This is the most effective way to learn

Chapter 61
The reason why the world knows Leonardo da Vinci is because he painted the "Mona Lisa's smile" which has been passed down through the ages.However, Da Vinci is not just an outstanding artist, he has a wide range of interests, such as anatomy, physics, botany, geology, philosophy, literature, etc., he has dabbled in.

His thinking is extensive and profound, and he is used to jotting down the auspicious moments in his mind.In his 67 years of life, he wrote more than 13000 pages of notes; 7000 of the more than 18 existing pages were bought by Bill Gates, the richest man in the United States, at a high price of 1994 million US dollars in November 11. collect.

The reason why Leonardo Da Vinci can combine the identities of artist, inventor, scientist, philosopher, etc. is that he accumulated his own thinking bit by bit. "A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step", learn from the master now, and write down your heart at any time!

transcription reading

Song Lian, a litterateur in the Ming Dynasty, loved reading very much when he was young.However, because his family was poor, he often went to borrow books from others to read, and sometimes he had to copy them down and send them back at the appointed time.

One winter, the biting cold wind sandwiched the goose-feather-like snowflakes to the ground one after another.Ning Lian sat at the desk and copied the book as usual, and this book should be returned today as agreed.He secretly made up his mind, "I have to finish copying even in cold weather."When your hand is frozen, you put it on your mouth to warm it up; when the ink in the inkstone is frozen, you gently pick it up with a pen...Kung fu pays off, just like this, word by word, page by page Copy it, and don't copy the book until it's time to turn on the lamp.After copying, he hurriedly packed the schoolbag, braved the wind and snow, and returned it to others as scheduled.

During the winter and summer, Song Lian copied and read many books, and later became a famous writer in the Ming Dynasty.

Zuo Si is a famous writer in the Western Jin Dynasty in my country. He wrote "Sandu Fu" and "Ode to History" and so on.The transcription reading method is to use the transcription method to enlighten thinking and improve reading and writing ability when reading.The steps of the Zuosi transcription method are reading-copying-memorizing.Throughout the whole process is "thinking", thinking in reading, thinking in writing, and thinking in memory.

Zuo Si was born in a humble family. When he was a child, he learned calligraphy, playing the piano, and reading from others, but his academic performance was not good.His father was discouraged and thought the boy was worthless.Once his father said to a friend: "This child's intelligence is too poor. He can't catch up with me!" Zuo Si listened to it and was very unconvinced.After several years, he began to write "Sandu Fu".He combined reading, copying, and writing, worked hard to study, was diligent in writing, and copied countless epigrams from books.He hangs papers and brushes on the doors, walls, and toilets in the room, and he reads and notes.He also writes down the thoughts and sentences he sees or thinks of at any time.After 10 years of conception, pondering and repeated revisions, Zuo Si finally completed "Sandu Fu".

The news quickly spread, causing a sensation in Luoyang, and everyone copied it one after another. Because too much paper was used, the price of paper in Luoyang increased, and there was a good story about "Luoyang paper is expensive".

In ancient my country, copying books has always been the only way for literati to learn cultural knowledge, which is also a fine tradition of literati in the past dynasties.There are many examples of ancient people who achieved success by copying books. Some of these people had to borrow and copy books because their families could not afford them; Let the rare and rare secret books be handed down to future generations, and make copies of them to preserve the authentic ones.However, many of these copyists eventually became famous writers, bibliophiles, politicians, thinkers, etc., as the saying goes, "It's a blessing in disguise."

The allusion to the well-known "pen-throwing official" is a famous historical story about copying books.According to the "Book of the Later Han Ban Chao Biography": Ban Chao, a man with great ambitions, does not fix details.However, he is filial and respectful at home, always works hard at home, and is not ashamed of labor and humiliation.There are oral debates, but dabble in biography.Yongping five years.Brother Gu was called to be the school secretary, and Chao and his mother went to Luoyang.The family is poor, and he is often supported by official servants.After working hard for a long time, he dropped out of his job and cast a pen and sighed: "A man has no other ambitions. He should follow Fu Jiezi and Zhang Qian's meritorious service in a foreign land to win the title of Marquis. Is it possible for An Neng to do his work for a long time?" Both left and right laughed.Chao said: "The boy knows the ambition of a strong man!" Later, Ban Chao abandoned his pen and joined the army, and finally he was named Marquis of Dingyuan for his great achievements.The servant book here is to copy books. Although the process of copying books is hard, it is a gradual learning stage. When you have a plan in your mind and win the expedition to the stubborn enemy, isn't copying books a necessary foundation?
The academic experience of the predecessors tells us that copying books has at least two benefits: one is to deepen the impression and consolidate the effect of memory, and the other is to accumulate materials to prepare for further research in the future.However, we should think more about the contents of the transcribed books and materials, and try to understand something new.If you don't think about it and become a "copy book", it won't do much good for reading, and you still won't learn real knowledge.

Make reading notes frequently
Reading notes are also called reading essays and random thoughts.It is a form of notes that records the gains, feelings, or opinions, insights, supplements, evaluations, and questions on the content of the readings during the reading process.The reading note method, as the name suggests, refers to the learning method of making excerpts and taking notes while reading.

Many scholars at all times and in all over the world have benefited from this method, and many ancient celebrities have the good habit of "not using pen or ink or reading books".Notes are not limited to the books you read, you can record what you hear, remember what you see, send out when you feel it, regardless of the form, and it is also a method of fragmentary practice.Notes should choose the right target and accumulate in a targeted manner. It is best to combine your main attack direction, develop a habit, and persevere. "One thread a day, ten years to weave into satin".Notes should be read and reviewed frequently, "reviewing the past to learn the new", and also be good at using, drawing inferences from one instance, and making innovations.Before explaining this method, let's talk about the relevant knowledge of reading notes.

Reading notes are the most flexible type of reading notes.It is to extract the relevant materials in the book or article after reading a book or article, so as to express one's own experience, experience or impressions and doubts after reading.The reason why reading notes are called the most flexible is that it can not only express thoughts on the content of the whole book, but also research or annotate famous sentences.Therefore, there is a clear difference between reading notes and reading summaries. It can clearly reflect the author's point of view and understanding, and at the same time save the materials he quoted in the notes.

Reading notes are not only flexible in content, but also in various forms.Reading notes can be more or less. If there are words, it will be long, and if there are no words, it will be short.Although there is no fixed format for reading notes, they can be roughly divided into two types: one is scholarly notes.Generally, it is the author's new discoveries and cognitions on some small issues in the process of academic research, and generally does not involve major topics in academic research; the author's opinions can be expressed in the form of assertions, or can be inspired by hypotheses, conjectures, doubts, etc. The reader is left to explore the conclusion of the question for himself.When writing such notes, the incision should be small so that readers can easily grasp the problem; the materials should be new to make readers interested in reading; the language should be plain and natural to make readers feel friendly.The other category is reading notes.It generally does not involve academic issues, but only talks about ancient and modern events, social vicissitudes, ideological and moral cultivation, etc. The purpose is to inspire readers with specific facts, so that readers can distinguish right from wrong and know what to do.

There are three steps to write good reading notes

Since we are learning by using the reading notes method, the key point is how to write good reading notes. The knowledge we want to master is written in the notes.As mentioned earlier, writing reading notes is expensive in comments.Since you want to comment, you must be good at understanding the meaning of the article, be good at using your imagination and creativity, and be good at questioning.These three are the prerequisites for writing good reading notes.Doing this will greatly improve your writing skills.To sum up, writing reading notes should be divided into the following steps in order.

The first step is to familiarize yourself with the original work and grasp its main points.

From ancient times to the present, "talking about wars on paper" has been a big taboo, and the same is true for writing reading notes.Without familiarity with the original work, it is impossible to write good notes.Because reading notes require us to write down our knowledge and feelings about what we read, it must be based on intensive reading of the original.After intensive reading, start from the key words in the original work, conduct in-depth research, and strive to accurately grasp the main content of the original work.On this basis, master the content of the original work and have a deep understanding.Thus, the first requirement is fulfilled.It should be noted that after familiarizing with the article, one must be brave enough to surpass the views in the book, and avoid copying what others say, so as to avoid deviations in the understanding of the original work.

The second step is to connect with reality and express your own views and feelings

One of the taboos in writing argumentative essays is to post empty arguments, which are far-fetched.The same is true for writing reading notes.When writing specifically, you should grasp the key words or sentences in the text that make you feel the most.Otherwise, the comments of the notes will become empty and have no value at all.In addition, when writing reading notes, you should also pay attention to grasping the sparks of thought that come out inadvertently, even if they are immature ideas or fragmented ideas.Because they are our truest reflection of the article, they are very valuable.Record these fleeting sparks at any time, and it will be a very good casual feeling after processing.

The third step is to sort out and analyze the summarized viewpoints and reveal the philosophy behind them.

The range of reading notes is very wide, and there are many objects.Therefore, when we write reading notes, we should use the correct analysis method to grasp the essence of the original work.In other words, you should write on the basis of a full understanding of the original work, and write what you have.Don't write hard if you don't have experience.

All in all, when using the reading notes method to study, you must base yourself on the whole text, think carefully, express your feelings, and highlight the philosophy.It can be regarded as the sixteen-character "mantra".

annotation reading method

For decades, every time Chairman Mao read a book or article, he would draw various symbols such as circles, bars, and dots in important places, and write many comments in the headers and blank spaces.Some also excerpt the chapters and sentences in the book and the text, or write down the reading notes or experience at any time.Many of the books collected by Chairman Mao are full of ink and ink, with comments, circles, and outlines all over the book, and symbols such as straight lines, curved lines, two straight lines, three straight lines, double circles, triple circles, triangles, and crosses.

Chairman Mao read and annotated "Principles of Ethics" written by Paulsen in Germany when he was studying in Hunan First Normal School in his early years.On the original work with more than 10 characters, he wrote notes and summaries of more than 100 characters in neat lowercase letters.When he moved to Qingshuitang, Changsha, his book was borrowed by a classmate.It was not until 1950 that this classmate entrusted Mr. Zhou Shizhao to bring it back to Chairman Mao.Chairman Mao happily read the comments he wrote in the book again.Chairman Mao started to read the book, and corrected typos and inappropriate punctuation marks in the original book.Opening the books Chairman Mao has read and approved, you can see how he took the trouble to correct typos and punctuation that were obviously wrong one by one, and added missing characters one by one.

For decades, Chairman Mao has been very busy with work, but he always finds time, even every minute, to read and study.His former residence in Zhongnanhai is full of books. There are books everywhere on the bookshelves in the bedroom, on the desk, dining table, and coffee table. Except for the place where one person lies on the bed, all of them are occupied by books.

In order to study, Chairman Mao spent all available time.During the few minutes of moving your body before swimming in the water, you sometimes read a few lines of famous poetry.After swimming, I didn't care about rest, so I picked up the book again.Even the few minutes of going to the toilet, he never wastes it in vain.A reprint of Song Chunxi's "Selected Works of Zhaoming" and some other books and periodicals are read a little today and a little tomorrow in this time, intermittently.

When Chairman Mao went out for meetings or inspections, he often brought several boxes of books with him.He didn't care about the vibration and bumps of the train on the way. He always held a magnifying glass in one hand and pressed the pages of the book with the other, reading non-stop.In other places, just like in Beijing, there are books on the bed, desk, and dining table, and I read them whenever I have free time.

Although Chairman Mao was seriously ill in his later years, he still did not give up reading.He reread a set of hardcover "The Complete Works of Lu Xun" and many other books and periodicals that were brought from Yan'an to Beijing before liberation.

Once, Chairman Mao had a fever of over 39 degrees.The doctor forbids him to read.He said sadly, I have loved reading all my life, but now you don’t let me read and tell me to lie here, eating and sleeping all day long, you know how uncomfortable I am!The staff had no choice but to put the taken book beside him again, and he smiled happily.

Chairman Mao has always opposed the method of reading that only seeks to be fast and does not focus on results.When he was reading the complete works of Han Changli's poems and essays, except for a few chapters, he carefully pondered and studied each one carefully, from vocabulary, sentence reading, chapters to the meaning of the full text, never letting go of any aspect.Through repeated reading and chanting, most of the poems in Han Ji can be recited fluently. He had read "Journey to the West", "A Dream of Red Mansions", "Water Margin", and "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms" since elementary school, and re-read them in the 60s.He has seen more than ten different versions of "Dream of Red Mansions".A "Selected Works of Zhaoming", which he read when he was in school, in the 50s, in the 60s, and several times in the 70s.There are three extant editions he annotated.For some books on Marxism-Leninism and philosophy, Chairman Mao read more times. He read "History of the Communist Party of China" and Li Da's "Outline of Sociology" ten times each. He has repeatedly studied "The Communist Manifesto", "Das Kapital", "Selected Works of Lenin", "Lenin's Notes on Dialectics", "Critique of the Gotha Program", "State and Revolution", "Selected Works of Stalin" and so on. Sections and paragraphs are also annotated and outlined.

How to record when reading?
When you are studying, you should prepare a small booklet and record it at any time.

1.Record new words and sentences.

(End of this chapter)