Three Character Classic · Hundred Family Surnames · Thousand Character Characters · Disciple Guidanc

Chapter 7 Three Character Classic (6)
Twenty biographies [1], three hundred years [2], Liang [3] destroyed it, and the country was changed.

【Note】

[1] Twenty biographies: There were twenty emperors in the Tang Dynasty. [2] Three hundred years: The Tang Dynasty ruled for nearly 300 years. [3] Liang: Zhu Wen proclaimed himself emperor in the Tang Dynasty, the country name was Liang, and it was called Back Liang in history.

【Translation】

The Tang Dynasty had a total of 300 emperors and lasted nearly [-] years.After Zhu Wen of the Later Liang Dynasty destroyed the Tang Dynasty, the country changed hands, and the country changed.

[Interpretation]

During the reign of Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty, he appointed people on merit, was good at accepting lessons, and was sympathetic to the common people.When Tang Xuanzong Li Longji ascended the throne, he made great efforts to govern, which made the society stable, politically clear, and economically prosperous. The Tang Dynasty entered the second prosperous age, known as the "Kaiyuan prosperous age".But in the later period, because he loved Concubine Yang very much, and favored and trusted treacherous officials such as Li Linfu and Yang Guozhong, it caused a series of political consequences, and the "Anshi Rebellion" occurred.An Lushan and Shi Siming rebelled against the Tang Dynasty, which was also the turning point of the Tang Dynasty from prosperity to decline.

Concubine Yang, courtesy name Yuhuan, was born in Yongle, Puzhou, Tang Dynasty. She was good at singing and dancing, and was proficient in rhythm, so she was favored by Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty. In "Guahuahuaqing Palace Quatrains", "a concubine who rides the world of mortals laughs, no one knows that it is a lychee" is a true portrayal of Tang Xuanzong's doting on Concubine Yang Gui. In "Song of Everlasting Sorrow", "I wish to be a lovebird in the sky, and a branch in the earth" is a famous line describing their love. Later, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty was forced to give Yang Guifei to death. Expect".

Liang, Tang[1], Jin, and Han and Zhou were called the Five Dynasties[2], all of which have their own reasons.

【Note】

[1] Tang: Li Cunxu proclaimed himself emperor after Liang was destroyed, the country was named Tang, and the history was called Later Tang. [2] Five Dynasties: Before the Tang Dynasty, there were Song, Qi, Liang, Chen, and Sui Five Dynasties, called the First Five Dynasties; after the Tang Dynasty, there were Liang, Tang, Jin, Han, and Wu Dynasties, called the Later Five Dynasties.Here refers to the last five generations.

【Translation】

The replacement period of the Later Liang, Later Tang, Later Jin, Later Han, and Later Five Dynasties is called the Five Dynasties in history, and there are certain reasons for the replacement of the Five Dynasties.

[Interpretation]

Zhu Wen, nicknamed Zhu San, was the Taizu of the Later Liang Dynasty and was born in Dangshan in the Tang Dynasty.After participating in the peasant uprising, he returned to the imperial court and was named Zhu Quanzhong by Tang Xizong and appointed as a general.Zhu Wen, who started in the suppression of the Huangchao Uprising, later abolished the last emperor of the Tang Dynasty and established the Back Liang.Later Liang was destroyed by Later Tang, and it was Li Cunxu, the son of Jin Wang Li Keyong who established Later Tang.He liked horseback riding and archery since he was a child, and he had great courage. Together with his father, he crusaded against Zhu Wen, defeated Houliang, and unified the north.But he was licentious, listened to slander, and civil strife broke out everywhere. After his death, his son Li Siyuan succeeded him.Shi Jingtang was Li Siyuan's son-in-law, who held a lot of power, and later obtained aid on the condition of ceding Yanyun Sixteen Prefectures to Khitan, conquered Later Tang, ascended the throne, and established Later Jin.After the fall of the Later Jin Dynasty was the Later Han Dynasty, and the founding emperor was Liu Zhiyuan.The last dynasty of the Five Dynasties was the Later Zhou Dynasty established by Guo Wei. After Guo Wei's death, Chai Rong, the queen's nephew, succeeded to the throne, known as Zhou Shizong in history.

Yan Song [1] Xing, subject to Zhou Zen, eighteen biographies, mixed in the north and the south [2].

【Note】

[1] Yan Song Dynasty: Zhao Kuangyin established the Song Dynasty, which was different from Liu Song in the Southern Dynasty. It was called Zhao Song in history. Zhao Song respected the virtue of fire, so it was also called Yan Song. [2] Northern and Southern mixed: that is, the Southern Song and Northern Song successively fought against Liao, Jin, and Xixia in the north.

【Translation】

With the rise of the Yan and Song Dynasties, Zhao Kuangyin accepted the "abdication" of the Later Zhou Dynasty and established the Song Dynasty.After the Song Dynasty passed on eighteen emperors, it fell into a situation of melee between the North and the South.

[Interpretation]

Song Taizu Zhao Kuangyin was born in Zhuozhou (now Hebei).After Zhou Shizong Chai Rong died, Zhou Gong Emperor Chai Zong came to the throne, still young.When the Liao soldiers went south to invade, Zhao Kuangyin was ordered to lead the army. At this time, he was already the general of the Forbidden Army and had the military power in the Later Zhou Dynasty. This time, the "Chenqiao Mutiny" and "Yellow Robe Addition" occurred in this expedition.The army was leaving Chenqiao, which was dozens of miles away, and the soldiers turned to support Zhao Kuangyin as emperor and put him in a yellow robe.After returning to the capital, the entire capital was also occupied by Zhao Kuangyin.Emperor Zhou Gong abdicated the throne to Zhao Kuangyin, and Zhao Kuangyin did not do anything to the queen mother and young master of the Zhou Dynasty. Later Zhou Chai's descendants still had certain privileges in the Song Dynasty.Zhao Kuangyin proclaimed himself emperor on behalf of Zhou, established the Song Dynasty, and established Kaifeng as his capital.

Liao[1] and Jin[2] were both proclaimed emperors, Yuan[3] destroyed the Jin, and the Song Dynasty was extinct.

【Note】

[1] Liao: Yelu Abaoji established the Khitan Kingdom, and later changed the name of the country to Liao. [2] Jin: The Jurchen clan established a dynasty, and the country was named Jin. [3] Yuan: Genghis Khan established the Mongolian state, and later Kublai Khan named it Yuan.

【Translation】

The Liao people and Jin people in the north established their own countries and became emperors one after another. In the end, the Mongols destroyed the Jin and Song dynasties, established the Yuan Dynasty, and reunified China.

[Interpretation]

After Zhao Kuangyin's death, his younger brother Zhao Guangyi succeeded to the throne. There are different opinions about the reasons for the succession, which is a mystery.By the time of Song Huizong, the relationship between Liao, Jin, Song and Xixia was very complicated.The Liao Dynasty was destroyed by the Jin Dynasty, and the Jin Dynasty destroyed the Northern Song Dynasty.The people, property, and wealth of the Song Dynasty were all plundered by the Jin Dynasty. This is known as the "Jingkang Difficulty" in history.Facing the invasion of the Jin soldiers, the soldiers and civilians of the Song Dynasty rose up to fight against the war, and a large number of heroic generals emerged, especially Yue Fei, who left behind the famous sentence "The shame of Jingkang is still unresolved, and the hatred of the courtiers, when will it be destroyed".The Song Dynasty soon launched a new emperor, Song Gaozong Zhao Gou, and the royal family fled south and moved their capital to Lin'an, known as the Southern Song Dynasty in history.Later, the Jin Dynasty was jointly destroyed by Mongolia and the Southern Song Dynasty.

Tutu [1] Guang, ahead of the generation, ninety years, Guo Zuo [2] abolished [3].

【Note】

[1] Map: Refers to the territory. [2] Guozuo: throne, throne. [3] Waste: Abandoned.This refers to the death of the country.

【Translation】

The territory of the Yuan Dynasty was very wide, and its territory exceeded that of any previous dynasty.However, after more than 90 years, it perished.

[Interpretation]

The Yuan Dynasty was established by Kublai Khan, the ancestor of the Mongolian Yuan Dynasty. It not only unified China, but also merged many ethnic groups, including Cheng Jiesi Khan, who later unified the territories of various tribes on the Mongolian Plateau. During the heyday, the territory extended north to Mongolia, Siberia, and even Say north to the Arctic Ocean.When the Yuan Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty were competing for replacement, the hero Wen Tianxiang also appeared.At the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, the country was weak and could not sustain the destructive war of the Yuan Dynasty army, and the army approached the city.Wen Tianxiang received the imperial edict of Song Gong and sent troops to serve the king.Wen Tianxiang hoped to negotiate with the Yuan army to stab the military situation and find out the truth, but not only was detained by the Yuan army general Boyan, but Wen Tianxiang's army was also disbanded by the Southern Song Dynasty court.Facing the Yuan Dynasty's intention to instigate rebellion and surrender, Wen Tianxiang, who had entered the tiger's mouth and was imprisoned, regarded death as home, and would rather die in the line of duty.Just as it is written in "Crossing Lingding Ocean": "No one in life has died since ancient times, and keep the loyal heart to reflect the history."

Taizu [1] Xing, Guo Daming [2], No. [3] Hongwu, capital Jinling [4].

【Note】

[1] Taizu: Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang, formerly known as Zhu Chongba, was a monk from a poor family in his early years and became a monk in Huangjue Temple. [2] Ming: Country name. [3] number: year number. [4] Jinling: Nanjing.

【Translation】

At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang revolted, overthrew the Yuan Dynasty, unified the country, and established the Ming Dynasty with the reign name Hongwu and the capital Jinling.

[Interpretation]

Zhu Yuanzhang's family was poor when he was young, he herded cattle, became a monk, and traveled in the clouds.The hard work of life has enabled him to develop a resolute and brave character, accumulate a lot of social experience, and make friends with capable people, righteous men and friends.Later, he participated in the rebellion of the Red Scarf Army and made many military exploits. He gradually became a commander in chief and fought in the north and south.In the end, the rule of the Yuan Dynasty was overthrown, the whole country was unified, the Ming Dynasty was established, and he became the emperor. The reign name was Hongwu, and the capital was in Jinling (now Nanjing).Zhu Yuanzhang was another commoner emperor after Liu Bang in the Han Dynasty. After becoming an emperor, his personality was sensitive and suspicious.In order to pass on the Daming Dynasty safely, many heroes and soldiers who fought with him in the world were killed later, such as the "Hu Weiyong case" and "Lanyu case" successively.

Xi Chengzu[1], moved to Yanjing[2], the sixteenth generation, to Chongzhen[3].

【Note】

[1] Chengzu: Specify Chengzu Zhu Di. [2] Yanjing: Today's southwest of Beijing. [3] Chongzhen: The reign title of Ming Sizong Zhu Youjian, the last emperor of the Ming Dynasty.

【Translation】

After Ming Chengzu ascended the throne, he moved the capital from Jinling to Yanjing.The Ming Dynasty went through sixteen emperors, and the Ming Dynasty perished when the Chongzhen Emperor was reached.

[Interpretation]

Zhu Yuanzhang's throne was originally inherited by the prince Zhu Biao, but unfortunately Zhu Biao died.At that time, there were also the second prince, King Qin, the third prince, King Jin, and the fourth prince, King Yan.Zhu Yuanzhang originally intended to establish the King of Yan, fearing that other vassal kings would fight, so he reconsidered the issue of succession to the throne.According to the principle of succession by the eldest grandson, Zhu Xiongying, the eldest son of Ming Xingzong Zhu Biao, could succeed to the throne, but Zhu Xiongying also died, so Zhu Yunqi, the second grandson, was established.Jianwen Emperor Zhu Yunwen was the emperor for four years, but was usurped by his fourth uncle Yan Wang Zhu Di.Historically, Zhu Yunwen's death is a mystery, because Zhu Di attacked the city and burned the capital, and Zhu Yunwen was not found in the palace.Although there is some contempt for Zhu Di's way of ascension to the throne, during the reign of Ming Chengzu Zhu Di, he dredged the Grand Canal, moved the capital to Beijing, compiled the "Yongle Dadian", sent Zheng He to the West, etc., in economic development, cultural inheritance, foreign affairs, etc. A great breakthrough has been made in communication.There were sixteen emperors in the Ming Dynasty. When Ming Sizong Zhu Youjian was the Chongzhen Emperor, there were natural and man-made disasters and civil strife.Although he resolutely killed Wei Zhongxian, an internal trouble in the court, he also executed the hero Yuan Chonghuan stubbornly, which made the Ming Dynasty even more precarious.Persecuted by Li Zicheng, he hanged himself in Meishan (now Jingshan).

Quan Eun[1] Si[2], Kou[3] Rulin, Li Chuang[4] came out, and the artifact burned[5].

【Note】

[1] Eunuch: Refers to the eunuch. [2] 四: Arbitrary, presumptuous. [3] Kou: bandits, invaders, here refers to the rebel army. [4] Li Chuang: Li Zicheng, the leader of the peasant uprising in the late Ming Dynasty. [5] Artifact: a metaphor for the throne.

【Translation】

In the late Ming Dynasty, eunuchs were in power, peasant uprisings were surging, and the world was in chaos.The rebel army headed by Chuang Wang Li Zicheng invaded Beijing, and the Ming Dynasty fell.

[Interpretation]

At the end of Ming Dynasty, eunuchs monopolized power, and political corruption and embezzlement became common practice.The people were overwhelmed and revolted one after another.Li Zicheng was a Chuang general under the Chuang Wang Gao Yingxiang. He was brave and knowledgeable. He was appreciated by all the leaders and his reputation was rising.Li Zicheng's army won the support of the people because of Li Yan's slogans such as "equal the land without tax" and "welcome the king, but not pay the grain". The army grew to one million and became the main force in the peasant war.Later, he led the rebel army to conquer Beijing and overthrow the Ming Dynasty.Because he made the mistake of "the winner is king" for a while, he forced Wu Sangui to rebel against Wu Sangui, which led him to lead the Manchu nobles into the customs and jointly attack the peasant army.Li Zicheng faced the defeat, withdrew from Beijing, and continued to fight against the Qing Dynasty.

清世祖[1]，膺[2]景命[3]，靖[4]四方，克[5]大定[6]。

【Note】

[1]世祖：顺治帝爱新觉罗·福临，清入关后的第一位皇帝。[2]膺：承受，受命。[3]景命：天命。[4]靖：安定，平定。[5]克：能够。[6]大定：大一统。

【Translation】

After the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, Emperor Shunzhi ascended the throne in Beijing, pacified the wars in various places, and the common people began to live a stable life again.

[Interpretation]

Aixinjueluo Nurhachi took advantage of the conflicts between the Jurchen tribes and other ethnic tribes in the Northeast at that time to control the situation and unified most of the Jurchen tribes.Nurhaci used Mongolian characters to add letters to Manchu and invented the Manchu language. In Hetuala, he was called "the wise Khan who covered the nations", and his country was named "Dajin".Later, Nurhachi moved the capital to Liaoyang and built Tokyo City.Huang Taiji, the son of Nurhachi, moved his capital to Shenyang during his lifetime, changed the name of the country to "Qing" and changed Yuan Chengde. He was the founder and founding emperor of the Qing Dynasty.Later, Emperor Taizong of the Qing Dynasty, Aixinjueluo Huang Taiji, died suddenly without any illness. His son Aixinjueluo Fulin succeeded to the throne with the help of his uncle Regent Prince Dorgon. The first emperor after the customs.

The history of ancient and modern times is all here [1].Contain chaos, know the rise and fall.

【Note】

[1] hereby: here.

【Translation】

What has been described above is the ancient and modern history from the Three Emperors and Five Emperors to the establishment of the Republic of China. Through the study of history, we can understand the rise and fall of chaos in each dynasty and realize many useful things.

[Interpretation]

"Reading history makes people wise."When we summarize the experience of our predecessors, we can learn many useful things from it.

Although the history is complicated [1], it has been read many times [2]: Shiji [-], Hanshu [-].

【Note】

[1] Complex: many. [2] times: order.

【Translation】

Chinese history books are numerous and complicated, and the sequence is important when reading: first read "Historical Records", and then "Hanshu".

[Interpretation]

"Historical Records", formerly known as "Tai Shi Gong Shu", is the first biographical general history of China written by Sima Qian, a historian in the Western Han Dynasty.It records a history of more than 3000 years from the age of the Yellow Emperor in ancient legends to the era of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and is listed as the first of the 24 histories.Together with "Hanshu", "Later Hanshu" and "Three Kingdoms", they are collectively called "the first four histories". "Han Shu", also known as "Former Han Shu", is China's first biographical dating history compiled by Ban Gu, a historian of the Eastern Han Dynasty. years of history. "Hanshu" includes twelve chapters of Ji, eight chapters of tables, ten chapters of chronicles, and seventy chapters of biographies, a total of 230 chapters. Later generations are divided into 120 volumes, with a total of 80 characters.

Later Han [1] three, Guozhi [2] four, and Zhengjing, Shen Tongjian [3].

【Note】

[1] Later Han: Refers to "Book of the Later Han". [2] Guozhi: Refers to "Three Kingdoms". [3] Tongjian: Refers to "Zizhi Tongjian".

【Translation】

The third reading is "Book of the Later Han Dynasty", and the fourth reading is "Three Kingdoms". At the same time, you can refer to the classics and "Zi Zhi Tong Jian".

[Interpretation]

"Book of the Later Han Dynasty" is a biographical historical book that records the history of the Eastern Han Dynasty from Wang Mang to Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty compiled by Fan Ye, a historian in the Liu and Song Dynasties of my country. It is another important private compilation after "Historical Records" and "Hanshu". historical records. "Three Kingdoms" is a biographical national history compiled by Chen Shou in the Jin Dynasty of our country, which mainly records the period of the three kingdoms of Wei, Shu, and Wu. "Zi Zhi Tong Jian" is a long chronological history book compiled by Sima Guang of the Northern Song Dynasty in my country, which records the detailed history from the 23rd year of King Weilie of Zhou to the six years of Emperor Shizong Xiande of the Later Zhou Dynasty in the Five Dynasties. "Zi Zhi Tong Jian" is China's first chronological general history, and it has a very important position in Chinese history books.

For those who read history, check the actual record [1], understand the ancient and modern, if you know it personally [2].

【Note】

[1] Record: A detailed and reliable record. [2] If you see it with your own eyes: It's like seeing it with your own eyes.

【Translation】

People who read history should look through historical materials to further examine the cause and effect of events throughout the ages, as if they had seen it with their own eyes.

[Interpretation]

China has a long history, and the history described in the "San Zi Jing" above is a simple outline.In order to truly grasp the historical context and gain an in-depth understanding of research, it is necessary to check the historical materials of various dynasties and dynasties. Therefore, the "San Zi Jing" also provides reference for what materials to read, including the "first four histories" and "24 histories".History is a mirror from which we can draw valuable experience and historical lessons.

Recite [1] with the mouth, but [2] with the heart, [3] in the morning [4], and [5] in the evening.

【Note】

[1]诵：背诵。[2]惟：思考。[3]朝：早上。[4]斯：这，这里。[5]夕：晚上。

【Translation】

You must be persistent in reading, and read with your mouth while thinking with your heart.Only by devoting your mind to study sooner or later can you really learn well.

[Interpretation]

The ocean of knowledge is vast and endless.Just like a balloon, the more it blows up, the more space it touches.The same is true of knowledge. The more you know, the more you will find that you don't know.Knowledge is power, knowledge is wealth, knowledge is wisdom.The ancients said that people are smart, and the word "cong" can vividly describe the state of eyes, ears, mouth and heart when they are all used in reading.

(End of this chapter)