China knows everything for 5000 years

Chapter 32

In 581 AD, Yang Jian issued an edict that when offering sacrifices to the heavens and ancestors, the clothes must be in accordance with the "Book of Rites".The so-called "according to the Book of Rites" refers to the use of Northern Qi mianfu.In 585 A.D., Yang Jian ordered Niu Hongxiu, Minister of Rites, to revise the Five Rites (Auspicious, Fierce, Jun, Bin, Jia) into a book of 589 volumes, and issued an edict to carry out the new rituals.Niu Hong and others don't understand music, so they can't make it through the years.In 594 AD, Chen was destroyed, and old musical instruments and musicians from the Southern Dynasties were acquired.Yang Jian listened to the music of the Southern Dynasties and praised: "This is the sound of China." Niu Hongzou said that most of the old Chinese music is in the south of the Yangtze River, and Liang and Chen music are combined with ancient music. Please repair it to prepare for elegant music.There are mixed sounds from Wei and Zhou Yue, please stop playing.In [-] AD, Yale was established.Yang Jianshi first decided on seven pieces of music including Zhou Ji, Qing Shang Ji, Goryeo Ji, Tianzhu Ji, Anguo Ji, Qiuci Ji, and Wenkang Ji. , Japanese and other foreign music.When it came to Yang Guang, it was added to nine parts of music, namely: Qingyue, Xiliang, Qiuci, Tianzhu, Kangguo, Shule, Anguo, Gaoli, and Libi.In fact, Yang Jian didn't understand rituals and music. The purpose of doing this was to accept China's orthodox status from the Southern Dynasties.

●The army of the Sui Dynasty defeated the Turks
In the late Northern Dynasties, Turks became a powerful country in the northern nomadic areas.Zhou and Qi confronted each other, and each sent heavy bribes to seek aid from the Turks.At that time, Turkic Shabolue Khan succeeded him, and disputes arose among the nobles over the right to succession. Various tribes established themselves as Khans, such as Abo Khan, Tuli Khan, and Datou Khan.Among them, Sabolo has the strongest force, and he is the Turkic Khan.

After Yang Jian established the Sui Dynasty, he no longer gave gifts to the Turks. The Turkic nobles often led cavalry to harass the Sui on the long front from Youzhou in the east to Hexi in the west.In 583 AD, Yang Jian appointed Yang Shuang as the marching marshal, and led his troops to counterattack the Turks in eight ways.When Yang Shuang left Shuozhou, he defeated the Shabo army.Dou Rong set out of Liangzhou and defeated the Abo army.Sabolo attacked Abo under the pretext that Abo retreated first.Abo defected to Datou, and Datou assisted him in collecting nearly [-] horsemen from the old army, and attacked each other with Sabolo.So far, the Turks have formed two opposing forces, the Western Turkic Khanate headed by Datou and Abo, and the Eastern Turkic Khanate headed by Sabolo and Tuli.

Sabolo was repeatedly defeated by the Sui army, and in 584 A.D. he sent envoys to seek peace.In the following year, Shabolue Khan returned to the Sui Dynasty, and with the consent of the Sui Dynasty, he led his troops to move to Baidaochuan (now northwest of Hohhot, Inner Mongolia).

Sabolo died in 587 AD.Sha Bo felt that his son Yong Yujian was weak and unable to fight against the Western Turks, so he ordered his younger brother Chu Luohou to be Khan, named Mohe Khan, and Yehu Khan.Yang Jian sent his grandson Sheng to give Mohe the banner and drum, and attacked Abo in the west.Abo's tribe thought that Sui sent troops to help Mohe, and most of them surrendered without a fight, so Mohe captured Abo alive.In 598 A.D., Mohe died, and Yong Yulu was established, named Dulan Khan. Mohe's son Rangan became Tuli Khan, and both Khans proposed marriage in Sui Dynasty.In the Sui Dynasty, the eldest grandson Sheng used the strategy of divorce, and successively married the eldest daughters, Princess Anyi and Princess Yicheng, to Tuli, and then ordered them to move south, and rewarded them generously.Dulan Khan was enraged, cut off his tribute from then on, became an enemy of the Sui Dynasty, and constantly invaded the border.Dulan formed an alliance with Datou and joined forces to attack Tuli in 599 AD.Tuli was defeated, and only a few hundred people remained.Changsun Sheng planned to bring Tuli to Chang'an.In the Sui Dynasty, Tuli was treated favorably and established as the Khan of the People. He built Dali City in Shuozhou (in today’s Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region) as the Turkic Khan Court, and moved his nomadic tribes to Xiazhou and Shengzhou in the south of the Yellow River (now in the south of Hetao, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region). between.Later, Sui generals Gao Ying and Yang Su led their troops out of the fortress and defeated the Datou and Dulan troops.After Du Lan was defeated, he was killed by his subordinates.Datou occupied Mobei and established himself as Bujia Khan.In 601 A.D., the Sui Dynasty sent Yang Su to lead Qimin to conquer the north, and all the people and animals obtained were returned to Qimin.Qimin returned to the north.In 603 A.D., Bujia's tribe was in chaos, and more than ten tribes including Tiele Sijie rebelled against Bujia and joined Qimin.Bujia fled to Tuyuhun.The Sui Dynasty strengthened its control over the border areas.

●The Sui Dynasty created the imperial examination system
The imperial examination system began in the Sui Dynasty.The imperial examinations are subjects set up by the feudal state, and unified examinations are held regularly to select officials through examinations. This method is also called "selecting scholars through examinations".In slave societies, major official positions were hereditary.The feudal society gradually adopted the method of selecting palace officials.During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the selection of officials was implemented by the local government.

After the establishment of the Sui Dynasty, in order to strengthen the centralization of power and expand the political base of the landlord class, Yang Jian officially abolished the Jiupin Zhongzheng System and brought the power of selecting officials to the central government.It is stipulated that each state selects three people based on the standard of gorgeous articles every year, and recommends them to the imperial court.Later, he ordered Beijing officials above five grades, local officials, governors, etc. to recommend talents with the two subjects of "Zhi Xing Xiu Jing" (virtuous) and "Qing Ping Qian Ji" (talented).After Yang Guang ascended the throne, he created the Jinshi Department. The country uses examinations to select people based on their talents, and those who pass the examination can become officials in the central or local governments. This is the beginning of the imperial examination system in our country.

The establishment of the imperial examination system is a major reform of the ancient official selection system in my country.It adapted to the historical trend of the rise of the common landlord class and opened up the way for all strata of the landlord class to join the ruling group.The imperial examination system implemented in the Sui Dynasty has been used by the subsequent feudal dynasties, and has been continuously developed and improved, becoming the basic system for selecting officials in the feudal state.Compared with the official selection system before the Sui Dynasty, it was conducive to the selection of talents, improved administrative efficiency, and played an important role in maintaining the centralized feudal rule.The imperial examination system began in the Sui Dynasty, was completed in the Tang and Song Dynasties, and finally in the Qing Dynasty. It has existed in China for more than 1300 years, and its existence and abolition have had a major impact on Chinese society.The imperial examination system has a certain degree of equal competition, which is beneficial to the mobility of all social classes, the control and popularization of culture, and because it is conducive to the stability and consolidation of the feudal dynasty, it has been valued by the rulers of all dynasties.

●Conspiracy Yang Guang killed his father

Yang Guang is the second son of Yang Jian, Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty. He was first named King of Jin, and later used tricks to gain the trust of his father Yang Jian.In 600 AD, Yang Jian announced that the crown prince Yang Yong was abolished as a commoner, and Yang Guang was made the crown prince.

Four years later, Yang Jian got seriously ill and recuperated in Renshou Palace.Yang Guang thought that the time had come, so he wrote to Yang Su, asking how to deal with Yang Jian's funeral.Unexpectedly, Yang Su's reply letter was sent to Yang Jian by mistake by the sender.When Yang Jian saw it, he was furious, and immediately called Yang Guang to question him.

At this time, Yang Jian's concubine, Mrs. Chen, ran in in a panic, and cried to Yang Jian, "The prince is rude!" It turned out that Yang Guang saw Mrs. Chen's beauty, and ran to tease Mrs. Chen while she was changing clothes.This was like adding fuel to the fire. Yang Jian patted the bed and cursed: "How can this bastard take on the responsibility of governing the country! Call my son quickly." The ministers Liu Shu and Yuan Yan didn't know what happened, and they were about to send someone to Called Prince Yang Guang.Yang Jian's face was flushed with anger, and it took him a long time to say two words: "Yang Yong!" Only then did Liu Shu and Yuan Yan understand that Yang Jian wanted to re-appoint Yang Yong as the crown prince, so they rushed to write the imperial edict.

Unexpectedly, Yang Guang and Yang Su had already received the news, led the army, and surrounded Renshou Palace with a forged edict.They falsely declared Yang Jian's order to arrest Liu Shu and Yuan Yan.Later, the guards of the East Palace replaced the guards of Renshou Palace to guard the entrances and exits of the palace, and ordered all those who took care of Yang Jian to leave, and Zhang Heng, the right concubine (an official of the East Palace), was in charge of everything.Everyone just walked away when they heard a shout from inside the hall. After a while, Zhang Heng came out and said, "The emperor is already dead, why didn't you report it in time?" People inside and outside the palace were shocked, but no one dared to say anything.In this way, Yang Jian was killed by Yang Guang and Yang Su.Later, Yang Guang sent someone to send a letter to Yang Yong, saying that the emperor had a will and asked Yang Yong to commit suicide.Before Yang Yong could answer, the sent person pulled Yang Yong out and killed him.In July of this year, Yang Guang ascended the throne of the emperor as Emperor Suichang.

●Li Chun builds Zhaozhou Bridge
Zhao County in Hebei Province was called Zhaozhou in the Sui Dynasty.There is a big river called Jiaoshui in the south of the city.When the rainy season comes, the water is fierce, and the Jiaoshui becomes a torrent. The people on both sides of the strait often worry about the inconvenience of transportation.

At that time, there was an outstanding craftsman named Li Chun. He led people to design and build a world-famous stone arch bridge - Zhaozhou Bridge.

Zhaozhou Bridge is an arch bridge made of stone materials. "Arch" is a curved beam, which refers to the bridge body across the river.Zhaozhou Bridge has a beautiful shape and a solid structure, with a total length of more than 50 meters. It was the stone arch bridge with the largest span in the world at that time.The biggest feature of this bridge is that there are two small arches above each end of the arch bridge. These four small arches not only save stone materials and reduce the weight of the bridge body, but also can drain water from the small arches when there is a flood. Reduce the impact of floods on the bridge body.Li Chun also adopted many scientific and ingenious methods in selecting bridge foundations, protecting bridge arches, and strengthening the bridge body.Therefore, although the stone bridge has gone through a long period of more than 4 years, it is still strong and intact today.

Zhaozhou Bridge is the crystallization of the wisdom of the working people in our country, the pride of the Chinese nation, and the oldest stone bridge preserved to this day in the world.

●Yang Guang dug the Grand Canal
In 605 AD, Yang Guang ordered the construction of the Grand Canal while constructing the Eastern Capital.The Grand Canal built by Emperor Chang of the Sui Dynasty was divided into four sections.In 605 A.D., Yang Guang dispatched more than 100 million migrant workers from Jiangnan and Huaibei to build the Tongji Canal in the north, connecting Xiyuan in Luoyang to Shanyang by the Huaihe River.In the same year, hundreds of thousands of laborers in Huainan were requisitioned to dredge and expand the Hangou in Shanyang.It took about half a year to build a canal and ditch with a width of 40 steps.The two sides of the river are built into imperial roads, and the roads along the road are lined with elms and willows, which is also a land transportation line.Then, it extends northward from Tongji Canal.In 608 A.D., more than 100 million migrant workers from Hebei were recruited to open Yongji Canal.This river mainly uses the channel of Qinshui, connecting the Yellow River in the south and Zhuojun in the north.In 610 A.D., a Jiangnan River was opened in the south of the Yangtze River, and the water from the river was diverted from Jingkou through the Taihu Lake Basin to Yuhang on the Qiantang River.In less than 6 years, the entire line of the Grand Canal was completed.Centered in Luoyang, Tokyo, the Grand Canal connects five major rivers, the Haihe River, the Yellow River, the Huaihe River, the Yangtze River, and the Qiantang River. It is more than 2000 kilometers long and is one of the great projects in the world.

Yang Guang's repair of the Grand Canal brought heavy burdens and huge disasters to the people.However, as the main artery of north-south traffic, the Grand Canal strengthened the central government's rule over the east and south, which not only facilitated the sneak transportation of food from the south, but also facilitated the use of troops in the northeast.The Grand Canal has played a huge role in the economic and cultural exchanges between the north and the south of China and in consolidating the unity of the country.

●Emperor Sui Yang conquered Korea three times

During the Sui Dynasty, there were Goryeo, Baekje, and Silla on the Korean Peninsula, of which Goryeo was the strongest.In 598 A.D., Gaoyuan, king of Koryo, joined forces with Zhufu to attack the west of Liaoxi, but was repelled by the local army of the Sui Dynasty.Yang Jian sent 30 troops to attack, Gao Yuan sent envoys to apologize, and stopped the troops to repair it.

After Yang Guang came to the throne, he demanded that Gao Yuan's dynasty failed, so he decided to march eastward.In 611 AD, Yang Guang ordered the construction of [-] ships in Haikou, Donglai (in present-day Shandong). Carriages, loaded with armored tents, were led by the soldiers themselves, and sent to Gaoyang; in July, civilian husbands and ships from the south of the Yangtze River and Huaihe River were sent to transport rice from Liyang and Luokou warehouses to Zhuojun, and the ships connected for more than a thousand miles.Transporting soldiers and civilians back and forth alternately, day and night, the dead are thrown by the roadside, and the road is full of filth.They also sent their own carts and oxen to transport food and equipment to the two towns of Huhe (now Jinzhou, Liaoning) and Huaiyuan (now northwest of Liaoyang, Liaoning), but the carts and cattle never returned.More than [-] deer carts (that is, wheelbarrows) were sent out. Every two people pushed three stones of rice. The journey was long, and three stones of rice was not enough to eat on the road.

In 612 A.D., all the soldiers enlisted from all directions arrived in Zhuojun.Yang Guang ordered the 12 armies on the left and right to be divided into 24 groups, and set off towards Pingji. The whole army consisted of 1133300 people, claiming to be 200 million, and the number of civilians transporting food and salaries was double that of soldiers.On the ninth day of February, the first army set off, and then sent out one army every day. The distance between the front and back was 40 miles, and the company and battalion gradually advanced.The armies are connected head to tail, drums and horns are heard, and flags face each other, with a length of 40 miles.The imperial battalion was divided into six armies, the last to set off, and it was 960 miles long. "Sui Shu" said that "in ancient times, the prosperity of sending out teachers has never existed before".

Yang Guang deployed the war based on the surrender of Koryo, and strictly ordered the generals: All military advances and stops must be reported and waited for orders, and they must not be exclusive.He also ordered the generals: If Goryeo asks to surrender, he must be appeased and not allowed to attack.Sui soldiers crossed the Liaohe River and besieged Liaodong City (now Liaoyang City, Liaoning). Whenever the city was in danger, the defenders claimed to surrender.The Sui army had no choice but to stop attacking and play the request. When the request came back, the defenders were fully replenished and firmly resisted the battle.So again and again, Yang Guang still firmly believed that Goryeo would surrender, and Liaodong City and other cities were never captured.Sui Dalai's Hu'er traveled by sea to the city of Pyongyang and was defeated by the Koryo defenders.General Yu Wenshu and other nine armies crossed the Yalu River, attacked near Pyongyang, and were defeated by the Koryo Army.Lai Nursuo led 4 attacking elite soldiers, and only a few thousand fled back to the ship. Yu Wenshu and others led 305000 people. Except for Wei Wensheng's undefeated army, the rest of the defeated army fled back to Liaodong City, only 2700 people.Yang Guang was furious and led the remnant army back to Luoyang.The first attempt to conquer Korea failed.

The failure did not make Yang Guang learn a lesson. When he retreated, he ordered to continue to move the grain from Liyang, Luokou, and Taiyuan to the north.In 613 A.D., soldiers were once again conscripted across the country to concentrate on Zhuojun; in April, Yang Guang crossed the Liaoshui River again, and besieged Liaodong City as before, but he still did not capture it for more than a month; The news of Yang Xuangan's attack on Dongdu reached the front line, and Yang Guang had to withdraw his troops because he had worries about his future.At the same time, peasant uprisings in Henan, Hebei, Shandong and other places were going on like fire and tea.The failure of the second conquest of Korea not only intensified domestic class contradictions, but also split the ruling class internally.In August of the same year, Yang Xuangan was defeated.However, the peasant uprising army was surging, and the Sui Dynasty was on the eve of collapse.

Yang Guang vainly wanted to reverse the fate of peril with foreign victories, and launched the third Eastern Expedition in 614 AD; in March, Yang Guang went to Zhuojun again, and in July to Huaiyuan Town.Although Goryeo defeated the Sui army twice, it suffered heavy losses due to successive years of war, so it immediately sent envoys to seek peace and handed over to Sui's rebel general Hu Sizheng.This war was waged in a situation where rebels were everywhere. Most of the recruited soldiers could not arrive as scheduled due to road blockages.Yang Guang also felt that he could not continue the war, so he took advantage of the momentum to withdraw his troops because of Koryo's request for peace.

●Zhai Rang Uprising in Wagang
Zhai Rang, a native of Weicheng, Dongjun County, Henan Province, used to be the Law Cao of Dongjun County in the Sui Dynasty (similar to the director of the police station).The cell boss guarding him was Huang Junhan, a chivalrous man, who thought that with Zhai Rang's talent, he would achieve a great career, and it would be a pity to die in prison, so he secretly released Zhai Rang at night and told him to escape.Zhai Rang was also very loyal and refused to leave, saying that if he left, the government's pursuit of responsibility would definitely implicate the savior.Huang Junhan was furious, and said: "I didn't save you today for anything else. I just saw that you are a man who can save the lives of the people in this troubled world. Your hard work in the future will be my reward. Why do you want to be the son of this son and daughter now?" attitude!" So Zhai Rang fled to Wagang in Dongjun County and gathered a crowd to revolt.

With the assistance of Shan Xiongxin and Xu Shibo (who was later given the surname Li by Li Yuan and changed his name to Li Shiqin, he and Zhai Rang were only 17 years old when they joined forces), Zhai Rang's Wagang Army developed rapidly.Since the Wagang land is close to the canal, it is the main channel for boat merchants and water transportation. Based on this, Zhai Rang and others seized the goods of public and private ships on the canal, so the military resources were sufficient, and more than ten thousand people came to join them. They became the most rebel army in Henan and Shandong. Strong one.At this time, Li Mi, who was exiled in Yongqiu area because of his participation in Yang Xuangan's uprising, defected to Wagang to advise Zhai Rang.Zhai Rang accepted Li Mi's suggestion, first persuaded a small group of nearby rebels to join him, and then captured Jindiguan in Rongyang and some small nearby counties, and the Wagang Army's prestige was greatly enhanced.

●Dou Jiande Hebei Uprising
Dou Jiande was a native of Zhangnan, Qinghe (now northeast of Wucheng, Shandong). He was born as a farmer. His family was killed for helping Sun Anzu rebel against the government.In 611 AD, Dou Jiande led 200 people to defect to Gao Shida's rebel army and revolted together with Gao Shida.After Gao Shida and Zhang Jincheng, another leader of the Hebei rebel army, were killed by the Sui army, Dou Jiande became the leader of the Hebei rebel army, with more than 10 troops, and moved to central Hebei.

At the beginning of 617 A.D., Dou Jiande became the king of Changle in Hejian, with the title of Ding Chou, and captured Xindu, Qinghe and other counties.Yang Guang ordered Xue Shixiong, who stayed behind in Zhuojun County, to lead 3 troops to assist Luoyang, intending to attack the Wagang Army.When Xue's troops traveled to Hejian, they were ambushed by Dou Jiande's rebel army. Dou Jiande personally led elite troops to attack the Sui camp.Since then, the power balance between the official army and the rebel army in Hebei has been changed. The rebel army has gained momentum, while the main force of the official army has been wiped out.This battle strongly supported the Wagang Army's attack on Luoyang, the eastern capital.In the same year, Dou Jiande changed his name to King Xia, established the power of "Xia Kingdom", set up hundreds of officials, and controlled the whole of Hebei.He taught farming and mulberry, developed production, and lived a vegetarian life. He was hardworking and simple, and was deeply loved by the people of Hebei.

●Yu Wenhua and Killing Yang Guang
Under the fierce attack of the rebel army, the rule of the Sui Dynasty had collapsed, and many local officials rebelled against the Sui Dynasty.Yang Guang, who was frightened by the peasant uprising army, hid in Jiangdu and dared not return to Chang'an, and was terrified every day.

In 618 AD, General Yu Wenhuaji of Youtunwei took the opportunity to launch a mutiny in Jiangdu.One day in March, a court lady came to report to Yang Guang: "It's not good, Yu Huaji has rebelled! He's about to enter the palace soon!" Yang Guang trembled all over, changed his clothes in a hurry, and fled to the West Pavilion .When Yu Wenhuaji entered the palace, Yang Guang saw the gleaming knife in the hand of the mutinous soldier, and said tremblingly, "What crime have I committed?" The people all over the country hate you as a fool, and everyone will kill you!" Yang Guang was afraid of being stabbed, so he untied a silk ribbon from his body, and the soldiers used this ribbon to hang him.

After Yang Guang was killed, Yu Wenhuaji claimed to be the prime minister, and made Qin Wang Yang Hao emperor.At this time, the Sui Dynasty had already existed in name only.

##No.17 Series Prosperous China——Tang Dynasty

●Li Yuan raised troops in Taiyuan Mansion
(End of this chapter)