the Confucian education method very much, "I observe the scriptures of rites, the teachings of sages, the broom, dagger, chopsticks, coughing and saliva, and holding candles and toilets, all have ritual texts, and they are also perfect." Each section has been carefully designed and endowed with profound meaning, which is a very successful experience.But Yan also pointed out that etiquette must change with the times. Therefore, he added some new etiquette knowledge, and expounded it more comprehensively in chapters such as teaching children, brothers, marrying later, managing the family, etiquette, and admiring the virtuous. Even though he has solved the problem of how to educate children, reading it today is still full of enlightenment.
In addition to family etiquette education, "Yan's Family Instructions" also has many informative chapters, such as "Book Evidence" in volume six, discussing the study of textual research; I hope to pass on my academic summaries in these fields to my descendants; in addition, I also have content on calligraphy, painting, astronomy, medical prescriptions, qin se, and pitching pots.The last one is 'Final System', which is like today's will, requiring children to be buried in a simple manner, only using two inches of pine coffins, and not using open objects, etc., so as to set an example for future generations.
"Yan's Family Instructions" is one of the milestones in the history of education in my country. It has always been praised by scholars. Praise it as "a piece of medicine and stone, a lesson from words, anyone who is a disciple of a person can keep a copy at home and regard it as a clear instruction", which can be seen from this.
[-]. Sima Guang's "Shu Yi" and "Family Fan"
From the Southern and Northern Dynasties to the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the intellectual circles paid more attention to family etiquette and norms. One of the manifestations was the emergence of a large number of private etiquette notes.In these etiquette notes, in addition to the letter format, there are often family etiquette programs. "New Book of Tang Mu Ning Biography" mentions that Mu Ning's family is strict, and he is very respectful to his widowed sisters. 'However, the content of Yizhu in this period is relatively brief, and most of them belong to personal behavior.In the Song Dynasty, family etiquette began to develop in the direction of social behavior.
Compared with the Han Dynasty, which "only respected Confucianism", the biggest feature of the Tang and Song Dynasties was the coexistence of Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism.Among the three religions, Buddhism is the most prosperous. It has temples as fixed missionary places and a world beyond to attract believers. Its theories are mysterious and far-reaching.The method of Sangmen tea adjournment and the theory of Fengshui by Taoists were all the rage for a while, and the folk customs were mostly transformed by them, and the Confucian culture was greatly impacted.If things go on like this, the Chinese standard culture is in danger of being replaced by foreign culture.In order to defend the standard culture, on the one hand, some insightful people have deeply explored Confucian culture and developed it into a rigorous theoretical system - Neo Confucianism, to compete with Buddhist theory; Inheritance.
Among the scholars of the Song Dynasty, Cheng Hao, Cheng Yi and Zhang Zai were the first to formulate private etiquette norms. They implemented ancient Confucian etiquette in their families to show their cultural stance. Unfortunately, their rituals were not systematic or written.The earliest family etiquettes compiled into books are "Shu Yi" and "Family Model" by Sima Guang.
The greatest contribution of Sima Guang's "Shu Yi" lies in the drastic deletion of the cumbersome ancient etiquette.The Confucian "Book of Rites" is written in ancient meanings. Even Han Yu, a master of ancient prose, said it was "difficult to read", and the etiquette was complicated. sigh.If the ancient ceremony is to be revived, its text must be simplified.Sima Guang's "Rituals" is the basis, and he chooses the four rites of crown, wedding, funeral, and sacrifice as the basic family etiquette, while referring to the customs of the Song Dynasty.It can not only preserve the essentials of ancient rituals, but also change with the times. It is extremely insightful, and the pattern of family rituals in later generations is all imitated.The format and etiquette terms of public and private documents are also formulated as a paradigm, which is very convenient for daily use. "Summary of the Siku" praised it as "the model of the family of rites", and it is sincerely not published.
If the ten volumes of "Shu Yi" focus on the formula of family etiquette, then the ten volumes of "Family Fan" focus on family governance. , taking "Family Practice Longmei" as the standard, summarizing the essentials of family management.Juan [-] is for ancestors, Juan [-] is for parents, Juan [-] and Juan [-] are for sons, Juan [-] is for daughters, grandchildren, uncles and nephews, Juan [-] is for brothers, aunts, and husbands, Juan [-] and [-] are for wives, and Juan [-] is for Uncles, nephews, aunts, etc.The writing is similar to "Yan's Family Instructions". It talks about the past and the present, and widely quotes "Qu Li", "Nei Ze" etiquette, as well as the words of sages and sages who cultivate themselves and family in the classics and history. Things in the world', 'bequeathed to future generations'.
Sima Guang regarded the establishment of a harmonious ethical relationship as the only way to govern the country, and etiquette is the best tool.He said: "The emperor does not disobey, the ministers do not disobey, the father is kind and teaches, the son is filial and admonishing, the brother is loving and friendly, the younger brother is respectful and obedient, the husband is harmonious and righteous, the wife is gentle and upright, and the aunt is kind and obedient." , the woman listens and is tactful, and the good things of etiquette are also.There is nothing better than etiquette in managing a family. '
Sima Guang believes that the core of dealing with the relationship between ethics is to "train his son with righteousness and regulate his family with etiquette". The planners of later generations are just to make a living and leave it behind. Fields are connected to fields, mansions are connected to squares, millet is sold to store up warehouses, and gold and silk are filled with boxes.Shi Shiran thinks that his children and grandchildren can use it for many generations, and it is impossible to use it to the fullest'. , I don't know why there is righteousness'.
Sima Guang repeatedly talked about how parents love their children: "Love your son, teach him the right way, and get rid of the evil."Arrogance, extravagance, and licentiousness are evil.When the four come, they will be favored and rewarded." 'The ancients said: A loving mother loses her son.Love without teaching will cause one to fall into dishonesty, fall into great evil, fall into punishment, and lead to chaos and perdition. It is not because of others, but because of mother. Most of these issues have been covered by Yan Zhitui, and Sima Guang's exposition goes a step further. Readers may wish to take a look.
[-]. Zhu Zi's "Family Rituals"
Zhu Xi is the master of Song Dynasty and the most outstanding scholar after Confucius.Zhu Xi's knowledge was extensive and profound, and he could see almost everything. However, in his later years, he was fond of etiquette. He believed that etiquette was the code of heaven and the etiquette of human affairs. He often discussed with his disciples the rituals of his hometown, princes, and dynasties, hoping to revive the pendant ceremony of the three generations. There is a great intention to regard the study of rites as the home of lifelong learning.From the age of 61, he began to compile the "Yili Jing Chuan Tong Jie", hoping to unify the ancient and modern ritual systems and rebuild a code system that will never be discarded for generations.Zhu Xi continued this work until his death.
Zhu Xi believed that the key to the sluggishness of the social atmosphere lies in the inadequacy of etiquette, 'Scholar-bureaucrats are young and have not practiced it in the body, so they have grown up and have no way to practice it at home.If you grow up, you can't practice it at home, so you can't discuss it with the court or apply it to the county; Zhu Xi admired Sima Guang's "Shu Yi" very much, but he was a little dissatisfied.Confucian rites have been the rites of nobles since ancient times, and it is the so-called 'no less courtesy than ordinary people'. "Da Tang Kaiyuan Ceremony" and "Zhenghe Wuli New Rituals" are all brilliant ceremonies, but most of them are ceremonies for the royal family and officials, and the common people are not allowed to abuse them.Sima Guang did not seem to have a clear estimate of the knowledge level and economic ability of the common people in the Song Dynasty to accept rites. Therefore, although his "Shu Yi" has been deleted, the sections are still relatively complicated. People' have no experience in practice, but they hope that the wind will retreat and timidity means'.Therefore, although "Shu Yi" was published and circulated, it is "just a treasure in a box, and no one can carry it out", so it is difficult to pass through ordinary people's homes.Therefore, on the basis of Sima Guang's "Shu Yi", Zhu Xi planned to refer to the theories of various schools, and judge the additions and losses, so that those who read it can mention the main points and details, and not be afraid of those who are difficult to do.Even though he is poor and cheap, he is able to show his great integrity and omit his complicated language without losing his original meaning. '("Postscript Sanjia etiquette").Zhu Xi set up the subject of "Family Rituals" in "Yi Li Jing Chuan Tong Jie", intending to write a series of family etiquette that can be subordinated to ordinary people.When Zhu Xiding's mother was worried, she devoted herself to studying funeral rituals and wrote some books.However, Zhu Xi's manuscript on family rituals was stolen by the child and disappeared.
After Zhu Xi's death, a work titled "Family Rituals" suddenly appeared, with five volumes in total. The first volume is "Tong Li", which talks about the system of ancestral halls and deep clothing, and "Sima's Household Miscellaneous Rituals" is attached later.Volume 150 is 'Crown Ceremony'.Volume three is "Hun Li".Volume four is 'Funeral Rites'.Volume five is "sacrifice".There is also an 'Appendix' volume.This "Family Ritual" is based on "Shu Yi", with additions, deletions, and separation of rituals and sections, with concise text and clear outline.For example, the crown ceremony only exists in the ancestral hall, precept guest, guest guest, Chen Guanfu, three Jia, Jiao, Ziguan, meeting the elders, concierge and other big programs, and the etiquette text is only [-] words.For weddings, "Shu Yi" is based on "Rituals", and there are still six rituals. "Family Rituals" only includes three rituals: accepting money, accepting coins, and welcoming in person.For the funeral ceremony, "Shu Yi" is shortened to [-] sections, and "Family Rituals" is further reduced to [-] sections.Huang Gan, Zhu Xi's disciple, believed that this was the "Family Rituals" written by Zhu Xi but stolen by children, and spoke highly of it.He wrote a preface to the book, and praised the book as "following the basics and reality", "applying to the daily use of human relations", "seeing clearly, believing firmly, keeping firmly, and practicing ethics, it is almost hopeful."Since then, the society often called this book "Zhu Zi's Family Rituals".
"Family Rituals", contrary to the cumbersome appearance of ancient ritual books, is simple and easy to implement, so it is very popular and has been reprinted and published continuously.Annotations for it include Yang Fu's "Family Ritual Notes", Liu Gaisun's "Family Rituals Added Notes", Liu Zhang's "Family Rituals Supplementary Notes", Qiu Jun's "Family Rituals Festival" and so on.In addition, there are various illustrated books and compilation books, such as "Zian Tu Ji Zhu Wen Gong's Family Rituals" in the Yuan Dynasty, and "Mr. Wen Gong's Family Rituals" in the Ming Dynasty.The Ming Dynasty government once compiled "Family Rituals" into "Compendium of Nature and Principles", and issued it together with "Six Classics and Four Books Annotations" to the world, which has been taught and respected by later generations of scholars.
In the Qing Dynasty, a scholar named Wang Maohong questioned the authorship of "Family Rituals". "Family Rituals" is not the book of Zhu Zi, and has been approved by many scholars, including Siku coffin ministers.It needs to be pointed out that Wang Maohong worshiped Zhu Xi all his life and was quite proficient in Zhu Xi's academics, and he was by no means a figure who was different from Zhu Xi in every way.Wang Maohong believed that among Zhu Zi's works handed down from generation to generation, only "Family Rituals" and "Nine Pictures of Yi Benyi" were definitely not Zhu Zi's works. Who is the author of "Family Rituals" is still controversial in the academic circles, and it is impossible to pinpoint it.
[-]. "Family Rituals" in North Korea
"Family Rituals" spread eastward to the Korean peninsula in the late Goryeo period.At that time, there was a Korean scholar named An Xuan, who went to the Yuan Dynasty twice as an envoy to China to buy sacrificial vessels, musical instruments, Six Classics, philosophers, and historical books.An Xuan admired Zhu Xi very much, and there was a portrait of Zhu Xi hanging in his home; because Zhu Xi was named Hui'an, he called himself "Hui Xuan".An Xuan saw the newly published works of Zhu Xi in Yanjing, and knew that they were the main line of Confucianism, so he copied them one by one and brought them back to China for dissemination. "Family Rituals" is one of them.
At the end of the Goryeo period, Buddhism, which had been popular for hundreds of years, gradually declined. The treacherous monks and officials colluded together to manipulate state affairs and annex land, and a serious social crisis emerged. After "Family Rituals" was introduced to the Korean peninsula, it was widely praised by scholars. As the pioneers of the world, they hoped to transfer social customs.Attendant Zheng Mengzhou's father died, and he did not use Buddhist funeral ceremonies, but set up a family temple on the side of the tomb, and performed the funeral rituals according to the "Family Rituals", and then wrote a letter, please promote the "Family Rituals" throughout the country.At the beginning of the Joseon Dynasty, scholars competed to imitate Chung Mongju and worship at the temple.At the beginning of Emperor Taizong, he ordered the Pyongyang government to print 150 copies of "Zhu Wengong's Family Rituals", which were awarded to various departments.Since then, it has been continuously reprinted and printed, and is widely circulated among the people.Due to the promotion of the government, the support of scholars, and Zhu Xi's high reputation in North Korea, "Family Rituals" is known as the "Ceremony of the World" and "The System of All Generations".
There are quite a lot of treatises on "Family Rituals", so that a craze for "Family Rituals" has been formed.Li Dehong's "Comments on Family Rituals", Song Yibi's "Family Rituals Commentary", Cao Haoyi's "Family Rituals Textual Research", Jin Changsheng's "Family Rituals Collection", Jin Gan's "Questions and Answers on Rites and Questions", Yu Chi's "The Origin of Family Rituals", Li Xichao's "Family Ritual Letters", Liu Changyuan's "Changbian Tongkao", Jin Long's "Family Ritual Lectures", Pei Longji's "Family Ritual Research" and so on, are all very influential works.
In order to make "Family Rituals" popular, some scholars have written manuscripts that are easy for scholars to use. Jin Changsheng's "Funeral Rituals" is the most prestigious one. However, in my east, "Funeral Preparations" is the most important, and today's scholar-bureaucrats all follow it'. "Funeral Rituals" is only about funerals and sacrifices. Li Yan took "Family Rituals" as the keynote, imitating the style of "Funeral Rituals" and added crowns and wedding ceremonies. To spread.
There is no written language on the Korean Peninsula, and the written language is completely expressed in Chinese characters.But except for scholar-bureaucrats, the general public does not know Chinese characters.Therefore, King Sejong created a simple and clear phonetic alphabet called 'Hangul'.In order to help the Korean common people who do not know Chinese characters, there are "Funeral Ritual Explanations" by Zong Yingluan and Shou Wensou, and "Family Ritual Interpretations" by Shen Shi, which explain "Family Rituals" in slang proverbs.
Although North Korea is adjacent to China, its customs are far from each other. As far as the Goryeo Dynasty, with the rise of Buddhist customs, its customs are even more heterogeneous. After "Family Rituals" was passed to the east, it became a recognized ritual in Korean society. Liu Yunlong's "Family Precepts" said: "Wen Gong's "Family Rituals" is definitely followed by all the scholars in the East. Famous scholars such as Li Tuixi and Li Ligu also imitated the "Family Rituals" to formulate their own etiquette norms, and scholars responded one after another, and it became a generation.Korean scholars have practiced unremittingly for centuries, making Confucianism widely known on the Korean Peninsula, and "Family Rituals" is deeply rooted in society.As the Korean scholar Li Zhi said: "The prosperity of rites and music has been realized for more than a hundred years in my dynasty."The great Confucianism came out successively, and the posthumous writings were collected, and then the gentry was gentle.Music festivals benefit each other, and customs change accordingly.Although today's battles have caused the disabled, the mourning family in Weixiang still upholds the Zhuli.There is no gentleman in Lu, and Si Yan takes Si ("Postscript to Interpretation of Doubtful Rites"). '
The implementation of "Family Rituals" has fundamentally changed the cultural outlook of North Korea, and has profoundly influenced the cultural trend of Korean society, showing the great power of Confucian culture in changing customs and traditions.
●Etiquette for not meeting: letters
Ancient Chinese Etiquette Civilization 22
The Etiquette of Not Meeting: Letters
In daily life, the ancients took the principle of "self-effacing and respecting others", so they had to use various etiquette to reflect it.When people cannot meet each other due to various reasons, and can only resort to writing and entrusting their emotions to post offices, etiquette is still indispensable. The letter culture with Chinese characteristics has been developed.
[-]. Letter format
The history of letters in our country has a long history. During the Warring States Period, Le Yi's "Book of Baoyan Huiwang", Lu Zhonglian's "Letter of Yan General", Li Si's "Book of Remonstrance and Chasing Guests", etc., have been famous for thousands of years.However, people in the pre-Qin and Han Dynasties wrote letters in a more casual form.At the latest in the Wei and Jin Dynasties, some people began to write "shuyi", which is the format of various letters, for others to use when writing letters.This kind of writing was very popular during the period from Wei, Jin to Sui and Tang Dynasties. According to "Sui Shu·Jing Ji Zhi", Xie Yuan wrote four volumes of "Nei Shu Yi", and Cai Chao wrote two volumes of "Shu Yi". "Chongwen Zongmu" said that Wang Hong, Wang Jian, Tang Jin, as well as Tang Peixu, Zheng Yuqing, Song Duyou, Liu Yueshang, etc. all had "Shuyi" handed down from generation to generation.In addition, there are "Women's Book Rites" and "Monk Family Book Rites" specially for wives and monks.Some scholars have discovered hundreds of "shuyi" documents in Dunhuang literature, and the more famous ones include Zheng Yuqing Shuyi and Du Youjin Shuyi.The earliest form of letters known so far is "Yueyi" written by Suo Jing, a calligrapher of the Jin Dynasty.
After the inheritance and development of the letter culture in our country, it has generally formed a letter format widely recognized by the society. A letter in the usual sense must include at least the following parts:
Appellation
Pronoun
Smoothie
text
wishes
signature
Due to the different ages and identities of the recipients, there are also corresponding differences in the address words, reference words, smooth words, blessing words, etc. used when writing letters.This set of language is quite complicated, and this article can only briefly describe its outline.
[-]. Honorific title
First of all, we have to talk about the honorific and modest titles that must be used in letters. This is the most basic common sense of Chinese letter culture.
A salutation is a title that shows respect to another person.There are many ways to call honorifics, and one of the more common methods is to convert ancient titles such as titles into honorific names.For example, "Jun" originally refers to the emperor or the king, and "Yi Jun Yi Wang" in "Poetry · Daya · False Music", the "Jun" here refers to the princes.Later, "Jun" was transformed into a relatively broad honorific title: the father was called Jiajun, the deceased ancestor was called Xianjun, and the wife called her husband Hujun and so on.It can also be used as a respectful title for others. "Historical Records·Shen Tujia Biography": "Shang said: You don't say anything, I keep it private." 'To this day, the use of Jun as an honorific title is still preserved in Japanese.
In ancient times, the Son of Heaven had Sangong and Jiuqing, and Gong and Qing were also used as honorific titles.If the other party is highly respected, you can add the word "gong" after his surname, and call him "Xiao Gong". This usage is still used in today's Chinese intellectual circles. "Qing" was used as an honorific title, which appeared before the Qin Dynasty, such as Xun Kuang (Xunzi), who was honored as "Xun Qing" at that time, which is the most familiar example.In addition, the word "Hou" originally refers to the princes. "Liang Shu·Ji He Zhuan" "The Lord knows that Zun Hou is innocent", here "Zun Hou" refers to the other party's father. This usage is also used in the letter language. See you from time to time.
There is a similar approach to addressing each other's spouse.In ancient times, the emperor's concubine was called "Hou", the prince's spouse was called "Madam", the doctor's spouse was called "Ruren", the scholar's spouse was called "Wuren", and the common people's spouse was called "Wife".Nowadays, people often refer to each other's spouse as "Madame", which is also a respectful title inherited from ancient times.In addition, "gongzi" originally refers to the concubine of a prince, and later it is also used to honor the other party's son, and the other party's daughter is called "female son".
When addressing other people's relatives, the word "Ling" is usually added before the title, such as Father Ling, Master Lingtang, Uncle Ling, Uncle Ling, Brother Ling, Brother Ling, Sister Ling, etc.The same is true for other people's children. The other party's son is called Linglang or Lingxi, and the daughter is Lingai or Qianyuan.You can also add the word "Xian" before the title, such as Xian couple (couple), Xian Qiao Zi (father and son), Xian brother, etc.
Old-style letters often use the word "Tai" to express respect, such as Taiqi, Taiduan, Taifu, Tai'an, etc.The "Tai" in the letter is the abbreviation of "Santai", and "Santai" is the three stars in the sky. The ancients used it to refer to Sangong, so it is also used as an honorific title.In ancient times, Taiwan and Taiwan were two characters. Later, Taiwan was simplified into Taiwan, which caused many people to mistakenly think that it was one character, but it was not.Therefore, when writing letters to friends in regions where traditional characters are commonly used, such as Hong Kong and Taiwan, you must not write Taifu as Taifu, which will make you laugh and be generous.
The ancients had to take the watch characters after the crown ceremony, or even take the elegant name.The name can only be called by the father and the monarch, so "Rituals·Shi Guanli" says: "Crown and word, respect its name." ' Calling people by their first names is considered impolite.At present, since modern times, ordinary people seldom take Biaozi or nicknames anymore, but they still exist in the circle of literati. Therefore, it is best to find out before communicating with them, so as not to be abrupt.
In addition, corresponding to the honorific title, honorific terms should be used for everything related to the other party in the letter. For example, the other party’s residence should be called mansion, mansion, or Tanfu. Tan means deep, and Tanfu means deep house. , is a good name for the other party's house, so "Tan'an" is often used at the end of the letter to express the wish that the whole family is safe.If the other party has a gift, you can call it Houci, Hougi, Houkuan, etc. when thanking, to show that you value this friendship.Different names should be used for different things. If it is a letter from the other party, it can be called Dahan, Dahan, Huishi, Dashi, Shoushi, Dajiao; if it is a poem or prose, it can be called Huazhang, Yaozhang; If it is a banquet, it should be called a feast, a banquet, etc.
Generally, pronouns such as you, me, and him should not appear in letters. This is also a sign of brevity or lack of literary talent. Whenever you encounter similar places, you should deal with them as appropriate.For example, when referring to the other party, you can use you, my dear brother, sir, etc.; when referring to yourself, you can use xia, younger brother, late, etc.; When used as a third person, it first appeared in "Three Kingdoms Wu Zhi Zhao Da Biography": "The son-in-law came yesterday, it must have been stolen by Qu." '
[-]. Modesty
Modesty is an appellation opposite to honorifics, and it is generally used for oneself or one's own side.It is a Chinese tradition to use honorific terms for others and modest terms for oneself.From the pre-Qin literature, we can know that the nobles at that time had specific titles of modesty, such as "Laozi" said: "Princes claim to be lonely, widowed, and not rich." ''Gu' and 'widow' both mean little, and princes say they are lonely and widowed, which is to say that they have little virtue; "Book of Rites · Qu Li" says that the wives of princes call themselves "old women" in front of the emperor, "widowed lords" in front of princes of other countries, and "little boys" in front of their husbands.
The ancients often used "Chenqie" as a modest title.In ancient times, there was a saying that "a man is called a minister, and a woman is called a concubine".Sima Qian called himself a "servant" and "an ox and horse walking" in his "Bao Ren An Shu".Servant also means servant, and the Japanese still use "servant" as the No.1 title of modesty. 'Ox and horse walking' means a person who is driven to run like an ox and a horse.A usage similar to this is to humbly call one's son a dog, cheap, etc.
It is true that one should respect one's parents, but when referring to one's family members with others, one should not use respectful titles, but modest ones, usually by adding the word "family" before the titles, such as calling one's father "family father", Or Jiajun, Jiayan; call one's own mother Jiamu, or Jiaci.If the parents have passed away, they should be called "the first father", "the first adult" and "the first mother" to others.Similarly, the word "family" should be added to other relatives who are called by others, such as uncle and aunt; , 'Shemei' and so on.Call yourself or use the word 'foolish', such as Yudi.
When addressing one's wife to others, one must use modest titles, such as 'in-law', 'in-law', 'Zhuojing';I often hear someone introduce their wife to each other and say: 'This is my wife. 'This is a very impolite statement. As I said before, only the prince's first wife can be called'Madam'.Ordinary people meet each other and call each other's spouse Mrs., which is a little flattering.To call one's spouse a lady is arrogant, or ignorant.
If you give something to the other party, you should use modest words, such as Feiyi, Qinxian, Cunzhi, etc. The consciousness means that your things are meager and worthless, but it is just to express a small heart.If you want the other party to accept the gift, you should say "please accept it with a smile" and "please accept it with respect", which means to make the other party laugh.
[-]. Pronouns
Letters must use titles. First of all, it is necessary to distinguish between parents, elders, teachers, and friends.After the appellation, it is generally followed by the corresponding words to express respect, such as the aforementioned Taiduan, Taifu, etc. These words are called referring terms.
Mention terms correspond to appellations, some of which can be used universally, but most of them have specific objects of use.Among the more commonly used are:
For parents: under the knee, in front of the knee, in front of the statue, Daojian
Used for elders: A few years ago, Zunqian, Zunjian, Cijian, Zunyou, Daojian
For teachers: letter Zhang, altar seats, lectures, respects, Taoist seats, writing seats, history seats
Used for peers: Your Majesty, Your Excellency, Taijian, Dajian, Huijian
For students: Yanyou, Wenji, Taijian
For the younger generation: such as meeting, such as face, such as holding, Qinglan
For women: Huijian, Zhuangjian, Fangjian, Shulan
When writing letters to parents, the word 'under the knee' is used the most, and it comes from the "Book of Filial Piety": "So the parents are born under the knee, and the parents are stricter." 'It means that when a person was young, he always leaned on his parents' knees, and later turned into a respectful title for his parents.
"Han Zhang" originated from "Book of Rites · Qu Li". When asking elders for advice, you should "letter letter during the banquet", which means that there should be about ten feet between each other's seats so that the elders can have a better understanding. Finger painting; so it is used as a respectful title for teachers.
The term of reference can be used in combination with several words, such as *zhizhifu Dingyi (word Chengyu) said: 'Mr. Chengyu Master's Daoxi', to show the meaning of respect.
[-]. Simu language
One of the functions of the letter is to communicate each other's emotions. Therefore, after mentioning the title, we should not directly enter the text, but use concise sentences to express our thoughts or admiration for the other party.
The most used in smoothing language is to pour out the feelings of longing from the perspective of seasons and climate.There is a piece of "December Phase Debate" in the Dunhuang document, which lists the words that can be used under different climate conditions every month. For example, in the spring of the first lunar month, it can be said: "Meng Chun is still cold, distracting two places, and remembering each other."Missing each other, hating no friendship. "February, Zhongchun can be said" Zhongchun gradually Xuan, centrifugal and hatred, no reason to comfort, making friends and lingering, hanging in love. 'etc.Because of the description of the artistic conception, it makes people feel more cordial to read.
There are too many smoothing words in the letters of later generations to enumerate, and the more commonly used ones are as follows:
The sky is in sight, and my heart is eager to follow.
The lovesickness is increasing day by day.
Watching the wind and thinking about it, it's time to cut Yiyi.
Looking up at Shandou, yearning especially deep.
The wind and rain are dark and bright, and the time is full of hope.
Cold lights and rainy nights, I really depend on Chi.
The thin shadow is the window, and the pregnant person is cut.
There is another type of smoothing language that starts from recalling the time of the last meeting and missing it, such as:
I don't see Zhiyi, and it takes another half a day.
It has been several months since I violated Fangyi.
It's been a long time since I've seen a great teaching, but I think of Ju Jiasheng, and I'm praying privately.
Jiushu greetings, Fu Nianbao's family is safe, and the family is healthy and prosperous.
The smoothie language is very rich, and readers can pay attention to the excerpts when reading the letter model essays for their own use.It is best to improve your literary literacy and use your own words to describe true emotions.
[-]. The Que of Peace in Letters
Let’s take a look at a letter from a son to his parents:
At the knees of parents and adults, I would like to report to you: After the man left home, he had a smooth journey and arrived at school safely.
Nian.thinking
The parents are getting older, and the man is thousands of miles away, so there is a lack of children.Fu Wang
Instruct younger brothers and sisters to know how to take care of the housework, or it may be brother's fault to make up for it.Aunt Wang's house has been visited, and the old and young are flat
Ann, send me your pen and say hello.I hereby respectfully request
Fu'an.A certain man would like to report to a certain day
At the beginning of the letter, "parents and adults are kneeling" is written in the top frame, and most of the rest of the text is written on a new line before it ends. What does this mean?It turns out that whenever the ancients mentioned their parents and ancestors and their behavior in the text of the letter, they must change the way of writing to show respect.The first line of the letter should be in the top frame, which is one frame higher than all the characters below, which is called "double lifting".When the text mentions words such as Gaozu, great-grandfather, ancestor, parents, etc., or words related to them, such as kindness, respect, living, sangzi, and grave, there are two ways to deal with them: one is called "platform", which is Start a new line and write on the same level as the beginning of the previous line; the other is called 'Nolift', which is to write in two spaces or one space.In the letter cited above, all words related to parents, such as 廑nian (still saying miss), parents, order, Fu'an, etc., are all carried in a flat manner.
This method appeared at the latest in the Tang Dynasty. In Dunhuang documents, "Ping Ti" is called "Ping" and "Nuo Ti" is called "Que".After modern times, the way of "lifting" in traditional letters has gradually decreased, while "lifting" is still commonly used. Today, literati in Hong Kong, Taiwan, Korea, and Japan often use the way of "lifting" to express their respect when writing letters.
[-]. Names between teachers and students
Students call teachers, the most common ones are Master and Han Zhang.Calling a teacher with "Fu Zi" can be traced back to Confucius, so later generations used it as a general term for teachers. The word "Han Zhang" comes from "Book of Rites·Qu Li Shang": "Han Zhang during the banquet." 'Han means tolerance, students and teachers should leave a distance of about ten feet between each other, so that the venerable can have something to say, so it can be used as a respectful title for the teacher.
Students claim to be students and students. In the "Book of Songs", scholars are called "sheng", and "Xiaoya · Changdi" says that "although there are brothers, it is not as good as friends". "Historical Records Confucian Biography": "Words and etiquette came from Lu Gaotang. 'Sima Zhen's "Suo Yin": "Since the Han Dynasty, Confucian scholars have been called 'Sheng', and the provincial word 'Mr.' has been called by their ears." It can be seen that after the Western Han Dynasty, "sheng" became a general term for scholars.In actual use, the teacher calls his disciples 'Zhang Sheng' and 'Li Sheng'; students also call themselves 'Sheng' and 'Xiao Sheng'.
The original meaning of the word "Ye" is a woodblock. In ancient times, when teachers taught, they wrote the chapters to be taught on "Ye". Therefore, the students call the teacher a 'professor' and call themselves a 'professional'.
Generally speaking, as long as teachers and students have lived in the same school at the same time, they can have the title of teacher and student.How the teacher addresses the students depends on whether they have a direct learning relationship with each other.If the other party is your official student and has taught him his studies, you can call him a 'brother'.The "di" here means "disciple", and has nothing to do with the younger brother of a brother. In ancient times, teachers and students were called "Junior Brother". If students see such a title from a teacher, they must not misunderstand it.If each has the title of teacher and student but has not taught a class, the teacher generally calls the student "brother". For example, Hu Shi used to be the president of Peking University, and Gu Jiegang was a student of Peking University. In the letter to Gu Jiegang, he called him "Brother"; as we all know, in Lu Xun's first letter to Xu Guangping, he called him "Brother Guangping". In fact, Lu Xun didn't mean to call him brother or brother. "Brother" is just the most common name teachers use for students.
Letters written by teachers to students are generally signed only with their own names.
The titles among classmates can be based on the order of entering the teacher's school, and they can be addressed as senior, junior, junior, or senior brother, junior junior, and junior sister.When exchanging letters, there are also more elegant names, such as "Brother Yan" and the like.
[-]. Greetings and signed honorifics
After two people meet, when they are about to part, they should cherish each other.This etiquette is reflected in the letters, that is, the words of blessing and the signature of the letter.
Due to differences in seniority, gender, and occupation, there are also strict differences in blessing words. The more commonly used ones are:
For parents: Respectfully ○ Fuan.Kowtow please ○ Jinan.Kowtow ○ Ti Ann.
Used for elders: Respectfully invite ○ Chong'an.Please ○ well-being.Respect to ○ Ian.
For teachers: Please ○ teach security.Thank you for your teaching.Praise ○ Teaching and safety. 
For peers: Shun Zhu ○ Shi Sui.That is to say, ○ near safety.Congratulations to ○ Chunqi.
Used for classmates: that is, praise ○ Wenqi.Shun Song ○ Taian.Waiting for ○ caran.
For women: Respect ○ Embroidery Ann.That is to say, I wish you peace.I respectfully invite ○ Yi'an.
The theme of the wish words is to wish the other party happiness and peace.Among the wish words listed above, Ti, Zhi, Qi, etc. are all synonyms of Fu; Sui also means peace.Knowing this, you can choose and use them according to your needs.
It should be pointed out that the identity of the other party must not be confused when using blessing words. For example, Xiu'an, Pian'an, and Yi'an are special blessing words for women. If they are used on men, it will make people laugh.In addition, some words in the wish words are relatively ancient, and they should be used after clarifying the meaning of the words. For example, the original meaning of the word "壸 (kun)" refers to the road in the palace, and it was later extended to the place where the concubine lived, so it was borrowed as a concubine for women. honorific title.The character shape of the character "壸" is very similar to the character "hu" of a teapot. Some people don't notice this and write "壸'an" as "hu'an", which becomes a laughing stock.
After the old-style letters are signed, they generally have to write respect words (or inspiration words) according to the relationship between them, for example:
To the elders: kowtow, kowtow, worship.
For peers: Sincerely, Ju Qi, handwriting.
For the younger generation: words, instructions, words, and instructions.
Kowtow is kowtow, that is, kowtow, which is a manifestation of written etiquette.The etiquette of kowtowing has long been abolished, but it is still used in letters, but it is just a way to express respect, so there is no need to be too rigid about the meaning of the words.
[-]. Envelope terms
Before the invention of paper, the ancients used silk, bamboo slips, and wooden boards as writing materials, so letters are also called book slips and ruler slips.In today's epistle terms, there are still some technical terms of early epistles, which need to be introduced first.
The so-called "slips" are thin slices that are cut after sawing trees into sections.After writing a letter on the slip, in order to keep it secret, another piece of wood is used to cover it, which is called 'check'; the recipient's name and address are written on the check, which is called 'department'.Bind the slips and checks together with a rope, and then tie a knot, which is called "Ji", which means seal (we still use this word today).If the letter is written in bamboo slips, and there are many simple numbers, put it in a pouch and tie the mouth with a rope.In order to keep it secret, the knot was sealed with mud, and a seal was stamped on it as a voucher.
There is also a lot of attention to the writing of the envelope, which should reflect the principle of being humble and respectful.When writing the address of the recipient, in addition to the honorific title, there are at least two ways to express respect. One, use words such as "bow down" and "bless" after the name and title of the recipient to express a request to the other party. Open the envelope.Bow down, it means that the other party is tall and must bend down to receive the letter.To give a gift is to invite the other party to show respect and unseal the gift.
Second, use 'Mr.
General life' and the like.The ancients often used words such as Your Majesty and Your Highness to express that they did not dare to sit on an equal footing with the other party, but could only talk to the deacons who stood under the Dan Majesty and the Great Hall, and asked them to pass on a message.A similar meaning is expressed on the envelope, and there are terms such as "jiang ming" and "jiang ming kao".Jiang Ming refers to the person who is the messenger of the master in the family of the ancient scholar-officials.It is a way of expressing self-effacement to write the addressee on the envelope, which means that he dare not let the other party receive the letter directly, but can only hand over the letter to the sender. 'Fate test' is the deputy of the passer-by, and it is the expression of Qianzhong Youqian to pass the test.
Similar to the above expressions, there are "Mr.
Shu Tong received' and so on, the meaning is the same, the writer knows that the other party does not have servants such as generals, tea boys, and book boys, so writing in this way, one is to show respect, and the other is to add some elegance to the letter .
By the way, postcards don't have envelopes, so the words '筑' and '启' can no longer be used.
Letter example 1. Lu Xun to his mother
Dear Mother, I have sent you a photo of Shanghai Ying a few days ago, I think I have received it.One packet, received today.
The sauced duck and sauced meat were white flowers yesterday. After steaming, the taste is still not bad; only the chicken loin is completely inedible.the rest of the stuff,
All good.In the afternoon, a portion was given to the third child.But one of the noodles, no one knows, and does not know how to eat, next time
In the letter, beg for advice.Shanghai has always been very warm. Yesterday it was windy and it became cold, but the room was still more than [-] degrees Celsius.apartment
Both the size and the size are safe, please don't read it for what you want.
Haiying has a few words, which are written on another piece of paper, which is attached herewith.
Dedicated to Buda, please
Jin An.The male tree kowtows at Guangping and Haiying kowtows at the same time January [-]
Letter example 2. *To the teacher, Mr. Fu Dingyi (Chengyu):
Mr. Cheng Yu's Master's Dao Xi:
Not only receiving the light instrument, but also receiving the hand instruction, instructing diligence and diligence, the feelings are endless.Defang returned to the flat, entrusted to send small things, and still prayed for acceptance.
There are many problems in the world, and I hope to cherish myself for the country.
Suppress this.praise
teach Ann.Does not have.
Employment *
Letter example 3: Zeng Guofan to his son Zeng Jihong
The word to Ji Hong: Since you returned to your hometown and started your journey, I haven't received your report for a long time, so I don't feel relieved.The weather is extremely hot today, is your journey safe?
Yu met Uncle Ruan in Jinling for 25 days, and waited for the boat to return to Anhui on the [-]th, and his body was still fit.Yu and Ruan Shumeng were enfeoffed as Hou Bo in Jin Dynasty, and their family was prosperous, and they were deeply feared.In the province, the two characters of humility and respect are the main words. Please ask Yichen and Zhisheng's uncles in everything, and you must not send notes to discuss things.Go out on the [-]th, call on guests on the [-]th or [-]th, and go home on the [-]th.After listening to the list letter at home in early September, it is also possible to set off to sign.Choosing friends is the most important thing, and you must choose someone with great ambitions.This order. (shown by hand)
The old-style letters have basically been abolished in the mainland, but they are still used in Hong Kong, Taiwan, Korea, Japan and among overseas Chinese. Therefore, knowing the relevant knowledge is not only helpful for reading ancient documents, but also can enhance exchanges with overseas countries.

(End of this chapter)