China knows everything for 5000 years

Chapter 60

In 1663 A.D., Huang Zongxi's famous book "Ming Yi Dai Fang Lu" was published.In the book, he denounced the autocratic monarchy system and put forward the idea that "the order and chaos of the world should not lie in the rise and fall of one family name, but in the joy and sorrow of all people".The brilliance of democratic ideas shone between the lines in the book, so that the book later became a powerful ideological weapon for the reformers in the Reform Movement of [-] in the late Qing Dynasty. "Ming Yi Dai Fang Lu" also puts forward the advanced thought of "business is the foundation".Huang Zongxi dared to challenge the traditional feudal thought, which required considerable courage and foresight at that time.

In 1665 AD, Huang Zongxi accepted apprentices to give lectures, and Wan Sida and Wan Sitong, who later became famous scholars, were all his students.In 1667 AD, he restored the Witness Academy founded by his teacher Liu Zongzhou.Huang Zongxi paid attention to teaching students the ways and methods of learning, and emphasized that reading must be practical.In addition to classics, history, zi, and anthology, natural sciences such as calendar and astronomy are also his teaching content.He is very popular among students. In more than 20 years, more than 100 people have worshiped him as a teacher. He is already a scholar with students all over the world.

In 1678 AD, in order to win over the Han landlords, Kangxi ordered the central and local officials of the third rank or above to recommend talents.The academician Ye Fangai recommended Huang Zongxi to Kangxi, but he politely declined.Two years later, the Qing government hired Huang Zongxi as a consultant for the compilation of "History of Ming Dynasty".Kangxi did not force him, and asked him to copy all his works on history to Beijing.Although Huang Zongxi did not directly participate in the compilation of "History of Ming Dynasty", the completion of "History of Ming Dynasty" also embodies a lot of his hard work, and he is always ready to answer the ruling's inquiries on difficult issues.For example, although "Li Zhi" was not written by him, it was finalized after his review.In 1676 AD, he completed another important work "Ming Ruxue An", which systematically compared the works of more than 200 scholars in the Ming Dynasty, clarified each scholar's academic origin, theoretical purpose and evolution, fair comments and in-depth analysis. It is the first in Chinese history.In his later years, he completed the "Song and Yuan Xuean", which made the portal of Confucianism in 700 years clear at a glance, which is an outstanding contribution in the history of Chinese academics.In his later years, he was still very diligent and strict with himself. He never rested until he completed the required number of books every day.At the age of 84, he compiled the 482-volume Ming Wen Hai.

In 1695 AD, Huang Zongxi passed away.Before he died, he left a will, requesting his family members to "buy him the next day, wear the clothes of the time, put a quilt and a bedding, put a stone bed, don't use a coffin, don't do Buddhist ceremonies, don't do Qiqi, and those who advocate witches, inscriptions, paper banners, etc. There is no need for paper money.”This is the greatest contempt for Buddhist idealism, and it is also a thorough expression of his materialist view of knowledge.He made a good summary of his life with his unique vigor, high-spirited fighting character, and broad and profound academic thoughts.

●Gu Yanwu fought against Qing Dynasty all his life
Gu Yanwu, originally named Jiang, styled Zhongqing, changed his name to Yanwu after the fall of the Ming Dynasty, styled Ningren.He was a famous thinker, historian and linguist in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties.Gu Yanwu was born in a wealthy family in the south of the Yangtze River. He liked to read books such as "Zi Zhi Tong Jian", "Historical Records" and "Sun Tzu's Art of War" since he was a child, and he was very concerned about current affairs.Later, he took part in the imperial examinations of the Ming Dynasty, failed the exams, and gave up his official career. He began to read through historical classics, studied local chronicles from all over the country and memorials of famous figures in the past, and began to write an important historical and geographical work "The Book of the World's Commandments, National Benefits and Diseases".While Gu Yanwu was concentrating on his studies, the Ming Dynasty fell, the Qing soldiers went south, and his relatives died one after another.Gu Yanwu changed his name incognito, and ran around the north and south of the Yangtze River, trying to organize an anti-Qing rebel army, but failed.Later, Gu Yanwu couldn't stay in the south of the Yangtze River any longer, so he decided to travel to the north.

When Gu Yanwu came to the north, he wanted to investigate the geographical situation and customs of various places, and he also wanted to find opportunities to make some like-minded friends and carry out anti-Qing activities.He did not give up academic research in the difficult environment of the long journey.When he encountered a dangerous place, he would visit the local people to learn about the customs there, and if it was different from what he read in the book, he would take out the book to check.From the age of 45, Gu Yanwu spent more than 20 years running back and forth in Shandong, Shanxi, Hebei and other places.He also used to reclaim wasteland in Yanbei with his friends.In his later years, Gu Yanwu settled down in Huayin, Shaanxi.

Gu Yanwu had a habit of reading books since he was a child, and he would write down some of his experiences. Later, if he found any mistakes, he would revise them at any time, and if he found that he had repeated discussions with the ancients, he would delete them.Accumulated over time, together with the materials he obtained during his investigation and interviews, he compiled a book with an extremely wide range of contents covering politics, economy, history, geography, literature and art, etc., called "Rizhilu".This is a work recognized as extremely academically valuable.In "Rizhilu", Gu Yanwu wrote such an incisive sentence: "Those who protect the world are as cheap as ordinary people, and they are responsible!" Every ordinary person of low status should take responsibility.

At the beginning of 1682 A.D., Gu Yanwu, who was old and frail, was visiting his friends and was about to return to Huayin. Unfortunately, he fell to the ground and died in Quwo, Shanxi the next day. influences.

●Emperor Shunzhi canonized the Dalai Lama
Dalai V Luobu Zangjiamucuo succeeded to the throne in 1637 AD.After the Qing army entered the customs, they sent people to Tibet many times to invite the Dalai Lama.At the end of 1652 AD, the Dalai Lama V went to the capital to meet Emperor Shunzhi in Nanyuan, and the Qing court received the Dalai Lama with grand courtesy.On the [-]th and [-]th of the first lunar month of the following year, Emperor Shunzhi hosted two banquets for the Dalai Lama V in the Hall of Supreme Harmony, and bestowed a large amount of goldware, colorful satin, pommel horses and other things.On February [-], Dalai V resigned and returned to Tibet.

On April 22, Emperor Shunzhi sent Jueluo Langqiu, Shangshu of the Ministry of Rites, and Xi Dali, Minister of Lifan Academy, to present the golden album and golden seal (in Manchu, Tibetan and Chinese) conferring on Dalai V as Dalai Lama to him. The Dalai Lama, named the Dalai Lama V as "the great kind and free Buddha of the Western Paradise, who leads the world's ordinary Vah Lata La Dalai Lama".Since then, the Dalai Lama has officially received the title of "Dalai Lama".Recognizing the Dalai Lama's political and religious status in Tibet, the Qing court strengthened its rule over Tibet.

●The talented Emperor Kangxi
Before Shunzhi's death, Kangxi was allowed to ascend the throne, and four ministers, Sony, Sukesaha, Yibilong, and Obai, were assisted in the administration.After Kangxi ascended the throne, he either read or played every day, and the power of the court was in the hands of the assistant ministers.Among the four auxiliary ministers, Obai liked to exercise power the most and had great political ambitions.Kangxi grew up gradually, and gradually became sensible, and had his own views on some things.If Kangxi disagreed with what Aobai had decided, he would quarrel in the court all day long, trying to force Kangxi to nod.If any minister raised an objection, he would find an excuse to kill him.

In a blink of an eye, Kangxi was 14 years old.According to the regulations, he can manage state affairs in person.At this time, Sony was already dead; Sukesaha was framed by Aobai for opposing Kangxi's pro-government because of conflicts with Aobai, and was put to death; Ye Bilong followed Aobai everywhere and obeyed his control.Now that Kangxi has announced his pro-government, Obai should have handed over power to Kangxi, but not only did he not do so, but he became more domineering than before.

Kangxi wanted to subdue Oboi, but he knew that Oboi had held the power of the court for a long time, and it would be difficult to deal with him.He figured out a way.In order to deal with Obai, Kangxi selected hundreds of teenage bodyguards to practice wrestling in the palace.At the same time, spies were constantly sent out to listen to Oboi's movements and prepare to take countermeasures.

One day, when Kangxi learned that Oboi was going to play in the palace, he called the young guards who wrestled with him every day to his side and gave them some instructions.After a while, Oboi still swaggered into the palace as usual.When Kangxi saw Oboi's arrogant attitude, he was very resentful, so he said sharply: "Oboi! Are you guilty?" Oboi sneered, and waved his arms presumptuously as usual and said: "I, Oboi, was ordered by the late emperor to assist Your Majesty. For 8 years, I have taught His Majesty how to manage the country, what crime am I guilty of?" Kangxi counted Oboi's crimes such as forming a party for personal gain and conspiracy to commit crimes, and Oboi couldn't help becoming angry. He shouted: "Say I have committed a serious crime, show the evidence!" When the time was right, he yelled: "Come here! Take this traitor down!" As soon as the words fell, many young guards rushed out from all directions.Oboi is a battle-tested warrior, he didn't take it seriously when he saw unarmed children rushing up, but he didn't know that these youngsters were very skilled, and after a while, Oboi was tied tightly and couldn't move.Kangxi ordered Oboi to be imprisoned and rehabilitated the minister who was beaten and killed by him. Oboi later died in prison.

After the Qing army entered the customs, it was stubbornly resisted by the people of all nationalities in the country.Therefore, the Qing government adopted a policy of disintegration and disintegration of Han officials, and rewarded Han officials who surrendered with high officials and generous salaries. "Fan" refers to the territory of the king during the feudal dynasty, and "San Fan" refers to Wu Sangui, king of Pingxi, Shang Kexi, king of Pingnan, and Geng Jingzhong, king of Jingnan.These three men were originally border generals of the Ming Dynasty. After surrendering to the Qing army, they successively fought for the Qing court and made great contributions to the Qing court.After the Qing court established power in Beijing, they were named kings and enjoyed many privileges.Wu Sangui, king of Pingxi, was stationed in Yunnan and Guizhou, Shang Kexi, king of Pingnan, was stationed in Guangdong, and Geng Jingzhong, king of Jingnan, was stationed in Fujian.Sanluo not only has an independent army, but also enjoys independent financial rights.In addition to the annual allocation of more than 2000 million taels of silver by the imperial court, the imperial court cannot collect the fiscal revenue of the province where San Francisco is located, and the Ministry of Households cannot audit their financial expenditures.The San Francisco even has independent power to appoint and dismiss officials.Among the San Francisco, Wu Sangui is the most powerful.

In 1673 A.D., Shang Kexi wrote to the court requesting to return to his hometown in Liaodong, and at the same time asked his son Shang Zhixin to inherit the throne.Emperor Kangxi immediately let Shang Kexi return to his hometown, but did not allow his son to succeed to the throne, intending to take this opportunity to let them withdraw their vassals and return to their original places.Wu Sangui and Geng Jingzhong were restless after hearing the news. In order to test the emperor's true intentions, they wrote letters respectively, requesting to withdraw the feudal clan and return to their hometowns.After the memorial was delivered to the court, the whole court was full of discussions.But Emperor Kangxi already had a plan in mind, and approved the special edict. He said: "Wu Sangui has planned it for a long time. If it is not resolved quickly, it will become a serious disaster. They will rebel if they withdraw from the feudal domain. If they do not withdraw from the feudal domain, they will rebel. Anyway, they will rebel sooner or later. It's better to strike first!" Wu Sangui was self-defeating, becoming angry from embarrassment, acting respectfully and respectfully on the surface, but secretly preparing to rebel.

At the end of 1673 A.D., Wu Sangui claimed that "everyone in the world recruits the Generalissimo of Soldiers and Horses", and he wanted to "cut down violence and save the people, and obey the heavens and respond to people", and openly raised the banner of anti-Qing and Ming Dynasty.In April of the following year, Geng Jingzhong rebelled.In 1676 AD, Shang Zhixin accepted the title of "Recruiting General" enshrined by Wu Sangui and participated in the rebellion.The San Francisco was in chaos, and the whole country was shocked by the large number of people.Some officials in the court even made preparations to flee.However, Emperor Kangxi stated that he would resolutely suppress San Francisco and would not be soft-hearted, and decided to focus on combating Wu Sangui.In 1678 A.D., Wu Sangui saw that the general trend was over, and finally put aside the mask of "anti-Qing and restoring the Ming Dynasty", and proclaimed himself emperor in Hengshan, Hunan Province. The country was named Dazhou and Jianyuan Zhaowu.He ordered to change Hengzhou to Dingtianfu, built more than a hundred court houses, and began a life of licentious imperial life.It's a pity that the good times didn't last long. In less than five months, Wu Sangui fell ill.After Wu Sangui's death, Wu Sangui's 13-year-old grandson came to Hengzhou from Yunnan to succeed him and changed his Yuan to Honghua.Under the siege of the Qing army, Wu Sangui's small court soon abandoned Hengzhou, retreated to Yunnan, and finally fled to Kunming.In 1680 AD, Emperor Kangxi ordered the Qing army to march into Yunnan and Guizhou in three routes.In October of the following year, the guard at the south gate of the small imperial court opened the gate to welcome the surrender, and Wu Sangui's grandson committed suicide by taking poison.The San Francisco Rebellion, which lasted eight years, finally subsided.

●Kangxi's three expeditions to Galdan
Galdan is the leader of the Junggar tribe of the Mongols. Since he ruled the Junggar tribe, he first annexed other tribes in Moxi Mongolia, and then attacked Mobei Mongolia eastward.After Mobei Mongolia was breached, hundreds of thousands of Mobei Mongolians fled to Monan, begging the Qing Dynasty for protection.Kangxi sent envoys to Galdan, asking him to return the occupied land to Mobei Mongolia.Galdan was instigated by the Tsarist Russian government behind the scenes, he ignored Kangxi's persuasion, not only refused to retreat, but also aggressively invaded Monan, very arrogant.Seeing that the negotiation was hopeless, Kangxi decided to conquer Galdan himself.

In 1690 AD, Kangxi soldiers attacked Galdan in two ways.The left is led by General Fuquan of Fuyuan to attack Gubeikou, and the right is led by General Chang Ning of Anbei to attack Xifengkou. Emperor Kangxi himself leads troops to command behind.After a fierce battle, Galdan fled to Mobei with the remnants of the defeated generals.In 1694 AD, Kangxi met with Galdan and signed a covenant.Not only did Galdan not come, but he sent people to Monan to incite rebellion, and threatened that Tsarist Russia would support 1696 shotgun soldiers to deal with the Qing army.Facing Galdan's conspiracy, in [-] AD, Kangxi made his second personal conquest, attacking in three ways: Heilongjiang General Sabusu marched from the east; General Fei Yanggu led the troops of Shaanxi and Gansu to attack from the west Galdan's back route; Emperor Kangxi personally led the Central Route Army and set off from Dushikou.After a fierce battle, Galdan fled for his life with dozens of cavalry.

After two wars, the Galdan rebels were left with very little.Kangxi persuaded Galdan to surrender, but he resisted to the end.A year later, Kangxi led his troops across the Yellow River to conquer again.At this time, when the generals of the rebel army heard that the Qing army was coming again, they surrendered one after another.Galdan was desperate and committed suicide by taking poison.Since then, the Qing Dynasty regained control of the area east of the Altai Mountains.

●Yongzheng set up a conspiracy to seize the throne
Kangxi had 35 sons in total, 24 of whom grew up.Among the 24 princes, Kangxi liked the second prince Yin, who was born to the queen, the most, so Kangxi made him the prince.Later, Kangxi abolished Yinfeng in a fit of anger.After a period of time, Kangxi re-established Yinfeng as the prince.Soon, Kangxi ordered the abolition of Yinfeng.Kangxi was very distressed about the establishment of the prince. After thinking about it, he decided to pass the throne to the fourteenth prince Yinti. Yinti and the fourth prince Yinzhen were born to the same mother.

Yinti is knowledgeable, honest and upright.At that time, Yunti was sent to Gansu as General Fuyuan to conquer Junggar.Kangxi decided to make Yinti the prince, so he immediately ordered Longkodo to call him back to Beijing.Emperor Kangxi knew that he was 69 years old and his health was not good, so he wanted to make Yinti the prince immediately, so as to prevent other princes from fighting over the matter again.Longkodo held the secret edict in his hand, but he didn't issue it for a long time. Instead, he found Yinzhen, and Longkodo had already been bribed by Yinzhen.After deliberation, the two decided to tamper with the secret edict.It turned out that the secret edict issued by Kangxi was: "Pass the throne to the fourteenth prince".After Longkodo and Yinzhen tampered with the secret edict, they hid the secret edict.At this time, Kangxi was bedridden.Longkodo guarded Kangxi day and night, preventing other princes from entering at will.

At the end of 1722 AD, Kangxi's illness became more and more serious, and he often fell into a coma.On this day, when he woke up a little bit, he thought of the fourteenth prince, and knew that he might not see the fourteenth prince, so he wanted to leave a will for all the princes to be a witness, so that they could withdraw from the battle for the throne. Strong energy, said: "Call the princes to meet!" Ke Longkodo deliberately pretended to hear wrong, and shouted: "The emperor announced the fourth prince to meet!" Kangxi wanted to explain, but he had no energy to speak, he realized Yinzhen and Longkodo had colluded, and in a fit of anger, Kangxi passed away.

When Longkodo saw Kangxi's death, he immediately let the other princes in.Longkodo saw that the princes were crying very sadly, so he cleared his voice and said loudly: "Princes, mourning, listen to me read out the edict of the Holy Majesty!" Those on the throne all pricked up their ears, they were most concerned about the affairs of the throne.Longkodo took out the tampered imperial decree from his sleeve, and read: "The United Nations has decided to pass it on to the fourth prince, who will succeed me to the throne." A tick, it becomes the word "Yu".

The third prince, Yinzhi and Yinreng, were born to the same mother, but he was a kind man, and he was not interested in the throne. When he heard that his father had a will to let the fourth prince succeed him, he was the first to kneel down and bow down.Although the other princes were dissatisfied, they had no choice but to bow down.Yinzhen seized the throne in this way, and changed his Yuan to Yongzheng, Emperor Yongzheng.

●Daxing Literary Prison in Qing Dynasty
The literary inquisition in the Qing Dynasty was very serious, and it was all very absurd.These cases were entirely caused by writing articles, and people called it "literary prison".Literary inquisition directly led to the increasingly rigid political situation and academic thinking of the Qing Dynasty.In order to protect themselves, intellectuals devoted their energy to the risk-free study of ancient books, which caused the Qing Dynasty to regress significantly compared with other eras in China in terms of technology, ideology, and culture.Social development is like a pool of stagnant water, lifeless.

In 1711 AD, someone reported that Hanlin official Dai Mingshi expressed sympathy for the Ming regime in his anthology "Nanshan Ji", and used the reign title of Emperor Yongli of Nanming.Kangxi ordered Dai Mingshi to be imprisoned and sentenced to death.This case involved more than 300 of his relatives and friends and the people who engraved his anthology.

(End of this chapter)