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Why is the super material glass? But in our impression, glass is very fragile. This is because we have not seen the true face of glass.

This story has to start with the three properties of glass,

First of all, no matter where the glass is hit, it will always break into large pieces after it is broken.

This phenomenon seems to be familiar to Stone, so people use brittle to describe glass, but they still haven't figured out why glass is so brittle.

Think about it carefully. This is indeed a difficult question to answer. You can ask the physics teacher in Cry High School.

In fact, this feature of glass is still a focus of research in frontiers of physics.

Another unusual feature of glass is that it can be broken by sound.

Although there is a popular answer to this question, it is due to resonance, but it is still inexplicable. The sound cannot destroy other objects in this way, even if the volume is raised high.

Moreover, the energy of the sound that can cause the glass to break does not need to be too large. This all points the finger at the point. The glass may be broken on its own initiative.

The third attribute is that the glass has a certain probability of self-explosion after it is produced. This self-explosion phenomenon is spontaneously produced without external intervention, and it cannot be prevented and avoided.

Even if a piece of surviving glass is placed in a constant temperature vault, there will still be a very small probability of self-destruction.

Glass is a very peculiar substance with some characteristics that other materials do not possess.

In fact, there are still many difficult questions about glass. Why glass has such weird properties? This is an unsolved mystery of contemporary condensed matter physics.

Even now, whether glass is liquid or not is still a topic of debate among physicists.

However, there are reasonable explanations for the characteristics of the three glasses just mentioned. There is an answer from the cutting-edge research results of physics that can explain these three characteristics at the same time, which sounds a little sensational.

In layman's terms, there are countless small bombs hidden inside the glass. They are ready to explode at any time. They can be triggered by external conditions, or they can explode themselves.

The reason why the glass is always broken in large pieces is because when any one of the points is hit, as the small bombs at this point are triggered, the explosion of these small bombs may activate the surrounding bombs, thus causing a chain reaction.

The reason why sounds can cause glass to break is the same, not because the energy of the sound itself is too strong, but because they trigger the small bombs that have the impulse to explode inside the glass.

As for the self-explosion of glass, there is no need to explain it.

Putting aside the inherent impression of glass for the time being, we know that the chemical bonds that make up glass are SI-O silicon-oxygen covalent bonds. The bond energy is very large and difficult to be destroyed.

At the same time, the strength of the covalent bond is much greater than that of the metal bond. That is, in theory, the strength of glass composed of a large amount of silicon-oxygen covalent bonds should also completely explode metal, but the glass we generally see is not like this.

The breakage of the glass is due to the self-explosion inside itself. The glass is originally indestructible, and no metal material can harm the glass.

The glass was shattered by metal objects, but the impact generated in this process triggered the small bomb originally on the glass, causing it to detonate.

Of course, the small bomb is just a metaphor. We heat the sand to a high temperature and melt it to make glass, break their original covalent bonds and then cool it again. It is difficult for silicon atoms and oxygen atoms to form a neat framework.

This also means that atoms will inevitably be squeezed. In fact, the interior of the glass we currently produce is not perfectly arranged, but the atoms are squeezed randomly during the cooling process, which eventually leads to nowhere to hide inside The huge hidden danger of being absent has formed these "small bombs" that will explode at any time.

So if there is any way to prevent these small bombs in the glass, what will the nature of this glass be like?

This kind of glass does not exist in this world. It can be said to be an absolutely perfect and ideal glass. The metal is as soft as mud in front of it.

Since it is absolutely ideal, then directly compare the strength of the chemical bonds that make up the glass and the chemical bonds that make up the metal.

The strength of the SI-O covalent bond that composes glass is far better than that of metal bond that composes metal, which is also reflected in some polymer synthetic materials.

Although human beings have not yet produced the perfect glass without bombs inside, they are gradually trying to approach this direction, and the result is tempered glass.

And the beginning of this story starts with Rupert's tears.

The production of Rupert's Tears is not complicated, just drop molten glass into water to get it.

But its strength is amazing, and it is far different from glass in normal state.

Rupert's Tears, the size of a AA battery, completely ignored the attacks of hammers and electric drills.

Even in the face of a bullet attack, the hydraulic machine that can destroy everything is still strong.

Even sometimes facing the metal hydraulic press, the two metal surfaces of the hydraulic press will deform under the condition of increasing pressure, and finally a small Rupert tear is embedded in the deformed metal under a few tons of pressure.

Rupert’s tears are generally shaped like tadpoles or droplets.

It also has another interesting property, that is, if it leaves a slender tail when it drops into the water, it will gain a weakness.

Just gently pinch the tail, Rupert's tears, which were previously extremely hard, will start from the tail, burst into pieces from the inside to the outside, and the whole scene is spectacular.

For Rupert's Tears' bullet shooting experiment, there will be two situations.

In the first case, the bullet was shattered and Rupert's tears were unscathed.

In the second case, the two will eventually be destroyed at the same time, but some details can be seen under the observation of the high-speed camera.

During the whole process, at the moment of the collision, the bullet was still crushed to pieces. Rupert’s tears were intact, not even a scratch, and the surface was still smooth as before. This shows that the high-speed bullet cannot hurt Lu. The surface of Pert’s Tears.

But after a short period of time, Rupert's tears, which seemed unharmed before, began to explode from the inside out.

Rupert's Tears are still glass, no other substances are added to it, and there is no chemical change in the process of dripping into the water, but why does it have such an amazing change in strength?

In fact, glass itself is very powerful. Rupert’s tears just let the glass show the face it should have.

The only difference between Rupert’s Tears and ordinary glass is the outermost layer. When the molten glass is dropped into the water, the outermost glass instantly solidifies and sets shape because of direct contact with the cold water. It is still in a liquid state. When the internal liquid is condensing, it will squeeze the shaped shell, thereby creating a surface layer with huge compressive stress.

The compressive stress acting on the surface layer is very huge, and the pressure is equivalent to the size of the fingernail and bears 70 tons of pressure.

But instead of destroying the surface of Rupert's Tears, it made it stronger.

Because the strength of the glass itself is extremely large, it can withstand this stress.

At the same time, the huge stress carried by the surface layer is relatively neat and directional. It will cause the small bombs on the surface glass to explode in an orderly outward direction. When the small bombs are locally hit, some small bombs are activated and detonated because of the direction. In addition, so that the compatriots will not be dusted, and the explosion will not be transmitted to each other on the surface, causing a chain reaction.

The breaking of glass must meet two conditions at the same time, one is that the local bomb is activated, and the other is that the explosion has passed.

The huge stress on the surface prevents the conduction of the explosion. This is why the surface of Rupert's Tears will not break under any blow.

But the inside of Rupert’s Tears is not so lucky. After being dropped into the water, except for a thin layer on the surface, the glass inside solidifies slowly and has the same properties as ordinary glass, so Rupert’s Tears Will still pass the explosion inside,

Therefore, after the slender tail of Rupert’s Tears is squeezed, it will eventually be destroyed along the tail. At the same time, Rupert’s Tears will explode from the inside out after being subjected to huge vibrations like ordinary glass.

All in all, simply speaking, the stress layer on the surface of Rupert's Tears can prevent the propagation of the bomblet explosion, thus making it exhibit the properties of superficial diamonds, but only the superficial layer has this ability.

People still have not found a way to eliminate the small bombs inside the glass, but this thin surface layer has already made the glass show infinite potential.

Based on this principle, people invented tempered glass. The tempered glass on the mobile phone uses a chemical method to create a stress layer on the surface, but it still only makes the surface stronger.

ps I’m sorry that I didn’t write the plot in the whole chapter, but it took me five days to write this chapter, and I continued to revise and polish it. The purpose is to tell a hard-core content as easy as possible. I hope all book friends will Can easily understand.

It doesn't matter if you don't like this chapter, as long as you know that the hero will develop a glass that will not break without defects.

This type of problem was still an unsolved mystery at the frontier of science two years ago, and there have been breakthroughs later.

The plot can be exaggerated, but when it comes to the technical level, it must be based on science.

In addition, there are many videos of Rupert's Tears playing with broken hydraulic presses, and videos of being broken by bullets and pinching tails.