Interpretation of Lao Tzu's Tao Te Ching

Chapter 62

【The big country is dirty,】

Gao Heng said: This sentence is regarded as "governing a big country if you live in a low class", and the word "governance" is translated into the word "ruo", and the word "ju" is mistaken for the word "zhe".Heshang's note: "Governing a big country should be like living in the bottom." This is the original work of Heshang's "Governing a big country is like living in the bottom", which is the same proof.Wang's note: "The river and the sea are large and low, and hundreds of rivers flow; the great country is large and low, and the world flows. Therefore, it is called 'a big country is low'." 'Also', transliterated as 挩.King Gai used the place of rivers and seas as a metaphor for the place of a great country, and interpreted the word "ruo" in the scriptures, and "juxia" means "juxia". It is clear.The second proof is also.The word "Zhi" appears between the characters "Xie" and "Mu" in the interpretation, which says: "Straightforward officials." This is the original word "Zhi" in the original Wang Ben according to Lu, which is clear.The evidence is three. "Governing a big country is like living in a low class" has the same syntax as "Governing a big country is like cooking small fish" in the previous chapter, and the text is wrong, so it is unreadable.The Analects of Confucius Yanghuo: "Evil lives in the low class and loves the superior." Zizhang: "A gentleman lives in the low class." It can be proved that "living in the low class" is an ancient idiom.Those who live in the lower class dare not be complacent and arrogant, so Lao Tzu took it.

[The friend of the world, the mother of the world.The male often wins the female with tranquility, and the tranquility is inferior. 】

Yan Kejun said: "The female of the world", the imperial annotation is "Zhijiao", and Gao Sui is "Zhijiao female". "The male always wins the female with stillness", and each book is "The female often wins the male with quietness".Wei Jiasun said: Strictly distinguish between "the female of the world" and "the male always wins the female with tranquility" into two.According to each version, "the female always wins the male with tranquility", it should be a six-character sentence, and this engraving is like the sentence "the male and female of the world", the sentence "always wins with tranquility", and the sentence "the female is inferior with tranquility".

Qianzhi’s case: “Jiaojiao” in Dunhuang Xinben and Suizhouben “jiao” as “jiao” in Dunhuang Xinben and Suizhouben. In front of Zhijiao's ultimatum, there is also a sentence after birth, and there is no upper word 'M'." Yan Zun's original work "Great countries are flowed by the world, and the world is handed over", there is no word "chang", and there is a word "Yi" above The word "female".The model version reads: "The lower class in the world is the best friend of the world. Of the animals in the world, the female always wins over the male by virtue of its tranquility, so it is considered inferior."Fenxi, Louzheng, Gu Huan, and Gao Hui wrote "the mother of the world", while Dun and Sui did not have the sentence "take tranquility as the next".There are many different versions, and the sentence in the stele version is read strictly but evenly, but the third sentence should be read from Zhuheshang's version, "The female always wins the male with tranquility".

Gai "the mother of the world" is still the mother of the world. Chapter 25 "Thinking of the Mother of the World", said the text: "Mother, shepherd." Paragraph note: "The shepherd is also the one who nurtures people. Using the analogy of human breasts, by extension, anyone who can give birth to the latter is called a mother "Min, the mother of animals, and female, is responsible for giving birth to and raising people, so it is synonymous with "mother".It is said that "a big country only wants to be an animal" and those who are also an animal are good at giving birth to and raising people, which is just saying that they are female.Wu Cheng's note: "The female does not move first to seek the male, and the male often moves first to seek the female. The one who moves will incur losses, and the one who waits quietly will benefit, so it is said that 'the male is better than the quiet'. The one who moves is superior, and the one who waits quietly I live at the bottom, so it is said, "Take tranquility as the bottom." Wu said it.

Another case: the word "Jing" is "口" in the Dunhuang Xin version, and "Jing" in the Fu version. "Jing", "口" and "Jing" can be used in common.In Xia Song's four-tone rhyme volume of ancient prose, the word "quiet" appears three times, citing Guzi as the mouth.The word "口" is also used, and the ancient characters are cited as "口", "口", and "口", and the word "Jing" is used in the four volumes. Character.Covering "Jing" means "Jing". In chapter 45, "Qing Jing thinks the world is right", Dunhuang's own version of "Jing" is "Jing", and it is known that "Jing", "Jing" and "Jing" are interchangeable.

Another case is the word "Jiao", which is "Jiao" in Chapter [-] "So I got to pay back".Wu Cheng said: "Jiao, Huiye. In a big country, the meeting of small countries is like the flow of water, which is the meeting of all the waters in the world." It can be seen that Suizhou originally used "Jiao" as its "suburb", and it was related to Fenxi and Zhuben. It is wrong to use "Jiaomu" to link the text.

[Thus, if a small country is below a big country, then take the small country; if a small country is below the big country, then take the big country. 】

Yan Kejun said: "Then take the big country", and the imperial annotation is "Zeju".

Luo Zhenyu said: Both the Imperial Annotated Version and the Dunhuang Xin Version are written as "gathering", and the following "and taking" are the same.

Qian's case: Suizhou, Gu Huan, Daozang Heshang, and Zhao Zhijian also wrote "Ju".Cheng Xuanying said: "Small countries know themselves to be humble, keep their femininity, and gather in big countries, admiring wind and admiring righteousness." He also said: "Small countries use softness, so they gather in big countries; big countries use inferiority, so they win the favor of all nations. .Using the following is the same, gather together and take the same, so it is said or also." Zhicheng Shu's next sentence "take" is also used as "gather".Under "take" again, all Fu books have the word "yu".Lao Jian said: Many versions of the word "ju" are mistakenly the same as the previous sentence, and it is also "take".The Kaiyuan version, the Dunhuang Tang manuscript, the fragments of the Zhou family, the Daozang Longxing tablet version, and the Zhao Zhijian version are all "gathering", yes.Those who gather together still say that the protection is attached, which is the meaning of the next chapter "no goodness, people protect it".Those who make "take" should be false about "".Said the text: "It's also accumulation." Xu Kai said: "The ancients made a living by gathering things together." According to this word, it has been used as the word "most" since the Han Dynasty, such as Cai Zhansong's stele "Three Zai Xun" ", that is, its example.It must be said that the writer did not know the original meaning of the word "", so he arbitrarily used "口" as "重".

Qian’s case: the word “take” means to gather meaning, and the previous word “take” is borrowed as “ju”.Zuo Zhao's [-]th biography "Take people from the lake of Fufu", and Zhuangzi's Tianyun chapter "Take disciples to live and sleep under them", both of which are righteous.Yi Cui's hexagram "Ju Yizheng Ye", the interpretation: "Xun Zuo Qu." Knowing that "Qu" and "Ju" have the same characters, there is no need to change the characters.The second word "take" is the meaning of "gathering in", that is, the meaning of fun.Explanation of the name and interpretation of the language: "Take, fun." Hanshu Wang Jichuan Note: "Take, enter the fun." According to the fun, to also.Huainan Yuandao "follows the interest of returning", that is to say.When a small country goes down to a big country, the interest goes to the big country.

[Therefore, it may be taken as follows, or it may be taken as follows. 】

Yan Kejun said: "The next sentence of the imperial note is written as "gathering from below", while Heshang, Wang Bi, and Gao Hui wrote "and take".

Luo Zhenyu said: The Dunhuang version "uses" as "and".In the next sentence, Jinglong, Jingfu, and Dunhuang Geng editions all write "ru", and Xin edition writes "he".

Qian's case: Fu Ben does not have the word "Gu".In the editions of Suizhou, Gu Huan, Daozang Heshang, and Zhao Zhijian, "Qu" is also called "Ju".Strictly follow this work "so it is taken from below, or taken from others".

Yu Yue said: According to ancient times, the word "Yi" and "And" are the same.The biography of the same person in the Book of Changes said: "Civilization is healthy, and it should be neutral." Xici Zhuan said: "The virtue of yarrow is round and divine, and the virtue of hexagrams can be known." Lost his country, Zhou conquered Dongyi and died." Mencius told Zi, "The kings of Qin and Chu were delighted with profit, so they dismissed the divisions of the three armies"; division".And "to" and "and" are used interchangeably, which means they have the same meaning. "If a big country is below a small country, then take a small country; if a small country is below a big country, then take a big country."Therefore, the meaning of the two sentences "either to take from below, or to take from below" is the same, and it is suspected that there is a mistake.

[A big country just wants to be an animal, and a small country just wants to get involved with people.Both of them get what they want, and the bigger one should be the lower one. 】

Yan Kejun said: "These two", He Shang and Wang Bi's "this" is "husband", Gao Hui does not have the word "this".

Luo Zhenyu said: The Jingfu version and the Dunhuang Geng version do not have the word "husband", but the imperial annotation version and the Dunhuang Xin version have the word "Gu" at the beginning of the sentence "big one".

Qian's case: Xingxuan, Fenxi, Louzheng, Peng, Fan, Zhao, and Gao all did not have the word "this", but had the word "guess".Fan Zuo "thus the big country should be the next".In this chapter, Wu Neidun's version is the same as Luo Juanxin's version, but different from Geng's version.

[Phonetic Rhyme] Jiang's rhyme in this chapter has no rhyme, and all schools are the same.Chen Zhu: Four "country" rhymes and two "people" rhymes.

The right Jinglong stele is not divided into chapters, with 82 characters, the Dunhuang Xin version has 82 characters, the Heshang and Wang versions have 89 characters, the Fu version has 91 characters, and the model version has 60 characters.Heshang's original title is "Qiande No.61", Wang's original title is "Chapter 60", and the model title is "Great Country and Underworld Chapter No.[-]".

(End of this chapter)