China knows everything for 5000 years

Chapter 47

After nearly ten years, Wang Yan, the general in charge of the military in Sichuan and Shaanxi, heard of Lu You's reputation and invited him to Hanzhong as an aide.Hanzhong was close to the front line of the anti-golden war. Lu You thought that if he went there, he might have a chance to participate in the anti-golden battle, so he happily accepted the appointment.Soon, Wang Yan was transferred away, and Lu You was also transferred to Chengdu, where he served as a counselor under Fan Cheng, the pacifier.Fan Chengda and Lu You are old friends. Although they are superior and subordinate, they don't pay much attention to official etiquette.Lu You's anti-golden ambition was not realized, and he was depressed, so he often drank and wrote poems to express his thoughts and feelings.But ordinary people in the officialdom can't understand him, saying that he doesn't pay attention to etiquette and decadence.After hearing this, Lu You simply gave himself a nickname, "Fang Weng", and later people called him Lu Fang Weng.After another 30 to 9000 years, Lu You lived a leisurely life for a long time, and he pinned his enthusiasm on his poetry creation.Lu You worked hard all his life and wrote more than [-] poems in total. His creation is the most abundant among the poets of all dynasties in our country.

In 1210 AD, the 86-year-old patriotic poet Lu You was ill in bed.When he was dying, he still couldn't forget to restore the Central Plains.He called his children and grandchildren to the bedside and wrote his last poem, which is the touching poem "Shower": "When you die, you know everything is empty, but you don't see the same in Jiuzhou."Wang Shibei set the Central Plains Day, and the family sacrifices were never forgotten to tell Nai Weng.

●Bi Sheng invented movable clay type
During the Qingli period of Song Renzong, Bi Sheng invented movable type printing, which was the first movable type printing system in the world.According to "Mengxi Bi Tan" records: Bi Sheng carved characters with clay, the thickness of the characters is as thin as iron money, each character is printed, and it is baked with fire to make it hard to become movable type.When typesetting, first place turpentine, wax and paper ash on the iron plate. After the iron frame is filled with movable type, plug it tightly with bamboo sticks, heat it on the fire until the medicine melts, and press the surface of the type with a flat plate to make the type. The entire page of characters is as flat as a stone, and finally a piece of paper is pressed on top of the character list to print.The advantage of movable type printing is mainly to reduce the process of repeatedly engraving type models.Many books can be printed with clay movable type without wearing out the type mold, thus greatly improving the printing efficiency.The wooden movable type, copper movable type and lead movable type of later generations are all developed from clay movable type.

Bi Sheng invented clay movable type, more than 400 years earlier than German Ding Gutenberg invented lead movable type.The invention of movable type printing is a technological revolution in the history of printing and has a milestone significance in the history of human civilization.

##No.20 The wind of the prairie whistling from the second series

●Temujin unified Mongolia
Temujin was the son of Yasugai, the chief of the Mongolian Qiyan tribe. Temujin's ancestor, Amaba, was killed by the emperor of the Jin Dynasty.When he was young, the rulers of the Jin Dynasty imposed cruel rule on the Mongolian people, and the life of the Mongolian people was very difficult.

When Temujin was 9 years old, Yesugei took Temujin to a friend's house for an engagement.He left Temujin at a friend's house and went home alone. He drove for a while, looking for something to eat, and happened to see a group of Tatar tribes holding a banquet on the grassland.He dismounted and walked into the crowd, and, according to the local custom, attended a Tatar banquet.There was a fight between the Tatar Ministry and the Qiyan Ministry.Yesugai did not expect this level, but someone from the Tatar Department recognized Yesugai and secretly put poison in the food that Yesugai ate.Yesugei had a severe stomachache on the way home from the banquet, and died when he got home.Yesuge died, and the Qiyan tribe lost its leader. The Taiyichi tribe who had originally belonged to Yesuge left them, and took away many slaves and livestock of Yesuge.Mie Guzhen, the leader of the Taiyichi tribe, was afraid that Temujin would take revenge when he grew up, so he captured Temujin.One day, taking advantage of the unguarded guard, Temujin raised the wooden shackle and knocked the guard unconscious, and escaped.

In order to restore his father's career, Temujin tried his best to gather the separated relatives and people of their tribe.After wiping out several tribes, Temujin's power gradually grew.

Not long after, Mie Guzhen, the chief of the Tatar tribe, offended the Jin Dynasty, and the Jin Dynasty sent Prime Minister Wanyan Xiang to invite Temujin to cooperate in attacking the Tatar tribe.Temujin thought this was a good opportunity for revenge, so he attacked the Tatar tribe together with the Jin soldiers, annihilated the Tatar tribe, and captured a large number of people, livestock and supplies.

The Jin Dynasty believed that Temujin had made a contribution and appointed him as the forward commander.Afterwards, Temujin went through several battles and successively wiped out the remaining tribes on the Mongolian Plateau, and finally unified the whole of Mongolia in 1205.Then, all the tribes in Mongolia held a meeting and elected Temujin as the great khan (ie emperor) of Mongolia.

After Temujin came to the throne, he was called Genghis Khan, and he established corresponding military and political systems, making Mongolia a powerful khanate.However, the Jin Dynasty still regarded Mongolia as its vassal state and asked Genghis Khan to pay tribute to them, so Genghis Khan completely broke with the Jin Dynasty.

●The Mongolian army attacked Xixia
In 1205 A.D., Temujin took in the enemies of Mongolia under the pretext of Xixia, led his troops to attack Xixia, and plundered Gua, Sha and other states. Xixia was helpless against the Mongolian army.

In 1207 A.D., the Mongolian army captured Wucihai City in Xixia, and returned after several months of looting.In 1209 A.D., the Mongolian army besieged Zhongxing Mansion, the capital of Xixia, and Emperor Xiangzong of Xixia Zhao Anan personally supervised the army to defend the city.Temujin built dikes and dams to irrigate the city by using the river water swollen by the heavy rain. Countless residents and soldiers in the city drowned.After filling the city for a month, when the city wall was about to collapse, suddenly the river burst and overflowed, and the Mongolian army was drowned by the flood and forced to return troops.After the Mongolian army withdrew, Temujin sent Taifu Erda into the city to summon Zhao Anan.

After Xia Meng negotiated peace, Mongolia continued to recruit troops from Xixia. Xixia angered Mongolia because of "unbearable to run for life, and gradually weakened etiquette".In 1217 AD, the Mongolian army crossed the Yellow River to attack Xixia and approached Zhongxing Mansion.Emperor Zhao Zunxiang, Emperor of the Western Xia Dynasty, was terrified, so he left Prince Zhao Deren in the capital for defense, and fled to Xiliang in a hurry.

In 1223 AD, Zhao Zunxu, the emperor of Xixia, abdicated to Zhao Dewang.Dewang wanted to unite the tribes in Mobei that had not been conquered by Mongolia to fight against Mongolia. Unexpectedly, when Mongolia learned about it, Temujin decided to mobilize an army to destroy Xixia.In 1224 A.D., the Mongolian army captured Yinzhou, and tens of thousands of people in Xixia were killed in battle. Xia Jiang Ling Tahai was captured and killed.Dewang expressed his willingness to surrender and send hostages, and Mongolia retreated.

In 1226 A.D., on the pretext that Xixia had not accepted hostages for a long time, Temujin personally led 10 troops to invade Xixia, and almost all the Hexi area of ​​Xixia was lost.In July, Zhao Dewang died, and his nephew Zhao Sui was supported to succeed him.In August, the Mongolian West Route Army seized Jiudu of the Yellow River.In October, the Mongolian Eastern Route Army captured Xiazhou.Then, the Mongolian army attacked the Xin and Xing areas, the political and economic centers of Xixia, from the east and west.In the winter month, Temujin personally led a large army to besiege Lingzhou. Zhao Deren led the Xia soldiers defending Lingzhou to fight a desperate battle with the Mongolian army.Lingzhou fell, and Deren Buyi was killed.

In 1227 A.D., the Mongolian army approached the city of Zhongxingfu.At the end of the Western Xia Dynasty, the lord Zhao Wei was desperate, and sent envoys to ask Temujin to give the city a month to surrender.In July, Temujin died of illness in the army. Before his death, he made a will: he would keep his funeral secret, and when Zhao Yu came to surrender, he would kill him and return to Mongolia with his troops.Zhao Yu surrendered and was killed.The Mongolian army captured Zhongxing Mansion, and Xixia perished.

●A generation of Tianjiao died in the army
In 1226 AD, Mongolian Genghis Khan Temujin was preparing to march into Xixia.He intends to destroy Xixia first, and then Jin and Southern Song Dynasty, to pacify the world and achieve great things.Who knows that man is not as good as heaven, just when Temujin was full of ambition to set off, his horse suddenly caught cold for some reason, and Temujin fell off the horse.Genghis Khan was more than 60 years old at this time, and his head was broken and bleeding. He had a high fever and talked nonsense that night, so he had to order his third son Wo Kuotai to send envoys to Xixia King Zhao Dewang immediately, ordering him to surrender and bow down.Although Zhao Dewang was afraid, his soldiers vowed not to surrender.Temujin was furious when he heard about it, and sent troops to Xixia with his illness.When Zhao Dewang heard that the Xixia army was retreating in a row, he was frightened and frightened. He fell ill and died within a few days.The throne was passed on to his 3-year-old nephew Zhao Wei.When the army was in chaos, how could a 3-year-old child hold his ground, and the Zhongxing Mansion was full of conflicts and chaos.

Just as he was winning successive battles, Temujin fell off his horse again, new injuries added to old injuries, worse than last time, the fall was not healed, and he suffered from heatstroke again.Faced with the disease, Temujin seemed helpless, so he had to drive the team to Liupan Mountain to escape the heat and treat injuries.

Temujin was originally an elderly person, and with new injuries and old illnesses, he gradually lost his former style.He deeply felt that he might die, so he hurriedly sent secret envoys to summon several princes.At that time, Jochi had died of illness, Wo Kuotai was in Huacizimo country to deal with his eldest brother's funeral, Chagatai was fighting in the Central Plains, and Tuo Lei stayed behind in the capital and Lin.Hearing the news, they all rushed over on flying horses.Seeing his three sons coming from his sickbed, Temujin rallied and was about to speak when someone reported that Xixia had sent envoys to surrender.Hearing this, Temujin sat up suddenly, his eyes were like lightning, his sickness disappeared, and he said calmly: "Let him come in to see me!" Temujin sat majestically, how could he look sick?He didn't dare to look directly at Temujin, he quickly lowered his head, and said in a trembling voice: "I am ordered by the king of Xixia to ask the Great Khan to...please surrender, please...please...please the Great Khan to accept...the letter of surrender." Temujin sneered, and sternly shouted: "How can you represent Zhao Sui? Go back and tell Zhao Sui to ask him to come to Liupan Mountain in person with the Chuanguo Yuxi in his hand to ask for his surrender, otherwise don't blame Ben Dahan for being ruthless, get out!", The Xixia envoy was so frightened that he didn't dare to say anything, and went back to report. As soon as the envoy left, Temujin collapsed on the ground. The three Tuolei brothers hurriedly helped him to bed, shouting and screaming, and after a long while, Temujin woke up. Maybe he had a premonition of something, so he ordered Tuo Lei to take a look outside the tent with his horse. Tuo Lei didn't dare to disobey, so he could only obey.

Under the setting sun in the desolate desert, Temujin looked at the ten thousand military tents, filled with emotion.He suddenly reined in his horse, turned around and asked his favorite young son Tuo Lei: "Tuo Lei, who is worthy of being called a hero?" Called a hero." Temujin shook his head with a wry smile, sighed and muttered: "Hero, hero..." That night, Genghis Khan Temujin died of illness in the military camp. Before he died, he told his sons: Don’t send a funeral in the future, strictly seal the news, and beware of Xixia’s change of mind; the Khan position will be inherited by Wo Kuotai, and Chagatai and Tuo Lei will assist; first destroy the Jin and then the Song Dynasty, and must not be carried out at the same time; In addition, Zhao Sui took the opportunity to kill people when he came out, remember that the Mongolian sword will kill all countries in the world.

In 1227 AD, the steppe giant Temujin died in the Liupanshan army.When he was dying, he still did not forget his hegemony, and he commanded the world with dignity.

●Song and Meng teamed up to destroy the Kingdom of Jin
In 1211 AD, Genghis Khan Temujin of Mongolia swore southward on the Kerulun River and launched an attack on the Kingdom of Jin.He selected 3000 elite cavalry to go south, and the golden general Hu Shaohu led 30 golden soldiers to resist, but was defeated by the Mongolian army. In 1234, Jin perished.

After Temujin's death, his son Ogedei succeeded him as the Great Khan.According to Temujin's will, Wo Kuohe borrowed a way from the Southern Song Dynasty and surrounded Kaifeng, the capital of the Jin Dynasty.In 1233 AD, the Mongolian army broke through Kaifeng, and Jin Aizong fled to Caizhou (now Runan, Henan).At this critical time, he still doesn't think about state affairs, but wants to repair the palace and elect a palace lady.Soon, the Mongolian army and the Southern Song army jointly began to besiege Caizhou.In the autumn of the same year, Emperor Aizong felt that the crisis was at stake, and his minister Wanyan Ahudai suggested to marry the Southern Song Dynasty before Mongolia, and begged for food to become a minister of Song Dynasty, so as to separate Song and Mongolia and delay the enemy's attack.In the letter to Emperor Cai, the gold master said that his lips were dead and his teeth were cold, and he hoped that Song could unite with Jin.But Da Song saw that the Jin Dynasty was over, and refused Jin's begging and begging for food.In 1234 AD, the food in Caizhou City was exhausted and the soldiers were exhausted.On New Year's Eve, Emperor Aizong passed the throne to Marshal Chenglin of Dongmian.In the morning of the next day, Chenglin received the imperial edict and became the emperor.While saluting, the banner of the Southern Song Dynasty had already been set up in the south of the city.The generals rushed to fight, and the Song army quickly captured Nancheng.Seeing the irreversible defeat of the Jin Dynasty, Emperor Aizong hanged himself in the pavilion and died. Prime Minister Wanyan Zhongde committed suicide by throwing himself into Rushui. Ministers Boshu Luloushi, Yuanzhi, Wang Shaner, Heshilie Baishou and more than 500 soldiers all threw themselves into the river. Suicide, the last emperor Chenglin was killed by the rebels, and the short-lived Jin Dynasty perished under the joint attack of the Song Dynasty and Mongolia.

●Mongge succeeded to the Mongolian Khan
In 1248 AD, the third emperor of the Yuan Dynasty, Guiyu Khan of Mongolia, died mysteriously while marching, and his wife Wu Lihai lost his regent.In 1251 A.D., the whole Mongolia held the Kuliletai Conference. According to Batu's proposal, all the kings present at the meeting made Meng Ge, the son of Tuolei, the Great Khan.The position of the Great Khan of Mongolia has since been transferred from the Wokuotai Department to the Tuo Lei Department.

The reign of Mengge Khan marked the end of the rule of the Wokuotai system, which caused dissatisfaction among the kings of the Wokuotai system.Meng Ge severely suppressed dissident forces, arrested and imprisoned the three kings who planned to launch a coup, such as Shi Liemen, Nao Hu, and Ye Sun Tuo, drowned Wu Lihai, and consolidated his power.Since then, the two factions of Wokuotai and Chagatai have been hit and began to decline.

●Hulagu conquered the west and founded the country
In 1252 AD, Mongolian Great Khan Mengge sent his younger brother Hulagu to launch a new round of western conquests in Asia and Europe.In 1256 AD, Xu Liewu entered the Muciyi Kingdom.Muciyi is located in the south of the Caspian Sea and was established at the end of the eleventh century.After the Mongolian army entered the country, many castles were captured, the king of Wulu surrendered, and the people of Muciyi were brutally massacred.

In 1257 AD, the Mongolian army began to attack Baoda (now Baghdad, Iraq).Baoda is the capital of the Abbasid dynasty.It has been 500 years since the founding of Heiyi Dashi. Although it was once occupied by the Seljuk Turks, it was still nominally ruled by the Abbasid Caliphate.When the Mongols invaded, Caliph Mustasin was a cowardly, incompetent, pleasure-seeking ruler.Hulagu wrote to the caliph asking him to surrender.The Caliph considered himself the "co-lord of the Islamic State", and he wrote back to refuse, but he did not seriously prepare for the war.At the beginning of 1258 AD, Hulagu captured Baoda with artillery, and the Caliph surrendered and was killed.After the Mongolian army entered the city, they plundered for 7 days. As many as 10 residents were massacred. The art treasures and magnificent buildings of the Abbasid Dynasty were burned. Hulagu continued to lead his army westward and ravaged Mesopota Mia invaded Syria and approached Egypt.In 1260 AD, the Mongolian army captured Aleppo and Damascus.In the same year, Kublai Khan became the Great Khan, and Hulagu stopped expanding to Egypt and Africa.

After Kublai Khan became the Great Khan of Mongolia, he granted Xu Liewu the title of Persia.Hulagu established the Ili Khanate in his fief.The Ilkhanate starts from the Amu Darya River in the east, ends in Asia Minor in the west, connects the Kipchak Khanate in the north, and reaches the Indian Ocean in the south.

●Kublai Khan competed for the position of Khan
In 1259 AD, after Mengge died in battle in Diaoyucheng, Hezhou, the Hanfa faction represented by Kublai Khan and the conservative faction represented by Ari Boke became active and prepared to seize the Khan throne.

Kublai Khan was the fourth son of Tuo Lei. He got acquainted with a group of Han landlord intellectuals very early. Liu Bingzhong, Zhang Wenqian, Wang E, etc. were all trusted by Kublai Khan. Blair.After Meng Ge ascended the throne, he entrusted Kublai Khan with the management of Yimonan Han.From then on, on the one hand, he continued to recruit talents, and Han landlord intellectuals such as Yang Weizhong, Yao Shu, Hao Jing, Wang Wentong, etc. all came to seek refuge.These people are all Kublai Khan's advisers and have a great influence on Kublai Khan.Liu Bingzhong said to Kublai Khan: "Today, whoever can reuse scholar-bureaucrats and implement China's original way of governing the country can be the emperor of China!" inspired.Therefore, matters such as the appointment of officials, the combat strategy for the Southern Song Dynasty, economic policies, farming measures, and even the subsequent seizure of the Khan throne and the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty were almost all planned by these people.In addition to the Han landlords, Kublai Khan also won over the upper class figures of other ethnic groups, such as the Huis Sai Dianchi Shan Si Ding, the Uighur Lian Xixian, and the Xixia people Gao Zhiyao, who deeply accepted Han culture. People were also reused by Kublai Khan.On the other hand, in order to expand his military strength, Kublai Khan adopted the policy of wooing and using northern landlords to arm him.The purpose of Kublai Khan's alliance with the Han and other landlord classes was to consolidate his position and learn how to rule the Han land.Therefore, more than 10 years before Kublai Khan seized the Khan throne, he had jumped out of the small circle of the Mongolian "golden family" and gradually became a new feudal ruler who understood Han law and was determined to abandon the old Mongolian law.Kublai Khan was the general representative of the interests of the Mongolian and Han landlord classes.Kublai Khan not only laid the political foundation for his seizure of power, but also the material foundation.After he presided over the Monan Han area, he paid great attention to appeasing the exiled people, worked hard to accumulate grain in the fields, and took measures to rectify finances.In 1256 AD, Kublai Khan ordered Liu Bingzhong to build barracks and houses in Longgang, northeast of Huanzhou (now north of Zhenglan Banner, Inner Mongolia), and on the north bank of Luanhe River. It was completed three years later, and it was called Kaiping Mansion.A group of important advisers of Kublai Khan gathered here and became the base of Kublai Khan's group.

Brother Ali is the seventh son of Tuo Lei. Meng Ge is the successor of Khan, and he orders Brother Ali to stay in the capital and Lin.Brother Ali has been in Helin for a long time and has little contact with the outside world, especially the politics, economy, and culture of Han.Later, with him as the center, a conservative group that adhered to Mongolian conventions gradually formed. They advocated maintaining the original Mongolian rule and opposed the adoption of the original feudal rule in the Central Plains.

After Mengge's death, Alibuge and his supporters immediately took measures to seize the throne.He ordered Tuolichi to be the judge, occupy Yanjing (now Beijing), and give orders to all parties.He also ordered the troops from all over the country to obey the dispatch, and Alan Da'er gathered the troops from all over the north of Mobei, and Tuolichi gathered the troops from all over the south of the desert, forming a situation of encircling Kaiping.Brother Ali tried to preemptively force Kublai Khan to submit.

(End of this chapter)