This is the most effective way to learn

Chapter 9 Don’t just take your ears to class——The method of listening to top students (2)
Some students are very honest in class, staring straight ahead, motionless, what the teacher says goes in one ear and out the other, without thinking about it.After a class was over, they left nothing in their minds, they just wrote down a few blackboard writing neatly in their notebooks.This kind of passive listening to lectures is also not good for learning. You must learn to take active lectures.The teacher is the leader in the classroom, and the students are the main body. When the teacher inspires the students, the students must use their brains to think.When the teacher talks about concepts, definitions, etc., he must analyze and explain them through many specific examples.Any conclusion has its basis, and it is not made out of thin air.This requires students to not just memorize the conclusions and memorize the blackboard. The first thing is to listen to the teacher how to make some abstract concepts concrete, understand the ins and outs of each concept, understand the meaning of each example or specific example, and learn from these specific examples. Understand those difficult and abstract concepts.

Be careful to think about concepts and meanings, not just words and facts.When listening to the class, keep asking yourself, "What does the teacher mean?" "Why do you say this?" "How to do what the teacher said?"In this way, follow the teacher's explanation ideas, understand, understand, and learn to apply the knowledge to be learned.When listening to the class, write down the key points and the problems you find, so that you can review after class and ask the teacher for advice.Read, think and make contact according to the teacher's requirements.Think about connecting new and old knowledge, connect what you are talking about with the content of real life, and do it while listening, watching, and thinking.With the guidance of the teacher to think positively, comprehend the inner connection of knowledge, and find out the law of the development of things.Only in this way can we truly master knowledge.

Every student should think actively in the process of listening to lectures, have a preliminary understanding of the knowledge learned in class, and be able to understand what is happening and why.It is necessary to completely abolish the outdated Fa-study of taking notes in get out of class, reviewing notes after class, memorizing notes in daily life, and forgetting them all after exams.Because this method of listening to lectures that simply memorizes ready-made conclusions directly cannot obtain true knowledge.

Thinking is more precious than memory.No matter what kind of knowledge you learn or what kind of work you do, you must always think about it, find out better ways, achieve greater results, and thus achieve more success.Always say to yourself: "Am I going to make history, or do I just memorize the history made by others? I want to make history! Make the future!" Give full play to your creativity, thereby promoting thinking, and avoid using inertia as an excuse.

Top students strive to understand.

Richard Furman was the greatest American physicist of the 20th century.He spent a year as a visiting professor at a university in Brazil.He found that the only thing students in Brazil have to do in class is to take notes, and during the exam, they can do nothing but memorize what they have memorized.

As a teacher, Furman has repeatedly emphasized that students must acquire knowledge through understanding.What he doesn't understand the most is: why so many people don't learn by understanding, but by rote memorization, turning the joy of learning into punishment.

And Furman noticed that there are many elementary school students buying physics books in bookstores. Brazilian children start learning physics earlier than American children, but there are not many physicists in Brazil. Why is this so?So many children are working so hard, but there is no effect at all!Furman read another well-recognized first-year physics textbook. He said: In this book, the experimental results are not mentioned from the beginning to the end.Open the book at random, point to any line, and I can prove that the book contains no science, but mere memorization.

Ding Zhaozhong often said: "In my opinion, what is more important than exams is that we should have a deeper understanding of a certain course, rather than memorizing it by heart. To study hard, we must first learn to think. In the fields of physics and chemistry, we should seriously Think about the real reasons behind every natural phenomenon, and try to explain the inner connection between various phenomena, so that we can not only grasp the known scientific results, but also discover new problems.”

It is a good way to improve the quality of learning and reduce the burden of learning.

What is understanding?Understanding is the thinking process of mastering the nature and laws of things, and the understanding of concepts is one of the most basic tasks in class.When encountering a new concept in class, one must first figure out its connotation and extension, and how it was proposed; secondly, one must understand the expression method of this concept; and one more figure out how to use this concept to perform calculations and solve practical problems ;Finally find out the scope of application of this concept and the limitations of conditions.

If the learning type of actively thinking and paying attention to understanding in class is called "understanding type", then it can be said that there are quite a few students whose learning is "rote type". Their characteristic is to skip the hard thinking process that they should go through when they understand things , and go directly to the ready-made conclusions drawn by others.They are satisfied with taking notes in class, checking notes after class, and forgetting all after the exam.This kind of listening method of knowing what it is without knowing why it is, and simply memorizing the ready-made conclusions directly cannot obtain true knowledge.We should strive to adopt the "understanding" learning method and carefully understand the basic knowledge taught in the classroom.

Finding a problem is the beginning of understanding; solving a problem is the deepening of understanding.At different stages of learning knowledge, there are different levels of understanding.The understanding of knowledge follows the law from shallow to deep, from the surface to the inside.Top students ask questions in the process of repeated learning, and constantly lead the learning to a deeper level. In this process, their understanding level has been continuously improved.

Memorized things are often unreliable, but understanding things does not need to concentrate on memorizing.

To improve comprehension, learn Chinese well.Learning Chinese well is the key to improving comprehension.A person who is not good at Chinese is bound to be restricted no matter what books he reads. Of course, he cannot choose a wide range of worlds, which limits his understanding of things.

Top students love to ask questions.

Questioning is the way humans acquire knowledge.

When Chinese physicist Zhaozhong Ding was in school, he was often the one who raised his hand to ask questions and was the first to ask for answers.He asked questions, not aimlessly or casually, but raised his hands when he was puzzled.Some questions, even the teacher is difficult to answer.He answered questions not on a whim, but after careful consideration and only asked for a trial answer when he thought he was more confident.

Top students always attend lectures with questions.Learning is expensive and has doubts. "Small doubts make little progress, big doubts make great progress." In a sense, the process of learning is actually the process from generating doubts to solving doubts. Zhu Xi, a great scholar in the Song Dynasty, said: "Those who read without doubt, You need to teach and have doubts, but those who have doubts should have doubts. This is the only way to progress.” During the pre-study, doubts arise, and they are gradually resolved in class self-study, discussions and teacher-inspired explanations. At the same time, new doubts arise and are further resolved.The emergence and resolution of each difficult problem will further deepen the study and further improve the ability to question.

Practice has proved that top students always have many questions to ask the teacher, but you always feel that there are no questions to ask, and you can't ask any questions.When we are studying, we must be good at using our brains, develop good thinking habits, and grow in questioning and solving doubts.Generally speaking, there are four ways to resolve doubts:

Ask the teacher questions at the beginning of class.

This is usually the best time to ask questions because they have been carefully considered.Questions written in precise terms about previous lectures or reading assignments are often answered quickly.In addition, the content that you find difficult is generally difficult for other students in the class, and the teacher may ask you to discuss it during class.But don't ask questions like "How do I do this?", which will get you the answer to the exercise but do little to help you understand it.A good question should be "Am I the right way to solve this problem? Is there any other way?" Asking this way will give you useful information and enable you to infer other things from one instance.

Interrupt the lecture.

Don't be shy about interrupting the lecture with questions if you need to.Especially when some problems are vague and difficult to understand, it can be beneficial for the whole class to slow down the lecture or pause for a while.But don't interrupt the teacher's lecture too much, and make sure that your question is important to you.

Ask the teacher questions during breaks.

One thing to keep in mind: You must have thought about the problems on your own, done (or tried) the difficult assignments before you ask for help.The personal contact of the teacher with the students can only supplement your own work, and the major part of the study must be done by you alone.

Ask other students questions.

Discussing with other students can be of great help.

Top students use their mouths and hands in class.

Experiments have shown that taking notes can mobilize the eyes, ears, brain, and hands, and promote the understanding of the lecture content in class, so as to avoid "you can understand it when you listen to it in get out of class, but you don't know it when you ask after class".

In class, the teacher speaks sincerely, and you listen with gusto. Everything is so normal. When you look carefully, you find that most people are "gentlemen who talk but don't use hands." After a class, what is the effect?
American psychologist Barnett conducted an experiment with college students as subjects: an 1800-word article introducing the history of American road development was read to them at a moderate speed of 120 words per minute.Group A listened to the lecture while extracting the main points; Group B could see the listed points while listening to the lecture, but did not write them by themselves;After the study, a recall test was given to all students to check the memory effect of the article.

The results of the experiment showed that: the group who wrote the summary by themselves while listening to the lecture had the best academic performance; The group's academic performance is in the middle.

In fact, although the activity in the classroom can arouse students' enthusiasm for learning, it will inevitably distract some students' attention.Taking notes helps to guide and stabilize students' attention, so that they can take good notes while listening to the lecture, keep up with the teacher's lecture ideas, and focus on the content of learning.At the same time, the process of taking notes is also a process of active thinking, which can mobilize the senses of eyes, ears, brain and hands, promote the understanding of the content taught in class, strengthen the memorized content, consolidate the learning results, and avoid listening to the get out of class. I understand, the phenomenon of not knowing after class appears.

The ancients emphasized "reviewing the old to learn the new". If you don't take notes, "reviewing the old" can only read the textbook from beginning to end, which is time-consuming and difficult to understand.If you write down the outline, key points and difficult points of the lecture while listening to the lecture, and write down your understanding and experience of the knowledge you have learned in your own language, then when reviewing against the notes, you will be systematic and familiar.In addition, the textbooks do not contain everything. Some new knowledge and ideas taught by the teacher in the classroom may be a flash of inspiration, just a few words, without taking notes, it can only be fleeting and fleeting.

Class notes reflect the system, key points, difficulties and doubts of the teacher's lectures. Through class notes, you can grasp the lecturer's thinking process and methods, as well as teaching skills and order.These are hard to find in textbooks and reference books.In the process of taking notes, top students clarify the core differences and characteristics between lectures and self-study, and focus on the key points and ideas of the teacher's lectures to record, especially the teacher's ideas of raising questions, analyzing problems, solving problems, and inspiring and guiding problems And methods, these are the starting point and the end point of making class notes.

As for which content you should write down and which can be omitted, top students will make their own choices based on the signals given by the teacher.Generally, when teachers emphasize important places, they often adopt some methods, such as pausing, slowing down, changing the tone, repeating, raising the voice, and so on.Through these signals, top students can better identify important places and omit those secondary things.But to make a really good summary of a class, of course, means that your train of thought can follow the main thread and you can see for yourself which content is more important than other content.

Generally speaking, the top students will explain the main points of the teacher's lectures, the explanations, explanations, derivations, and conclusions of the basic theories and formulas, the arguments, arguments, and demonstrations of the basic points of view, some valuable data and facts, and typical examples. Write it down briefly.In particular, it is necessary to record the teacher's new insights and thinking methods on certain issues.At the same time, through self-thinking, you can also add annotations and mark reminders on the notes, so that you can review after class and organize class notes.

The following is a common method for top students to take notes.

① Use the Cornell form (that is, the aforementioned 5R note notation method).Draw a vertical line about four centimeters from the left side of the paper. The right side of the vertical line is used for note-taking, and the left side is only used to record key points. This is an ideal mode for recording, reciting and reviewing.

② Read the text before taking notes.Do not take notes until you have read the entire paragraph and the titled section.This saves you from jotting down unimportant stuff as well.

③ Be very good at choosing.Find the main points and write them down succinctly.This is probably the most difficult point of all the rules.Because if you want to choose, you must be good at reading with a judgmental eye.And think about what you read, so that you can summarize the content of each paragraph in one sentence.Don't try to grasp every concept, fact, and detail in the book, just grasp the important concepts and basic principles.

④Use your own words.After reading a paragraph or part, ask yourself, "What is the author's main argument?" Recite the argument, and then write down what you said.Don't mechanically transfer the written words and sentences into the notebook, you have not used your brains in this way, and it is a waste of time and energy.

⑤ Write complete sentences.Notes should not be just outlines, but express complete thoughts in complete sentences, because you will have to do this during the exam.Doing this at the same time will allow you to grasp each concept right away as you review and re-learn.Neat notes are also good for review.

⑥ Be quick.You can't spend a whole day and night taking notes.So stay alert and ask for efficiency.This is to read first, then go back and briefly review, recite and write down the author's thoughts, and then go to the next part of the chapter.

⑦Don't forget the intuitive material.Like important facts and concepts, important diagrams should be copied into a notebook, memorized, and reviewed.For example, in biology, if you want to remember the structure of an amoeba, you must draw a sketch showing its parts.Notes are also taken on important aspects of the maps, graphs and tables which are an integral part of the textbook.

⑧What should be recorded should be thoughts rather than words.Don't try to take the lecture word for word, if you do it will prevent you from understanding the ideas.The purpose of taking notes is to record the main ideas of the lecture so that you can study them in your own room later in order to deepen your understanding, to review and prepare for exams.

⑨Be systematic.Use the Cornell system to take notes, put your notes in the large column on the right, and then try to organize the notes after each class, supplement the missing parts of the lecture, check for errors, and correct them.Link new notes to previous ones.Label each concept in your notes with a keyword, rephrasing it in the left column.

⑩Make a general summary record sheet.Periodically (in preparation for the quiz or at regular intervals) reorganize your notes on separate papers, grouping concepts and details under main headings and main categories.By making such a summary sheet, you will link your arguments and ideas to each other, making them easier to remember.

{11} To scribble quickly.Neat writing is often required in work or study.However, when recording writing materials, extracting materials, drafting articles and works, or writing down one's own learning experience, it is reasonable to advocate quick and scribbled writing.

To scribble quickly is to keep up with the process of thinking.The thinking of the human brain is complex and fast.Sometimes when the inspiration for writing comes, it can be said that the mind is springing up, if you don't write it down quickly, it may be fleeting.Quickly scribbling is very good for tracking ideas and training the sensitivity of thinking.

In order to write quickly and scribbled, in addition to working hard on each word to make it as fast as possible, you can also use code names, abbreviations, and shorthand symbols.Sometimes in order to keep track of thinking, you can even use one word or several words instead of a long list of words and sentences, more useful symbols and abbreviations to record.

(End of this chapter)