Encyclopedia of Family Medicine

Chapter 9 Environmental Hygiene and Self-Care (3)
When traveling internationally by plane, the normal rhythm of life is disrupted due to changes in time differences across the globe.For example, there is an 8-hour time difference from Shanghai to the west coast of the Americas; and a 16-hour time difference to European countries such as Britain and France.When our watch was one o'clock in the morning and we were trying to take a good night's sleep, the plane had already landed and the sun was rising high outside.In Vancouver and San Francisco in the United States, it is nine o'clock in the morning, when the crowds are bustling.Some people adapt quickly to jet lag, while others take two or three days or even more than a week to gradually adapt.In this case, it is necessary to consciously change or control the sleep time, and eat appropriately (it is easy to doze off after a full meal at noon), so as to complete the jet lag adaptation after the long-distance travel.

During long-distance travel, due to changes in location and climate in a short period of time, it is easy to suffer from wind and heat or heat stroke due to changes in location and climate; during travel or at travel points, strangers from all directions come into contact frequently, and the crowds are relatively dense, so precautions should be taken to prevent various infectious diseases ; do not drink raw water or unboiled water, use public tea sets as little as possible, and pay attention to food hygiene; when traveling, prepare some commonly used simple medicines, and you can also prepare some commonly used medicines according to your personal physical condition in case of emergency .

Ways to clean the environment
The earth has created life with its fertile soil, air, sunlight, water and other rich resources, and brought human beings to multiply and thrive, and all things are alive.The return of human production and life to the earth is: 6480 million tons of earth's topsoil is lost every day, more than 100 square kilometers of land is turned into desert, and 1750 million tons of carbon dioxide is emitted into the air every day, causing the destruction of the ozone layer, which is increasingly threatening human health. Freshwater, which only accounts for 6% of the earth's water resources, has seriously failed to meet human needs. Water pollution is getting worse, 4 hectares of forests are destroyed every day, and 7 to 100 species are wiped out every day.Due to pollution from industry and tourism, the formerly blue Danube has become a river of garbage, and the Danube Delta, once a paradise for birds, has become a thing of the past.Therefore, environmental protection is related to the rise and fall of human beings.

Microorganisms are a vital force in the treatment of already polluted environments.In recent years, the activated sludge method, biofilm method, and biological oxidation pond method have been widely used to purify the environment by utilizing the phagocytosis of microorganisms on many environmentally harmful substances.

It is also effective to use microorganisms to treat wastes that are harmful to the environment. For example, putting some bacteria that can decompose oil, protein, sugar and cellulose into the underground waterway can effectively decompose the domestic waste discharged into the waterway. For solid For waste, aerobic and anaerobic methods can be used to make waste harmless with the help of microbial metabolism.

With the development of bioengineering technology, microorganisms have been more and more widely used in the prevention and control of environmental pollution, and microorganisms have increasingly played their role in purifying the environment.
The influence of the social environment on the human body
Society is a large collective of human material production and common life, and often exchanges material and spiritual.The more social production and construction develop, more and more health problems will be brought about.Human health is restricted by various social factors.

Social factors include:

Social characteristics: refers to the social system, the cultural and economic level of the society.These factors affect people's income and consumption, nutritional status, living conditions, access to scientific knowledge and education, etc.my country's constitution stipulates the development of medical and health services, the development of modern medicine and traditional Chinese medicine, the implementation of family planning, and the protection of living and ecological environments.Fundamentally ensure that people can obtain good living and working conditions, and ultimately improve people's health.With the improvement of living standards, changes in family dietary structure have brought new health problems, such as an increase in chronic diseases such as hypertension and coronary heart disease, and an increase in obese children in the family. On the other hand, iron deficiency in children and women of childbearing age Anemia also accounted for a considerable proportion.

Crowd characteristics: including age, gender, customs, religious beliefs, marital status, educational level, and ethical concepts.People of different ethnic groups have different genetic or environmental backgrounds, people of different religions have different living and eating habits, and people of different origins often retain the cultural characteristics of their original places for a long time.Eating habits and other environmental characteristics are the main factors affecting them. Cultural and educational factors often determine whether people can live, work, rest, entertain, exercise, and communicate. Without appropriate cultural and educational factors, it is difficult to guarantee a healthy life , Ethical concepts, legal concepts, public moral concepts, and outlook on life are restricted by social collectives.

The influence of the family environment on the human body
The family is the first school in life. Parents are children's first teachers. Everyone is nurtured and influenced by the family since childhood. The influence of the family in the formation of personality cannot be underestimated. The family environment creates the quality of children and cultivates their certain characters. features.Parents are educated, far-sighted, have a sense of social responsibility, and educate their children well, which will eradicate the soil that breeds surly behavior and abnormal psychology in the family.

The family is a place to cultivate a healthy lifestyle and manage healthy life among family members. Reasonable diet and regular daily life in the family, and correction of bad habits among family members, such as discouraging smoking and restricting drinking, are all important to health. effect.A healthy family life style also plays an important role in disease prevention, disease reduction, and longevity. If a patient occurs in the family, the prognosis of the disease is good due to good care. In addition, a healthy family pays attention to the beautification of the living environment, paying attention to the color and lighting of the house furniture. The allocation of natural resources, the cultivation of flowers and trees in the living room... create a beautiful and comfortable living environment for people, and help people's physical and mental health.

The disorder of family function and the destruction of family structure often damage health. For example, disharmony between husband and wife makes children full of contradictions. The family environment lacks tranquility and warmth, which increases the risk of children's psychopathy, indulgence and lack of self-control. Increasing development; one-child families, parents overprotect children, prolong and interfere with children's independence, do not let children do anything, children do not take any responsibility for housework, parents limit children's social contact, supervise children and friends too much The contact between children solves all kinds of difficulties on behalf of the children. All of the above have become family defects, which will plant morbid seeds in their hearts.

The family environment has the greatest impact on psychosomatic diseases, and a poor environment is prone to cardiovascular diseases and mental diseases.

Ways to Reduce Pollution in the Kitchen

The fuels commonly used by urban residents in my country are liquefied petroleum gas, gas and coal, and the pollutants produced after combustion include: carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, etc.In a coal-burning kitchen, every 1000 kg of coal can release 62 kg of carbon dioxide, 3-9 kg of sulfur dioxide, 2 kg of carbon monoxide, and 9-11 kg of dust. Housewives who burn coal in the kitchen are more likely to suffer from lung diseases than those who use gas Therefore, for kitchens that use coal stoves for a long time, indoor natural ventilation and mechanical exhaust should be strengthened to minimize contact time.

The working principle of using a gas stove is: the gas is led from the hose to the stove, and rushes into the combustion chamber at a high speed. Because of its high speed, it can bring in enough air to mix with it, so that the gas can be completely burned. Small, the speed of the injected gas is reduced, and it cannot bring in a sufficient amount of air, and a part of the gas will diffuse into the room without burning. Over time, it will cause chronic carbon monoxide poisoning, headache, fatigue, memory loss, etc.Therefore, the use of gas should not be too small. If a small fire must be used, the air in the kitchen should be circulated so that the insufficiently burned gas can be discharged outside.

Oily fume produced by cooking and frying food can also endanger people's health. Oily fume is the oxidative decomposition product of oil heating. The higher the heating temperature, the more serious the oxidation and decomposition of oil. Difficulty breathing, increased blood pressure.

The fuel in rural areas is mostly firewood, and rural housewives cook in smoky kitchens, which is prone to eye diseases and respiratory diseases. The fundamental solution is to improve the ventilation conditions of the kitchen, or switch to other fuels.

Reduce indoor pollution
According to research materials, it is shown that the most serious environmental pollution is not factories or roads, but family rooms.Chemically synthesized interior decoration materials, chemical substances produced after the combustion of various fuels, and various substances produced during the operation of color TVs and refrigerators will pollute the living room environment; when smoking indoors, many carcinogens contained in the smoke will also pollute the living room.

The human body itself is also a major source of pollution. There are 151 substances evaporated from human sweat, including urea, uric acid and various salts.A person sheds about 60 skin flakes every hour, totaling 0.68 kilograms per year, and 90% of the ingredients in indoor dust are skin flakes shed by the human body.

In the living room, we should also be alert to the radon pollution around us. Radon is a colorless, odorless radioactive gas. The naturally occurring radon is formed during the decay of uranium under the strata. It is continuously released from the soil under our feet. The average radon gas released per second per square meter of ground has a radioactivity of 0 picocuries. If the doors and windows are closed indoors, the radon content will continue to increase and cannot be diluted. In winter, indoor heating equipment will cause hot air to rise, and the indoor ground will form Relatively vacuum, especially the first floor or bungalows, will attract radon gas from the ground, and the amount is related to the density and ventilation of the walls of the house. The walls are thick and strong, and houses with good ventilation are safer.

To reduce the pollution of the living room environment, first of all, the living room should be cleaned frequently and ventilated frequently. The kitchen should be ventilated every day. Secondly, good hygiene habits should be developed. Do not smoke indoors. In addition, plant some spider plants, cacti and other plants in the living room , It is of great benefit to purify the indoor air.

Ways to Prevent Unexpected Disasters

The earth has created a living environment for human beings, and the environment will also bring disasters to people.

Natural disasters include floods, droughts, tropical storms, landslides, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, etc., and their severity is usually measured by the number of deaths and destruction caused.However, the impact on people's health far exceeds the initial impact of the disaster, which is followed by malnutrition, the spread of epidemics...

Environmental pollution is a man-made disaster created by human beings themselves. Human activities can cause global climate change. The increase of carbon dioxide and harmful gases in the atmosphere will bring disastrous consequences - the continuation of drought, the rise of sea level, many Cities lower than sea level, such as Bangkok, Calcutta, Dhaka, Hanoi and other large cities with large population density and uneven residents, will soon be in danger of sinking underwater if protection is not strengthened.

Be prepared for danger in times of peace, and be prepared for danger. In order to reduce losses from various disasters, families should try their best to follow the following ten words:

Learning: often learn about various disasters and disaster reduction knowledge;
Listen: Always listen to disaster information from government departments, and don't listen to rumors;
Prepare: According to the disaster situation, make various preparations;
Observation: pay attention to observe the natural variation phenomenon around;

Report: Once you find some abnormal natural phenomenon, don't panic, but report to the relevant department as soon as possible;

Resistance: Once a disaster occurs, organize everyone and individual self-defense;
Avoidance: Before the disaster, make the action arrangements for individuals and families to avoid and resist the disaster, and choose a safe place to avoid the disaster;
Cut off: cut off electricity, fire, coal and other sources of disaster first;
Rescue: learn first aid knowledge and prepare necessary medicines;
Insurance: Participate in social disaster prevention insurance to reduce personal and family losses.

The role of World Environment Day
The United Nations World Environment Organization has determined June 6th as World Environment Day, with the purpose of arousing people's efforts to protect the environment on which they live. Today, the slogan proposed for the world's environmental and health problems is "our earth, our health, Think globally, act locally", emphasizing the need to protect the environment.

Today's world environment is worrisome. The earth's population was 19 billion at the beginning of the 10th century. Today, the global population has reached 53 billion. It is estimated that the population will increase by 2000 billion by 10. Behind these boring numbers are real people, hunger, Crowding, demand, mental stress, interpersonal relationship... The rapid process of industrialization and the abuse of chemical substances, the increasing environmental pollution, and many diseases have swept along.More than 10 billion people in the world live in big cities, where the air pollution makes people unbearable, especially women and children bear greater risks.At present, about 17 billion people in the world still do not have safe water, and 12 billion people do not have adequate sanitation facilities. Most diseases and deaths in developing countries are related to water.

In the historical process of human civilization, some people predicted: "The times we live in today tend to be pessimistic, environmental protection is one of the most serious problems in the world today, and global environmental problems seem to have a tendency to replace the fear of nuclear war and become a Humanity's greatest concern."

June 6, as World Environment Day, warns people of the necessity of protecting the environment, encourages people to make up their minds to change the environment they face, protect their own health, and calls on people to take action to create a beautiful and good living environment for common health.

The role of exercise in health care

"Life lies in exercise" has long been a well-known motto. Exercise can strengthen the body, prolong life, and prevent diseases.

Modern medicine believes that exercise can effectively improve the function of the cardiovascular system, make the myocardium contract powerfully, increase the stroke volume of the heart, accelerate blood circulation, and increase the elasticity of blood vessels, so that the whole body can get sufficient nutrition supply; Increase muscle contractility, through muscle contraction and relaxation, the capillaries in the muscles are fully opened, so that the muscles get sufficient material supply and become strong and strong; for the respiratory organs, exercise speeds up the breathing rate and increases the lung capacity. Larger, so that the gas exchange in the lungs is sufficient, the oxygen content in the blood is increased, thereby greatly improving the metabolic capacity; exercise can also promote gastrointestinal peristalsis, enhance digestion and absorption functions; exercise stimulates the bone through external force, and can promote bone growth Development, promote bone strengthening, enhance the flexibility and flexibility of joints, prevent bone hyperplasia and ligament degeneration; exercise can also improve the blood supply to the kidneys; exercise can make all organs of the body full of vitality, thereby maintaining health and delaying or delaying aging.So exercise is necessary for people of all ages.

There are many ways to exercise health care, such as walking, running, gymnastics, acrobatics and various sports, which can effectively exercise the body.The most fundamental purpose of sports health care is to carry out for the purpose of health, non-competitive, gentle rather than strenuous exercise.People are different, some are fat and some are thin, some are tall and some are short, some are strong and some are weak. You should choose the exercise method that suits you, and carry out exercise and health care according to your own conditions and living environment.No matter what kind of exercise, as long as you persevere, you can achieve the purpose of strengthening your body and prolonging your life.

1. Take a walk

Walking is a simple and easy exercise that is suitable for all ages.Although the amount of exercise is not large, the fitness effect is obvious, and it is not restricted by age, physical strength, gender, venue and other conditions.

Walking is informal, leisurely and leisurely, which can make the trunk, limbs, muscles and joints of the whole body get moderate exercise. In addition, the relaxed and happy mood can make the blood flow smoothly in the whole body, giving people a happy and leisurely feeling, which is helpful It can relieve the tension of the nervous system and relieve the physical and mental fatigue caused by intense study and work.At the same time, walking after meals is also conducive to the digestion and absorption of food.

To make walking achieve the purpose of health care, you should also pay attention to a few points:

(1) Take a leisurely walk: Try to relax while taking a walk, forget some annoying trivial matters in work and life, calm down, and walk leisurely, so as to achieve physical and mental pleasure and a radiant look.

(2) Walking should be based on your own physical strength, step by step, and do what you can, with the aim of being in a good mood and not getting tired. Don't rush, and don't force yourself to complete a long distance. Take a few steps back.

(3) Walking time: preferably after dinner, when the whole day’s work and study are over, the husband and wife step out together, or on the road, or in the park, or in the forest trail, or in the field, and walk slowly forward, every time you take a walk It is advisable to change the route and the new environment to make people feel more comfortable.

(4) Elderly and infirm people should be accompanied by family members and children when walking. According to their physical strength, they should walk and stop, fast or slow, so as to make them relaxed and careless, so as to achieve the purpose of exercising muscles and bones, smoothing Qi and blood, and enjoying physical and mental happiness.

2. Running

Running fitness is achieved by improving the body's aerobic metabolism and enhancing cardiopulmonary function.Long-term adherence to running exercises can enhance respiratory function, make breathing deep and slow, and increase lung capacity, thereby increasing blood oxygen exchange and promoting metabolism.At the same time, it also enhances heart function, myocardial contractility, stroke volume, and blood circulation.It can also reduce the deposition of cholesterol in the blood vessels or the adhesion on the walls of blood vessels, which is very beneficial to the prevention of cardiovascular diseases such as arteriosclerosis and coronary heart disease.Running can also consume excess energy in the body and effectively prevent obesity.

Running can be done by able-bodied people, but in order to achieve the best results of running, you should also pay attention to the following points:

(1) It is not advisable to have a full meal before running. It is best to do it on an empty stomach in the morning, or before dinner in the evening. Do appropriate physical exercise first, move the joints, and relax the limbs, such as stretching your arms, kicking your legs, bending over, Move the neck to gradually relax the muscles of the whole body and adapt to the state of exercise.

(End of this chapter)