China knows everything for 5000 years

Chapter 17

Afterwards, he divided the only 28 people into four teams, and said to them: "Look, I will kill one of their generals first, and you can run away in four ways. Everyone gather at the foot of Dongshan." Like ants, they surrounded him.Xiang Yu shouted fiercely and rushed towards the Han army.The Han soldiers couldn't resist and scattered one after another. Xiang Yu killed one Han general on the spot, and the rest of the Han soldiers ran around like headless flies.Xiang Yu rushed to the foot of Dongshan Mountain, and the remaining four teams also rushed over one after another, not one person was missing!Xiang Yu was full of pride, and rushed to the Han army with 28 soldiers.After a while of fighting, Xiang Yu beheaded a captain of the Han army and hundreds of soldiers, and only two of his Chu soldiers were killed.In the end, he led 26 people out of the siege of the Han soldiers and ran south to Wujiang (in today's Anhui).

When the pavilion chief of the Wu River heard that Xiang Yu was retreating, he prepared a small boat to stop there.The head of the pavilion advised Xiang Yu to cross the river immediately, and comforted Xiang Yu, saying: "Although Jiangdong is small, there are still more than 1000 miles of land and a population of several 10. The people in Jiangdong are still loyal to the king. You can still stay there after crossing the river." Be king."

Xiang Yu smiled wryly, and said: "After I set up an army in Kuaiji County, I took 8000 children across the river. To this day, none of them can go back, and only I have returned to Jiangdong alone. Even if Jiangdong's elders sympathize with me and make me king, What face do I have to see them again?" After speaking, Xiang Yu handed the black horse to the pavilion chief, and 26 soldiers also jumped off the horse, each holding a short knife, and started a hand-to-hand fight with the Han soldiers who were chasing up.They killed hundreds of Han soldiers, but Chu soldiers also fell one by one, and Xiang Yu was injured in more than a dozen places.Covered in blood, Xiang Yu stood by the river, looked towards the east of the river for the last time, then turned around resolutely, glared at the Han soldiers, and swung his sword to kill himself.

Xiang Yu committed suicide, and the despicable Liu Bang was completely relieved, and history has since entered the Han Dynasty.

##The tenth series of Han Tianchao

●Liu Bang enfeoffed Wang with the same surname
After Liu Bang established the Han Dynasty, out of political and military needs, he entrusted a group of kings with different surnames.But Liu Bang was suspicious of kings with different surnames, so he tried every means to get rid of the kings with different surnames, and let the children of the same surname be kings to replace them.

First of all, Liu Bang arrested Han Xin for the crime of attempting to rebel, withdrew his title of King of Chu, and demoted him to Marquis of Huaiyin.Divide Han Xin's fiefdom into two vassal states, appoint brother and general Liu Jia as king of Jing to rule the 53 counties east of the Huaihe River, and appoint younger brother and Lord Wenxin Liu Jiao as king of Chu to rule Xuejun , Donghai, Pengcheng and other 36 counties.Then, Liu Bang killed Peng Yue for the crime of treason, and led his troops to conquer Yingbu, forcing Han Wangxin and Lu Wan to defect to the Xiongnu.Later, Zhao Wang Zhang Ao was abolished for the crime of treason and changed to Xuanpinghou.In this way, except for the small and weak Changsha king Wu Rui, all the kings with different surnames were eliminated.

Immediately, Liu Bang enfeoffed the princes and kings of the same surname under the pretext that the world had just settled down, his son was young, and his brothers were few, so as to rule the Kanto region.The 53 counties of Yunzhong, Yanmen, and Daijun, including Yixinhou Liu Xi, were the acting kings; the illegitimate son Liu Fei of 73 counties of Jiaodong, Jiaoxi, Jibei, Boyang, and Chengyang counties was the king of Qi.

After that, Liu Bang also named Liu Chang the king of Huainan, Liu Jian the king of Yan, Liu Ruyi the king of Zhao, Liu Hui the king of Liang, Liu You the king of Huaiyang, Liu Heng the king of Dai, and Liu Bi the king of Wu.By 195 BC, Liu Bang had named 11 people surnamed Liu as princes and kings, which laid the root of the disaster for the "Seven Kingdoms Rebellion".

●Hun Bai Deng trapped Liu Bang
When the Qin and Han dynasties alternated, the Xiongnu in the north also took advantage of the opportunity of Liu Bang and Xiang Yu's war in the Central Plains to continuously invade the south.

After Liu Bang became emperor, Maodun Chanyu of the Huns (Modun is the name of a person, Shan is the king of the Huns) led 40 horses to attack the Han Dynasty and surrounded Han Wangxin (the former Korean nobleman, and Han Xin was two people) The fief Mayi (in today's Shanxi).Han Wangxin couldn't resist, so he asked Maodun for peace.When Liu Bang heard the news, he sent an envoy to blame Han Wangxin.Han Wangxin surrendered to the Xiongnu because he was afraid that Liu Bang would do his crime.

Maodun occupied Mayi and continued to attack south.Liu Bang personally led his troops to Jinyang to confront the Xiongnu.It was the winter of 200 BC, the wind was biting, and the weather was extremely cold.The soldiers in the Central Plains had never encountered such cold weather. They were so cold that their combat effectiveness was significantly weakened.But as soon as the army of the Han Dynasty fought with the Huns, the Huns were defeated.After fighting several times in a row, the Huns were defeated.Later, it was heard that Mao Dun Shanyu fled to Daigu (in today's Shanxi).Liu Bang sent soldiers to reconnaissance. Those who came back said that Maodun's subordinates were all old and weak soldiers, and even their horses were skinny. If they took advantage of the situation and fought there, they would surely win.

Liu Bang was worried that the reconnaissance of these soldiers was unreliable, so he sent Liu Jing to the Xiongnu camp to see what was true.Liu Jing came back and said: "The Huns we saw were indeed old, weak and disabled soldiers, but I think Maodun must have ambushed the elite soldiers. Your Majesty must not be fooled by them." Liu Bang was furious after hearing this, and said: "How dare you You are talking nonsense, are you trying to stop me from marching?" After speaking, he ordered the soldiers to imprison Liu Jing.So Liu Bang led his army to attack the Huns, and as soon as he arrived in Pingcheng (now Datong, Shanxi), he was surrounded by Huns pouring out from all directions.These Xiongnu soldiers are all strong and strong, and all the old, weak and disabled soldiers are gone.Under the cover of his subordinates, Liu Bang desperately fought his way out and retreated to Baideng Mountain in the northeast of Pingcheng.

Mao Dun Shanyu's 40 elite soldiers besieged Liu Bang in Baideng Mountain, and he couldn't escape for seven days and nights.Later, under Chen Ping's suggestion, Liu Bang bribed the Yan family of Modun (the queen of the Huns) with gold and jewels, asking her to say something nice in front of Shan Yu.

Mao Dun Shanyu listened to Yan's words, and early the next morning, he ordered to open a gap in the encirclement and let the Han soldiers go out.At this point, Liu Bang fled back to Jinyang.

●Lu Zhui made all Lu kings
Before Liu Bang died, he made the oath of "not the Liu family but the king, and the world will strike him together", but he was well-intentioned and never imagined that the first person to violate the oath was his wife Lu Zhi and Empress Lu.

After Liu Bang seized power, Lu Zhi directly planned to kill the heroes.Her method of exterminating kings with different surnames by means of power and deceit shocked the ministers of civil and military affairs of the Manchu Dynasty.As soon as Liu Bang died, Empress Lu couldn't wait to arrest Madam Qi, cut off her hands, gouged out her eyes, burned her ears, forced her to take dumb medicine, and threw her into the pigsty. pig"; then, she sent someone to poison the young Zhao Wang Ruyi to death.Empress Lu also wanted Emperor Hui to visit Mrs. Qi.Seeing that Mrs. Qi was tortured so badly by Empress Lu, Emperor Hui burst into tears and fell seriously ill from fright.Later, Emperor Hui sent someone to say to Empress Lu: "This kind of thing is not something that humans can do. I am the queen mother's son, and I think I am incapable of governing the world." Since then, Emperor Hui ignored the government and died of depression soon after.

After Emperor Hui's death, Empress Lu found a baby pretending to be born to Emperor Hui, and the baby took over the throne, and she began to listen to the government behind the curtain.In order to support the power of the Lu family, Empress Lu named her nephews and grandnephews, such as Lu Tai, Lu Jia, Lu Lu, and Lu Tong, as kings, and let them control the military and political power, forming the Lu family's relatives group in the court. Thus began the situation in which the Lu family dominated the Han Dynasty.

●Zhou Yafu suppressed the rebellion of the Seven Kingdoms
After Han Jingdi Liu Qi killed Chao Cuo, the seven kingdoms of Wu and Chu did not stop their war operations and continued to attack Chang'an.Liu Qi had no choice but to send Taiwei Zhou Yafu, who was proficient in the art of war and combat art, to put down the rebellion.

Zhou Yafu was stopped by a man named Zhao She on his way to lead the army to suppress the rebellion, and offered him a plan. Zhou Yafu adopted Zhao She's suggestion.Zhao She's suggestion really had a surprising effect.The food roads of the Wu and Chu coalition forces were quickly cut off by the army led by Zhou Yafu, which made the supply of grain and grass for the seven-nation coalition army very difficult, and the soldiers fled because of hunger.Zhou Yafu seized the opportunity to launch a fierce attack and defeated the coalition forces of the seven countries of Wu and Chu. Liu Wu, the king of Chu, committed suicide in fear of crime. .Liu Bi wanted to join forces with the East Vietnamese soldiers to make a comeback. Zhou Yafu issued a notice offering a thousand gold rewards to arrest him, so instead of helping him, the East Yue people took the opportunity to kill him and dedicate his head to Zhou Yafu.

After about three months of war, the Seven Kingdoms Rebellion was finally put down.The Seven Kingdoms Rebellion was quelled, and Emperor Wenwen's last entrustment came true.

●The rule of Wenjing and the rise of the Han Dynasty
"The rule of Wenjing" refers to the period of peace and prosperity during the reign of Emperor Wen of Han Dynasty Liu Heng and Emperor Liu Qi of Han Jing.

Liu Heng was welcomed as emperor by the clan ministers in 180 BC. He reigned for 23 years, and he was full of Japanese after his death.Liu Qi is the son of Liu Heng. He ascended the throne in 157 BC and reigned for 16 years.According to the traditional method of overflowing, "morality knows Japanese well," and "benefits from righteousness are called scenery."Both Wen and Jing are good titles.However, Liu Heng and Liu Qi reduced the criminal law, reduced taxes, were close to Confucian officials, sought virtuous people, issued edicts to punish themselves when the harvest was not good, and did not change much, and they only wanted to rest with the people.The father and son were respectful, frugal and inactive, which created the "rule of Wenjing" in Chinese history.

Liu Heng attached great importance to agricultural production. After he came to the throne, he issued many edicts to encourage farmers to teach farming and mulberry. He set up three elders, filial piety, and Litian members according to the proportion of household registration, and often rewarded them to encourage farmers to develop production.Liu Heng also paid attention to reducing the burden on the people. In 178 BC and 167 BC, the rent rate was reduced to 120 and 40 tax twice.Since then, the Thirty Tax One has become a custom in the Han Dynasty.During the reign of Emperor Wen, the calculation of Fu was also reduced from 155 yuan per year to 17 yuan per person per year, and the corvee was reduced to "three years and one job".In 20 BC, Liu Qi changed the system of corvee service from 23 years old in Qin Dynasty to [-] years old, and the age of service in Han Law was [-] years old.In addition, Liu Heng issued an edict to open up the mountains, forests and rivers originally owned by the state, thereby promoting the development of sideline production of farmers and the production of salt and iron that are closely related to the national economy and people's livelihood.Liu Heng also abolished the system of customs clearance, which is conducive to the circulation of goods and economic links between regions.

Liu Heng also made major reforms to the criminal law since the Qin Dynasty.Most of the most serious crimes in the Qin Dynasty were not sentenced to prison, and they served hard labor for life.Liu Heng ordered to re-enact the law, and set the time limit for serving the sentence according to the severity of the crime; the sinner will not be a commoner after serving the sentence.The law of the Qin Dynasty stipulated that the parents, brothers, sisters, wives and children of the criminals should sit together, and the severe ones should be executed, and the light ones should be thrown into the palace as slaves.In the Qin Dynasty, there were four kinds of corporal punishments: tattoo, 劓, 刖, and palace. Liu Heng issued an edict to abolish tattoo, 劓, and gong, and replaced them with flogging, and Liu Qi lightened the flogging.The Wen and Jing dynasties did not easily mobilize troops against the surrounding ethnic minorities, and tried their best to maintain a peaceful relationship so as not to disturb the people.

The reason why the rule of Wenjing became the prosperous age of feudal society is inseparable from Liu Heng's personal efforts to rule.Not long after Liu Heng came to the throne, he abolished the crime of slander, so that his officials could boldly put forward different opinions.Liu Heng also forbade temple officials to celebrate his birthday.Liu Heng himself is also quite frugal. During his 23 years in power, the palaces and gardens have not increased the number of vehicles and clothing; The account is not embroidered.Liu Heng once wanted to build a terrace, but he heard that it would cost a hundred gold, which is equivalent to the property of ten middle-class families, so he gave up.Because Liu Heng advocated frugality, the state's fiscal expenditures at that time were restrained and reduced, thereby reducing the burden on the people.

Emperor Wen and Emperor Jing successively ruled for nearly 40 years.According to historical records, due to the recovery of the economy, the common people have sufficient food, the national warehouses are full of money and food, the ropes that string money rot over time, and the food accumulates year after year and becomes stale and deteriorated.Therefore, the wealth of the country was overflowing and the social population surged, which laid a solid material foundation for Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty Liu Che to attack the Huns.

●Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty only respected Confucianism
Dong Zhongshu was a thinker and political commentator in the Western Han Dynasty, and a scholar who was proficient in Confucianism. He was diligent in his studies and worked as a doctoral officer when he was Emperor Jing.Dong Zhongshu transformed the Confucianism founded by Confucius and developed by Mencius according to his own understanding and the political requirements at that time, and integrated the theories of various schools with Yin Yang and Five Elements, making Confucianism a feudal political system. A theory of religious superstition served by the system.

After Liu Che ascended to the throne, with the assistance of Dou Ying, he took a series of measures, issued an edict to all counties and counties, and recommended virtuous, upright, outspoken and admonishing people, the most famous of which was Dong Zhongshu.Huang Zhongshu proposed to Liu Che the suggestion of "Three Strategies for Heaven and Man", which means: Heaven has a will, and things in the world exist and change according to God's will. The emperor is the representative of the emperor, and the emperor's power is bestowed by the emperor. To obey the emperor is to obey the way of heaven.In order to maintain the feudal order, he put forward the "Three Cardinal Guidelines and Five Constant Principles" with special emphasis.Under the law of heaven, the etiquette of superiority and inferiority must be strictly observed among monarchs and ministers, father and son, husband and wife, and brothers, and violations of this etiquette are absolutely not allowed.

Liu Che believed that Dong Zhongshu's suggestion was very suitable for the needs of consolidating feudal rule, and wanted to reuse Dong Zhongshu.However, his grandmother, Empress Dowager Dou, believed in the "Huang Lao Theory" and strongly advocated the rule of inaction and inaction. Liu Che didn't dare to offend his grandmother, so he had to let Dong Zhongshu be Jiang Duxiang.

After the death of Empress Dowager Dou and Empress Dowager Tian, ​​Liu Che ordered the establishment of a doctor of the Five Classics in the government to teach Confucianism, and fifty disciples under the doctor of the Five Classics.These disciples only study Confucian classics under the guidance of a doctor of the Five Classics, and they are required to take an exam every year. As long as they can master one of the Five Classics, they can be officials, and those with excellent grades can also be high officials.Later, the number of doctoral disciples gradually increased to 3000.In this way, learning Confucian classics and obtaining excellent grades became the main way for scholars to become officials, and the theories of other schools of thought were gradually rejected and discarded.People who rely on Confucianism to become officials will naturally help Liu Che govern the world, assist the government, and use Confucianism to educate future generations according to Dong Zhongshu's theory.This is what is said in history, "Depose a hundred schools of thought and respect Confucianism alone".But objectively speaking, exclusive respect for Confucianism imprisons people's thinking and is not conducive to social development.

●Zhang Qian was ordered to travel to the Western Regions

After Liu Che came to power, as the national power grew stronger, he wanted to use force to expand the border.In order to fight against the Xiongnu, Liu Che decided to unite with another nomadic tribe, the Great Yuezhi.In 138 BC, under the order of Liu Che, Zhang Qian was sent as an envoy to the Dayue Clan. He led more than a hundred people and set off from Chang'an to embark on a journey.

Zhang Qian and his party left Longxi and entered the Hexi Corridor controlled by the Huns.The Huns cavalry found them and arrested them.The Xiongnu Shanyu detained Zhang Qian and others. In order to make Zhang Qian surrender, Shanyu also found him a wife of the Huns.Faced with Shan Yu's coercion and temptation, Zhang Qian never gave in. Ten years later, the Huns relaxed their guard, and Zhang Qian escaped with his men.They walked west for dozens of days and came to Dawan (in today's Central Asia).

The king of Dawan Kingdom sent guides and translators to send them to Kangju, and the people of Kangju sent them to Da Yuezhi.Zhang Qian arrived at Da Yuezhi, thinking that his mission could be completed, but the situation changed unexpectedly.It turns out that since the Da Yuezhi lost the war with the Huns, they moved to the Guishui (now Amu Darya) valley, conquered the local Daxia Kingdom, and re-established their own country.Here the soil is fertile, the water is beautiful, and the products are abundant. The Da Yuezhi no longer wants to fight the Huns.Zhang Qian stayed in Dayuezhi for more than a year, and tried to persuade the king of Dayuezhi to cooperate with the Han Dynasty to attack the Xiongnu many times, but to no avail, so he had to leave for home.On the way back home, Zhang Qian was captured by the Huns again.Fortunately, civil strife broke out in the Huns, and Zhang Qian took the opportunity to escape.

In 126 BC, Zhang Qian finally returned to the Han Dynasty.After 13 years of this mission, Zhang Qian suffered a lot. Of the more than 13 people who went on the mission that year, only Zhang Qian and Gan Fu remained. The sudden return of the diplomatic mission, which had not heard from it for [-] years, shocked the capital.Liu Che promoted Zhang Qian and Gan's father, and listened to Zhang Qian's report on the Western Regions with curiosity.

Zhang Qian's mission gave Liu Che a detailed understanding of the conditions of the countries in the Western Regions.A few years later, Liu Che sent General Huo Qubing to conquer the Xiongnu. The Han army won a big victory, wiped out more than 3 Hun cavalry, and also controlled the Xihe (now Hexi Corridor, Gansu and other places) area.The road to the Western Regions in the Han Dynasty had no obstacles, so Liu Che sent Zhang Qian to the Western Regions for the second time.

This time, Zhang Sai led a mission of more than 300 people and came to Wusun in the Western Regions with a large number of cattle, sheep, gold and silver treasures.At the same time, Zhang Qian also sent his deputy envoys to Dawan, Da Yuezhi, Kangju, Daxia and other countries with gifts.

King Wusun was very happy to see that Zhang Qian had brought many treasures.He sent envoys to return to Chang'an with Zhang Qian.The envoy of Wusun was warmly received by Liu Che. He saw that the Han Dynasty had a strong army and a prosperous economy, so he reported to King Wusun after returning.Soon, Wusun and the Han Dynasty established friendly relations.A year later, the deputy envoys who had been sent to the countries in the Western Regions returned one after another, and the countries in the Western Regions also sent envoys to Chang'an to thank them. The relationship between the Han Dynasty and the countries in the Western Regions became increasingly close.Because of Zhang Qian's great contribution, Liu Che granted him the title of Marquis of Bowang, so people also called him "Zhang Bowang".Zhang Qian's two visits to the Western Regions made great contributions to the unification of the Chinese nation.

●Li Guang died as a Marquis
"Flying General" Li Guang fought and fought more than 70 times in his life, with more victories and fewer losses. He was the most terrifying enemy in the eyes of the Huns.However, due to various reasons, Li Guang never received the corresponding rewards. Dozens of his generals and schools were granted marquis status, but Li Guang himself was still not granted marquis titles.His cousin Li Cai, who came out together and whose ability and reputation are far inferior to his own, has already become the prime minister. When he was ranked among the three princes, Li Guang was still an ordinary general.

Li Guang once discussed in private with Wang Shuo, the astrologer, that he was unable to become a Marquis.Wang Shuo asked him, "Have you ever done something against your conscience?" Li Guang thought for a moment and said, "When I was guarding Longxi, the Qiang people rebelled. I tricked them into surrendering. This trick killed more than 800 surrenderers on the same day. This is the most regrettable event in my opinion." Wang Shuo sighed: "The most serious thing that brings disaster to people is to kill the enemy who has surrendered. , This is why the general was not granted the title of marquis."

(End of this chapter)