Encyclopedia of Family Medicine

Chapter 13 Beware of getting diseases through the mouth (1)
Importance of food hygiene

1. Food classification and nutrition

(1) Food classification

Food can generally be divided into the following seven categories.

Food category.Grain is the main food of our people, mainly including rice, flour, whole grains and their products.

Edible oils and fats.Divided into two categories of animal fats and vegetable fats.Animal fats include lard, suet, tallow, fish, poultry and other animal fats; vegetable oils include rapeseed oil, soybean oil, peanut oil, sesame oil, etc.

meat.Meat products mainly include pigs, cattle, sheep, chickens, ducks, geese and other livestock and poultry, as well as animal meat such as beasts and birds.

milk.Divided into fresh milk and dairy products.Dairy products include yogurt, milk powder, toffee, condensed milk, etc.

eggs.Divided into fresh eggs and egg products.Egg products include cakes, egg rolls, egg apricots and other egg-containing foods.

aquatic products.There are many varieties of aquatic food, mainly referring to fish, shrimp, crabs and shellfish with shells, as well as algae plants such as kelp, seaweed, stone cauliflower, and asparagus that grow in the ocean.

Fruits and vegetables.Includes a variety of fruits and vegetables.

(2) Food nutrition

Among the hundreds of nutrients needed by the human body, protein, fat, carbohydrates, vitamins, inorganic salts, water and cellulose are considered as the seven essential nutrients to maintain human life activities.Among them, protein is the most important component, which is an important substance that constitutes body cells, promotes growth and development, regulates physiological functions and enhances resistance; fat and carbohydrates are the main sources of human energy; vitamins, inorganic salts, water and cellulose are all It is an essential nutrient that participates in the body's metabolism and protects the body to play its normal physiological functions.To obtain these nutrients, the key is to achieve a reasonable mix of food.In all kinds of food, it is difficult to say that one kind of food is better than another kind of food, because no one kind of food can provide all the nutrients that the human body needs.

Daily general nutrition.In daily life, in order to obtain reasonable, adequate and balanced nutrition, the following points should be paid attention to.

① You should choose a variety of foods every day, not just your favorite foods;
② Don't rely too much on processed foods or convenience foods. Although they can save you time, they may also affect your health due to the lack of certain essential trace elements and vitamins;
③ moderate intake of meat food;

④ appropriate intake of fat, sugar and salt.The amount of salt consumed is 5-10 grams per day;
⑤ Develop the habit of tasting new food varieties, which can help you choose food with variety and flexibility.The more types of food you eat, the more opportunities you have to get the nutrients your body needs;
⑥ The daily food intake should be moderate, and three meals a day should be distributed reasonably.Don't be too hungry, and don't be too full.

Nutrition during stressful work.People who are engaged in long-term stressful work should pay attention to the following points in terms of nutrition.

①Try to eat on time, a hungry meal is harmful to health;
②Do not rely on candy or other sweets, soft drinks, etc. to replace nutrient-rich foods.If you don't have time to eat, you can bring some nutritious foods such as cakes, fresh fruit, raisins, fruit asar, beef jerky with you;
③ Properly arrange work and take time to eat with family members;
④Stock some easy-to-process foods, such as eggs, canned food, fruits, vegetables, cooked meat products, bread, etc., so that you can quickly make a nutritious meal.

Nutrition for Singles.Most of the people who live alone do not like to cook and eat by themselves, and often use instant noodles, milk, bread or simple meals to cope, thus limiting the choice of various foods.The following measures can help improve the nutrition of single people.

① Try to eat on time;
② Pay attention to adding more vegetables, fruits and nutritious beverages;

③ Try to make yourself happy when eating, such as listening to relaxing music, or putting some flowers, bonsai, etc. on the dining table;

④ Form a "dinner club" with single friends, often get together to buy and make meals together, and have dinner together.It can be done in rotation every day, changing locations to increase interest.

2. Food purchase and storage

(1) Food purchase
Household daily food mainly includes rice, flour and flour products, vegetables, soy products, meat and meat products, poultry, eggs, aquatic products, game, dried vegetables, seafood and fruits, etc. There are no less than hundreds of varieties.

The general principles for choosing food are:

①Simple packaged food is generally cheap, but its nutrition is not lower than that of food with exquisite decoration and relatively expensive price;

② Cheaper and more expensive foods may have the same nutritional value.For example, mandarin fish is very scarce and expensive, but its nutrition is not superior to other fish;
⑧Fast food not only increases your expenses, but most of them are not as nutritious as home-made meals;
④ The price of food fortified with vitamins and minerals may be several times or dozens of times higher than that of unadded natural food; in fact, as long as you eat a variety of foods every day, you do not need to eat fortified food;
⑤ As the seasons change, eating a variety of fresh fruits and vegetables is usually cheaper and more nutritious than eating frozen and canned fruits and vegetables;
⑥ When purchasing food, simple identification of its quality should be carried out.

meat.Good-quality fresh pork has thin and thin skin, elastic to the touch, bright red lean meat, and white fat; poor-quality pork has poor texture, thick and thick skin, inelastic meat, and yellowish white fat ; Rotten pork, dull in color, dull, wet and sticky to the touch, smells of corruption.

eggs.A layer of frost-like powder is attached to the shell of fresh poultry eggs. The color is bright and the pores are obvious. It can sink to the bottom of the water when placed in cold water. There is no swaying feeling when shaken gently. Hold the egg in your hand and look at the light. It is transparent or slightly visible horizontally and vertically Egg yolk shadow; the surface of the spoiled egg is greasy or mildewed. It floats on the surface of the water in cold water and shakes with hands. It is cloudy or dark brown spots can be seen in the light.

fish.The eyes of fresh fish are full and protruding, the cornea is transparent, the fish body is firm and elastic, the fish scales are intact and not easy to fall off, the gills are red and have no peculiar smell, and they can sink to the bottom when placed in water; the deteriorated fish has sunken eyeballs, swollen abdomen, dirty body surface, and no fish scales. Intact, with dark brown gills and a foul odor, floating in water.

poultry.Normal birds are robust, lively and active, with bright eyes, loud calls, ruddy crowns, plump and shiny feathers, often flapping tail wings, and strong struggle when caught; diseased birds appear emaciated, lethargic, and do not like activities. The crop is empty or bloated, fluffy feathers, drooping tail wings, often dozing, there may be secretions in the eyes, nose or mouth, the crown is blue-purple or red-purple, and the struggle is weak when caught.

game.Hunted wild animals are fresh if the wound is not green or seeps water, otherwise it is not fresh.

Dried vegetables and delicacies from the mountains and seas.Generally dry, light, whole, no mildew, no moth-eaten, no impurities, good color and original flavor are the top grades.

frozen food.The following points should be paid attention to when purchasing:

First, when buying frozen food, you should choose undamaged packaging bags, hard frozen products and complete shapes.

Second, the frozen food should try to keep the original color.If the color changes, the quality of the food will be poor, such as spoiled frozen food: ① meat.The flesh is dull in color, smells rotten and stinks, feels sticky, moist, inelastic, and does not recover from acupressure depressions; ② fish.The fish has brown spots on the head, and yellowing on the belly indicates that the fat has deteriorated.

3.drinking water hygiene
Many infectious diseases such as typhoid fever, bacillary dysentery, cholera, enteritis, viral hepatitis, etc. are often spread through polluted water sources.Therefore, paying attention to drinking water hygiene is an important aspect that cannot be ignored in preventing intestinal infectious diseases and parasitic diseases and ensuring human health.

To ensure the hygiene of drinking water, the following points should be done:
① It is recommended to drink boiled water instead of raw water.

②Choose a good water source.Groundwater is generally less likely to be contaminated by pathogenic microorganisms, and the water quality is also clean; well water is infiltrated through the stratum and contains much less bacteria than river or pond water.Therefore, in areas where no running water is installed, as long as the groundwater is suitable for drinking, it is recommended to dig wells to obtain water as a source of drinking water.

③Strengthen water source protection.Latrines, manure pits, livestock pens, garbage dumps, sewage ditches, etc. within 30 meters from drinking water sources should be relocated, cleared or filled up.Where drinking river water is used, drinking water and washing water must be separated. Generally, drinking water intake points are set up in the upper reaches, and livestock and washing water points are set up in the middle and lower reaches; Time for stocking and washing.Where pond water is used as the water source, separate ponds should be used, and eye-catching special signs such as "drinking", "washing" and "for livestock" should be marked, and must be strictly enforced; it is forbidden to wash clothes in drinking ponds or beside wells. Brush toilet and other dirt.It is best to cover the large wells and set up a public bucket to prevent dirt and dust from entering the well; wash the well at least once a year to completely remove the dirt in the well and keep the water clean and hygienic.

④ Do a good job of disinfection of drinking water.If the water in the household water tank is taken from a water source that has not been disinfected and purified, it must be disinfected with bleaching powder while adding alum for precipitation.The amount of bleaching powder is 8-10 grams per cubic meter of water. When using, alum and bleaching powder can be added to the bamboo tube together. One section is reserved at the bottom of the bamboo tube, and the remaining sections are opened. A few small holes are made near the bottom of the bamboo tube. The bamboo tubes of alum and bleaching powder are put into the tank water and stirred for a few minutes, and then the tank water is left to settle. The clear water above is clean water that meets the sanitary standards for drinking water.

⑤ Use the drinking water purifier correctly.Drinking water purifiers can improve the quality of drinking water, but the purification effect will gradually decrease with the prolongation of use time, and even pollute the water quality instead.This is because the surface of the purifier is accumulated by pollutants, and the adsorbed substances enter the water body through analysis; at the same time, the adsorbed substances become the culture base for the growth and reproduction of microorganisms.Therefore, when using drinking water purifiers, pay attention to:

Rinse the purifier regularly and repeatedly to remove the substances adsorbed on its surface;
Regular sewage discharge to remove accumulated pollutants;
Regularly replace the activated carbon in the purifier, and the continuous use time of the purifier depends on the water quality and the amount of purified water.In order to facilitate the correct calculation and grasp of the effective use period, the following formula can be used:

Effective use period (days) = 2000~2500 × activated carbon volume
Daily amount of purified water

For example, if the volume of activated carbon in the purifier is 1 liter and the total amount of purified water per day is 10 liters, the effective use period is 200 to 250 days; if the amount of purified water per day is 8 liters, it must be used continuously for 240 to 300 days. Replace activated carbon.

⑥ The buckets, basins, tanks and other water-holding appliances used in the family should be scrubbed frequently to keep the inside and outside clean; for kettles, thermos and metal water-holding utensils, etc., the scale inside should be removed frequently.Because the scale contains heavy metal elements such as cadmium, mercury, and lead, it is very harmful to human health after ingestion.

⑦Secondary water supply facilities such as water tanks, pools, and water towers on the top of urban high-rise buildings should be cleaned and disinfected regularly, and should be covered and locked at any time to prevent animals or foreign objects from entering and prevent water pollution.

4.Harms of Smoking and Quitting Smoking
The smoke produced by the burning of a cigarette contains many harmful substances, among which nicotine, cigarette tar, carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, hydrocyanic acid, acrolein and so on are the most harmful to human health.These toxic, harmful and carcinogenic substances act on the human body for a long time and can cause or aggravate many diseases, such as bronchitis, emphysema, gastritis, gastric and duodenal ulcers, hypertension, coronary heart disease, lung cancer, pharyngeal cancer, laryngeal cancer , Oral cancer, esophageal cancer, liver cancer, thromboangiitis obliterans, juvenile amblyopia, senile brain cell atrophy, abortion, fetal malformation and so on.

Smoking not only harms the smokers themselves, but also affects the non-smokers who live with them.Usually, the smoke released during smoking is divided into main smoke and secondary smoke. The harmful components contained in the two types of smoke are basically the same, and passive smokers may inhale.

Smoking is a bad habit, and it is not easy to quit.When you first quit smoking, you may experience: ① craving to smoke again; ② insomnia; ③ increased appetite; ④ difficulty concentrating; ⑤ irritability; ⑧ sleepiness; ⑦ anxiety;At this time, it is especially necessary to have the determination to stick to the end.Here are some ways to help you quit smoking for good:
Before you're ready to quit smoking, set yourself a date for quitting smoking in January.When it is time to quit smoking, be sure to control yourself not to smoke.

Do not carry smoking utensils with you, such as cigarettes and lighters.The mouth and hands of smokers can't be idle, and they can chew some chewing gum, beef jerky and practice calligraphy to make their mouth and hands busy.

Gradually transition to non-smoking for several consecutive days. During this period, don’t offer cigarettes to others or accept cigarettes from others for some reason, so as to gradually prolong the number of consecutive quitting days and continuously consolidate the results of quitting smoking.

Always calculate how much it will cost to smoke a lifetime and think about the diseases that smoking can cause.Save the money you used to smoke and focus it on a weekend getaway or something special.

Quit smoking with friends and colleagues to see who lasts the longest.

Find other ways to divert.

The most critical factor in the success or failure of quitting smoking is determination and perseverance.Whether you can quit smoking should be regarded as the best test of whether you can restrain yourself, whether you have strong perseverance, and whether you can accomplish great things.

After quitting smoking completely, all the symptoms of discomfort that occurred during quitting smoking will disappear.

5. Drinking and Health

Drinking a small amount of alcohol is good for healthy people. It can not only promote the blood circulation of the body, enhance the metabolic function, but also increase the secretion of gastric juice, which is helpful for the digestion and absorption of food.But if alcohol is consumed in excess, drunkenness and alcoholism can occur.

(1) Long-term excessive drinking may cause the following diseases:
① Causes chronic damage to the liver, and severe cases can cause alcoholic liver cirrhosis.

②It leads to loss of libido, impotence, and abnormal sperm in men, and menstrual disorders, frigidity, and cessation of ovulation in women, and poisons reproductive cells, resulting in fetal deformities and mental retardation.

③ Heavy drinking can cause gastritis, gastric ulcer, and even induce acute pancreatitis or lead to drunkenness and alcoholism.

④ Malnutrition or vitamin deficiency diseases
⑤ long-term drinking can cause insomnia, heart enlargement, myocardial damage, multiple neuritis, muscle atrophy, pupil deformation and other diseases.

(2) Attention should be paid to the following issues when drinking alcohol:

①Children should never drink alcohol.Because children's nervous system development and liver detoxification function are not sound, prone to drunkenness and alcoholism.

②Pregnant women should not drink alcohol.Pregnant women drinking alcohol is extremely harmful to their health and that of their fetuses.

③ Middle-aged and elderly people should drink in moderation.Middle-aged and elderly people drink some fruit wine or low-alcohol liquor in moderation, which is good for health, and try to drink less or no high-concentration strong liquor.

④ The patient should follow the doctor's advice when drinking medicinal wine.

6. Drinking tea and health

Drinking tea can eliminate fatigue and refresh one's spirits. It can not only excite the central nervous system, promote blood circulation, but also relieve oiliness and help digestion.

Tea can also be harmful to health if not consumed properly.The general principles regarding tea drinking are:

① It is not advisable to drink tea immediately on an empty stomach or after meals in the morning.

② Do not drink strong tea before going to bed at night to avoid insomnia.

③ It is not advisable to take medicine with tea, especially quinine, ephedrine, atropine and other drugs should not be taken with tea, so as not to reduce the efficacy of the medicine.

④ It is not advisable to drink tea overnight.

⑤ People with the following symptoms or diseases should not drink too much tea, such as insomnia, neurasthenia, hyperthyroidism, tuberculosis, hypertension, heart disease, gastric and duodenal ulcers, habitual constipation, iron deficiency anemia, etc.

7.milk and health
牛奶是一种优质食品，每100毫升牛奶中含蛋白质2.7~3．7克、脂肪3~5克、乳糖4．5~5克、各类矿物质0．6~0．75克。产热量约16J（相当于66千卡）。

Pay attention to the following issues when drinking milk:

①Do not drink milk on an empty stomach or when hungry, to avoid gastrointestinal peristalsis too fast, so that the nutrients in milk will "pass through the intestines" before being absorbed.

②The milk must be heated and boiled before drinking, but do not use rapid fire, otherwise the milk will boil rapidly, and a lot of foam will gather.

③ It is not advisable to put sugar in milk before heating, because under the action of high temperature, lysine in milk will react with sugar to form a substance called fructosyl lysine, which has certain toxicity and will endanger human health. .The correct way is: the milk is heated and boiled and placed for a while, and the sugar is added when the temperature of the milk pot is not too hot.Drink after mixing.

④ Before drinking milk and within 1 hour after drinking milk, it is best not to drink acidic beverages such as orange juice and sherbet.In order to prevent the protein in milk from coagulating after encountering acid, it is difficult to be digested and absorbed, and the nutritional value of milk is reduced.

Types of food poisoning

It is generally believed that any acute disease caused by eating "poisonous food" is called food poisoning.Food poisoning often has the following characteristics, that is, many people may become ill within a short period of time, and the patients all have similar symptoms, mainly vomiting and diarrhea. On careful questioning, the patients all ate some common food.People who do not eat certain foods will not get sick.There is no contagious relationship between infected people.After you stop eating the food, new patients will no longer appear.

The so-called consumption of "toxic food" means that the food should be in an edible state, and the amount eaten should be normal, and it should be ingested orally.If the food is inedible (such as raw fish), eaten in an abnormal amount (such as overeating), or ingested by non-oral (such as intravenous injection), it is not called food poisoning.

There are many types of food poisoning, generally classified according to the pathogen, that is, divided into bacterial food poisoning and non-bacterial food poisoning.In non-bacterial food poisoning, it can be divided into poisonous animal poisoning and poisonous plant poisoning, chemical poisoning, fungus and mildew food poisoning.

Food poisoning occurs at home and abroad, especially bacterial food poisoning accounts for the majority.Bacterial food poisoning mostly occurs in hot and humid seasons.In most areas of my country, the season of bacterial food poisoning is frequent from May to October.Pesticide and chemical poisoning is not seasonal.Some food poisoning has certain regional characteristics. For example, botulism occurs more frequently in Xinjiang; the lower reaches of the Yangtze River produce puffer fish; Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian and other places produce more cassava.

(End of this chapter)