hotel management

Chapter 5 Hotel Concept (4)
After the first Opium War in 1840, with the signing of a series of unequal treaties such as the "Nanjing Treaty" and the "Wangxia Treaty", imperialist powers invaded China one after another, established concessions, divided spheres of influence, and established concessions in the concessions and spheres of influence. Banks, postal services, railways and various industrial and mining enterprises were established in China, which led to the emergence of Western-style restaurants.According to relevant records, by 1939, in 23 cities including Beijing, Shanghai, Nanjing, Tianjin, Guangzhou, Shenyang, and Hankou, nearly 80 Western-style hotels had been built and operated by foreign capital.These Western-style restaurants have brought the restaurant model of Western countries into China, and they are very different from traditional Chinese restaurants in terms of architectural style, equipment, decoration, operating methods, and service requirements.Especially affected by the development of commercial hotels in Western countries in the early 19th century, these Western-style hotels are generally large in scale and gorgeously decorated, meeting the requirements of Western commercial hotels. They have guest rooms, restaurants, dance halls, bars, reception rooms, etc., equipped with telephones, heating and The bathroom adopts standardized service and standardized management to meet the needs of receiving foreign personnel who come to China and gatherings of upper-class figures and dignitaries at that time.For example, the Victoria Hotel in Guangzhou, the Stan Hotel in Jinan, the Samsung Hotel, Baozhu Hotel, Liuguo Hotel in Beijing, and the Yuzhong Hotel in Tianjin are all Western-style hotels built and operated by foreigners.Western-style restaurants are the product of the imperialist powers' invasion of China, and essentially serve the imperialist political, economic, and cultural aggression.However, the entry of western-style hotels also played a certain role in promoting the development of modern Chinese hotel industry, especially by bringing the construction, operation, service and management methods of western commercial hotels to China, which made Chinese commercial hotels also develop rapidly.

Chinese-Western restaurants refer to restaurants influenced by Western-style restaurants and operated by Chinese national capital. In the early 20th century, the emergence of a large number of Western-style restaurants stimulated China's national capital to invest in the hotel industry, and a large number of Chinese-Western style restaurants were successively established in various places.By the 20s, the development of Chinese-Western restaurants reached its heyday, and such restaurants could be seen in all major cities at that time.Among them, the more famous ones are Chang'anchun Hotel on East Chang'an Street in Beijing (30), Dongfang Hotel on Xiangchang Road (1912), Xishan Hotel at the foot of Cuiwei Mountain in the west of Beijing (1918), China Hotel at Xizhushikou (1920), and West Gate of Dongjiaomin Lane. Huaan Hotel (1925), Xicheng Picai Hutong Zhuangyuanfu Hotel (1926), etc.; in Tianjin, there are National Hotel (1936), Huizhong Hotel (1923), World Building (1926), etc.In Shanghai, most of these hotels are pure Western-style buildings, such as Oriental Hotel, Central Hotel, Great China Hotel, Great Shanghai Hotel, Great Jiangnan Hotel, Nanjing Hotel, Great Shanghai Hotel, Yangtze Hotel, Paramount Hotel, and Golden Gate Hotel. , International Hotel, etc.

Chinese-Western restaurants abandon the courtyard or garden-style architectural style of traditional Chinese hotels, tend to be Westernized in terms of building facilities, and are mostly tall buildings. , not only implement joint operations with transportation, banking and other industries, but also accept foreign commercial hotel methods in terms of service and management, so that the development of modern Chinese hotel industry is close to the level of Western countries.

While Western-style restaurants and Chinese-Western restaurants are developing, the Chinese folk inn and hotel industry is also further developing and growing.In particular, the improvement and development of modern means of transportation provided new opportunities for the development of traditional folk inns and hotels.Relevant records show that in the late 20s, there were more than 30 private hotels or investment inns along the railway lines and stations across the country.These hotels have expanded in scale, and the guest rooms are divided into different levels, and provide catering, accommodation and other miscellaneous services; the facilities and decoration have also been greatly improved compared with the previous hotels, thus becoming an important part of the modern Chinese hotel industry. part.

([-]) Development of China's modern hotel industry

From the founding of new China to the implementation of reform and opening up in 1978, China's hotel facilities were mainly business reception type, most of the hotels implemented guest house service, some of the better hotels, as the subsidiary units of the government's foreign affairs reception department, did not have an independent economy status.The overall situation of China's hotel industry at this stage can be summarized as few in number, outdated facilities, single functions and poor conditions.

After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Party, the vigorous development of economic construction and the rise of tourism have brought unprecedented opportunities for the development of the hotel industry.In just over 20 years, the hotel industry has developed rapidly and with high grades, which is rare in the world. So far, it has formed a hotel with more than 6000 star-rated hotels as the main body and a large number of various types of hotel facilities as supplements. industry.In the course of more than 20 years of development, China's hotel industry has gone through the following stages.

1.1978. The initial stage from 1988 to [-]

At this stage, the hotel industry has always been in a state of rapid growth in some cities, but due to the relatively small base of development, the absolute amount of annual growth in the country is not large, and it is generally in its infancy.

From the perspective of the hotel industry market, this period was a period of short-term constraints for the hotel industry, and tourist hotels became the bottleneck for the development of China's tourism industry at that time.In the early days when China opened its doors to the world, a large number of overseas tourists poured in with a sense of mystery about China, resulting in a severe shortage of hotels in major cities and tourist cities.Under such circumstances, in 1979, the State Council held a meeting in Beidaihe and decided to build a main hotel in each province as soon as possible. In 1982, the Beijing Jianguo Hotel was completed and opened, which marked the beginning of large-scale introduction of foreign capital to build hotels. A large amount of social funds and funds from various departments also began to invest in the hotel industry, and the hotel industry showed a strong momentum of development.In this process, the economic benefits of tourist hotels have been in a very good state.In the later stage of this stage, due to the emergence of many hotels in some large and medium-sized cities, the situation of short supply can be temporarily alleviated in some areas.

With the rapid growth of the tourism industry, the system of the hotel industry has also undergone major changes. Some reception-type hotels have taken off their hats as guest houses, transformed from public institutions to individual businesses, and become operating entities.Together with newly built hotels, these hotels have become the main body of my country's hotel industry.The process of hotel industry corporatization has provided conditions for hotel operation and management to be upgraded.

From the perspective of hotel management, with the opening of foreign-funded hotels and the introduction of overseas management, China's hotel industry has begun to transform from guest house-style management to modern hotel management.Many hotels have learned advanced management theories and methods at home and abroad to establish their own management models.From the perspective of marketing, this period is still in the stage of product conception, and some hotels still have the mentality of "the emperor's daughter will not worry about marrying", and many hotels are in the state of waiting for customers to come to their door.

2.1989~1992 period of improvement

At this stage, China's international tourism market experienced ups and downs, and the emerging hotel industry experienced the cruelty of the market for the first time.Due to the influence of the "political turmoil" in 1989, a group of developed countries in the world imposed economic sanctions on China, which caused the booming hotel industry to suddenly fall into a trough, and the occupancy rate of hotel rooms dropped sharply. In 1989, the national average occupancy rate of hotel rooms Only more than 40%, a huge drop from the previous year.At the same time, the hotel's growth rate declined significantly, from 1989% in 21.5 to 1990% in 9.83, 1991% in 9.28, and 1992% in 9.3.The main feature of this stage is not entirely the decline in the growth rate, but the sudden drop from the peak to the trough of the entire hotel industry market. Hotel operators are facing unprecedented market pressure. The fierce market competition forces the hotel to shift the focus of management to strengthening internal management. management, improving hotel grades and service levels, and enhancing market competitiveness.At the same time, according to the needs of the development of the situation, the China National Tourism Administration has carried out the star rating work in the whole industry. The implementation of this work has enabled my country's hotels to have comparison standards in the construction of software and hardware.Since then, all hotels have focused on star standards, constantly improving the connotation of hotel products and providing high-quality services as their management goals.The development of the star rating work has brought the Chinese hotel industry to a fundamental level. The internal power of the hotel industry market competition and the external pressure of the industry management department have made the Chinese hotel industry go through a period of quality improvement as the core content. period of development.

3.1993. From [-] to now, the period of comprehensive and rapid development

In 1992, after Comrade Deng Xiaoping inspected and talked in the south, a new wave of reform was set off across the country, the economic development was extremely active, and the hotel industry also entered a period of comprehensive and rapid development.During this period, the hotel market grew by more than 15%, and the economic benefits rose steadily before 1996. After 1997, with the massive increase of hotel supply, the hotel industry gradually entered a mature stage in the rapid development.

([-]) Development status of China's hotel industry
After more than 20 years of reform and opening up, China's hotel industry has made remarkable achievements.By the end of the 20th century, China had more than 7000 foreign-related tourist hotels, including more than 3800 star-rated hotels, with a total of nearly 89 rooms, an operating income of more than 8457 billion yuan, and more than 2370 billion yuan in fixed assets.During this period, hotels were built faster than in any other country in the world during the same period.At the same time, the class structure of the hotel industry has also undergone fundamental changes. In the early 20s, the guest house type hotel that could only provide one meal and one night has become a business type hotel, sightseeing type hotel, leisure resort type hotel, conference and exhibition type hotel, and rehabilitation type hotel with complete grades and types. and integrated hotels.It can be said that in the past 80 years, the hardware facilities of China's hotel industry have reached the world's advanced level, and many of them belong to the world's best high-end hotels.But on the whole, the management level of China's hotel industry is not balanced enough.The development history of China's hotel industry presents the following characteristics.

1. The scale of the hotel has expanded rapidly, showing a trend of all-round development
In the past 20 years, the development of China's hotel industry has seen two climax periods of large-scale hotel construction in the mid-20s and 80 to the present. In the mid-1993s, hotel construction was mainly concentrated in big cities. After 80, hotels were built in all provinces, cities (prefectures) and counties. The distribution is becoming increasingly dispersed.Due to the fragmentation of the economic system, there are many channels for hotel construction approval, and hotel construction is very blind. Since 1993, the country has expanded at an annual rate of about 1993%, and it is predicted that there will still be an increase of about 20% in the next few years.The rapid expansion of the scale of the hotel industry is not balanced with the growth of the source of tourists. The construction of many hotels is not driven by market demand, but because of the need to build an export-oriented economic window in various places.Under such circumstances, the following three hotspots have formed across the country: the original government guest house has been rebuilt and expanded into a high-end hotel; some economic departments (such as supply and marketing, post and telecommunications, banking, tobacco, electricity, coal, etc.) Taking the construction of hotels as a breakthrough; real estate projects are transferred to the hotel industry, which makes the hotel industry present a trend of all-round development.

2. There are complete types of hotels, with small and medium hotels as the main body, and star hotels occupy an important position

By the end of 1999, among the more than 7000 hotels across the country, 500 had more than 98 rooms, accounting for 1.39%, 100 had 500-3095 rooms, accounting for 44.9%, and 100 had less than 3842 rooms, accounting for 54.61%. The average size of the hotel is 126 rooms.Hotels across the country have formed the characteristics of small and medium-sized hotels as the main body of the market.In terms of grades, high-star hotels account for 7.25%, three-star hotels account for 33.5%, and low-star hotels account for 59.2%. The star structure basically meets the needs of my country's tourism development.From the perspective of economic nature, state-owned hotels are still the main body of hotels, accounting for 64.1% of the entire hotel industry. The proportion of collectives and individuals is gradually increasing, currently accounting for 16.7% of the total number of hotels, and other forms of hotels account for 19.1%.

3. The management level of the hotel industry is not low, but the development is unbalanced
The management level of medium-star hotels in the national hotel industry is generally good, and the overall management level is steadily improving.However, although there are still many hotels with modern facilities, they still stay in the management mode of guest houses, and the gap with star hotels is widening.With foreign hotel companies aggressively entering the Chinese market, there are hotels managed by famous foreign hotel companies in large and medium-sized cities all over the country, and these hotels have adopted a group-based network management model.In recent years, some hotel management companies have also been established in China and started to manage some hotels. However, these hotel management companies are small in scale and have limited management capabilities, and most of them cannot rely on high-end hotels. Therefore, it is difficult to form a networked operation in the near future. .However, most hotels are still affiliated with a certain competent department, implementing individual combat and self-management.

4. The hotel industry is generally running well, and star-level management has become a trend

While the overall scale of China's hotel industry has continued to expand in recent years, operating efficiency has picked up since 1999, and major economic indicators such as room occupancy rate, operating income, and tax payments have all rebounded. In 2000, the hotel industry overcame the large-scale losses in previous years and achieved a profit-loss balance for the entire industry.Competition in the hotel industry is also increasingly rational, and it has become a fashion to pursue quality competition and cultural competition.China's hotel industry is maturing.

Since the mid-20s, the state has implemented star-rated management featuring standardization, scale, and scientization for the hotel industry. The proportion has increased significantly, and more and more small and medium-sized hotels have consciously joined the ranks of star rating.Especially since 90, the pace of star rating in the hotel industry has accelerated rapidly. In 2000, there were more than 2000 star-rated hotels across the country. By 2000, the number of star-rated hotels may have reached 2002.Star-based management will become a trend in China's hotel industry.

(End of this chapter)