I

  Chapter 443 441【Helicopter】

  Fang Yizhi was ordered to come to have an audience with him, along with his three sons, ten-year-old Fang Zhongde, eight-year-old Fang Zhongtong, and four-year-old Fang Zhonglu.

   "Meet Your Majesty!"

  The three children bowed upright with their father.

  Zhao Han liked it quite a lot. After learning about it on the spot, he called his children.

  The eldest son Zhao Kuanghuan is six years old, the second son Zhao Kuangtang, the eldest daughter Zhao Furong, and the second daughter Zhao Hanjin are all only three years old.

  A few children went to play by themselves, Zhao Han asked casually: "What are the recent achievements in physics research?"

  Fang Yizhi replied: "Reporting to Your Majesty, I found that the gravitational force has nothing to do with the mass of the object. The iron block weighing one catty and the iron block weighing ten catties, ignoring the slight air resistance, they fall from a height and land at the same time."

   "It really is an astonishing discovery." Zhao Han said with a smile.

  Half a century ago, Galileo had already discovered that, the Leaning Tower of Pisa, two iron **** fell at the same time.

   It's just that Galileo didn't know about universal gravitation. The universal gravitation in China is still a concept given by Zhao Han.

  Zhao Han asked again: "What else?"

Fang Yizhi replied: "I have a student who put forward a very outrageous hypothesis based on the fact that water can be frozen, water can be boiled into steam, and iron can be heated into molten iron. That is, everything has a real state. , water state and gaseous state. Ice is a solid state, heated and melted into water, and then heated and transpired into gas. Iron is a solid state, heated and melted into molten iron, and then heated to rise into iron gas.”

  Zhao Han smiled and said, "Has he verified his hypothesis?"

Fang Yizhi said: "Many experiments have been done, and some objects conform to his hypothesis. But other objects, such as steel, cannot rise into gas at all. There is also wood, which burns when it is burned, and it will become hot when fried in a pan. Turn black like charcoal."

  Zhao Han said: "What do you think of his hypothesis?"

  Fang Yizhi replied: "I think it should be correct. The molten iron cannot be transpired into gas, maybe it is not heated enough. As for the wood... I have no idea yet."

"Is it possible that solid state, water state, and gaseous state must be pure substances," Zhao Han tempted, "Salt water is also water, but mixed with salt. After boiling salt water, the water becomes gas and disappears. All that is put down is salt, which is how the boiling salt method came about. Therefore, salt water is not pure water. And the wood, fresh wood has moisture, and it becomes lighter when baked or dried, because the water in the wood evaporates If you heat it up and burn it, it will turn into charcoal, so something must have changed?"

  Fang Yizhi pondered, but still couldn't figure it out.

   Zhao Han reminded: "It's better to make a thermometer."

   "What is a thermometer?" Fang Yizhi asked.

  Zhao Han said: "The clock has scales, which can record time. The scale has scales, which can be used to weigh objects. Why not make a tool to measure heat and cold?"

  Fang Yizhi became more and more confused as he thought about it: "Water temperature can be measured by hand, how to measure it with tools?"

  Zhao Han smiled and said, "Have you noticed that if you put a bucket of water outside in winter, the volume will increase after it freezes? Or a door that can be easily closed in winter will bump into the door frame in summer?"

  Fang Yizhi thought about it carefully: "It's really like this."

"I suspect that the volume of all things will change with heat and cold," Zhao Han said. "It's better to make a utensil out of glass, pour mercury into it, and then mark the corresponding scale. When placed in hot water, the height of the mercury column is different. , put it in cold water, and the height of the mercury column is different. Set the water temperature of the water that is about to freeze as zero degrees, and mark the scale on the thermometer. Then set the temperature of the water that is about to boil as 100 degrees. In this way, From zero degree to one hundred degrees, divided into one hundred scales, you can know how much each degree is, and you can measure the heat and cold of various objects."

   Fang Yizhi began to think again.

  Zhao Han continued: "Glass is inconvenient for heat transfer. You can make a contact pin on the thermometer and connect it to the mercury inside, so you can use copper as the contact pin of the thermometer."

   In this regard, Fang Yizhi was fidgeting, and obviously wanted to go home immediately to do experiments.

  Because the amount of information is too large, we must first prove the principle of "expansion with heat and contraction with cold".

  Expansion with heat and contraction with cold, just four words, but it is the key for human beings to enter the age of steam.

   In more than fifty years, the first steam engine model will be born in Europe. Nineteen years later, the first steam water extraction machine appeared, which discharged the water in the mine through a steam engine.

  Seeing that Fang Yizhi's mind was no longer here, Zhao Han said with a smile: "Go do the experiment, your three sons, I will send someone back."

   "Resignation!" Fang Yizhi stood up immediately.

   In the garden.

  Several children were playing with bamboo dragonflies. Fang Zhongde, who came in fourth in the Jinling Prefecture Unified Examination, clasped his palms together, and the bamboo dragonflies jumped into the sky immediately.

   "Wow, flying high!"

  The princes and princesses raised their necks, their eyes following the flight path of the bamboo dragonfly.

  When the bamboo dragonfly landed on the ground, Ju'er picked it up and said, "Are these its wings? How does it fly?"

  Fang Zhongtong held his head high and said, "My father taught me that the blades of the bamboo dragonfly have an inclination. When they rotate, they push the air down and at the same time obtain the counteracting lift of the air."

   Gun'er couldn't understand at all, but still admired: "Your father is so smart, even my father doesn't understand!"

  Zhao Han stood beside him, dumbfounded.

  A bamboo dragonfly, several children rushed to play, Zhao Han asked the female officer to bring a piece of kraft paper, fold it into a paper airplane and fly it out with force.

   "This is also fun!" Gun'er rushed over with his younger siblings.

  Brothers Fang Zhongde and Fang Zhongtong asked in confusion, "Why can this fly?"

  Zhao Han smiled and said, "Go home and ask your father."

  …

  Suzhou.

  Wu Weiye, Liu Tongsheng and other former courtiers of the Ming Dynasty were boating on Taihu Lake.

  Liu Tongsheng was the number one scholar of the Ming Dynasty. He had already "taken refuge" with Zhao Han, and ran away with his whole family at night. Both he and Wu Weiye were selected as prince teachers, but they were squeezed out by Xue Guoguan and other political opponents after Chongzhen lay down and slack in power.

  Unsatisfied, Wu Weiye, Liu Tongsheng and others resigned collectively and returned to the south, just in time to escape Li Zicheng's torture.

  They didn't do any meritorious service, they could only start as small officials.

   After all, they are both learned and famous Confucians, so they couldn’t bear the shame of being an official, so they simply went to the school to apply for a teacher and teach the Four Books in the middle school of their hometown.

   Now it's summer vacation, Liu Tongsheng went to Jiangsu to visit friends, and brought a group of down-and-out literati to visit Taihu Lake together.

  Among the painting boats, the famous courtesan Su Nuan is playing the piano.

  Wu Weiye sighed and said, "Does everyone know about this year's rural examination?"

  Chen Mingxia said in a disdainful tone: "The content of the rural examination is extremely superficial. The Five Classics are not tested, and only one of the Four Books is tested. Even the children of the Ming Dynasty can do it easily. Such an imperial examination is misleading children!"

   This Tanhualang of the last Ming Dynasty, before he had time to pass the Jinshi examination, Emperor Chongzhen of the Ming Dynasty had already hanged himself.

  Chen Mingxia also wanted to be an official in the Datong court. He started as a small official and was promoted to mayor in half a year. After working for another two or three months, I felt that there was nothing lucrative and boring, and I was far away from becoming a county magistrate, so I simply resigned and went home to recite poems and have fun.

"This is not an imperial examination," Mao Pijiang said. "It is just a provincial unified examination. There is only one question left in the eight-legged essay, and the rest are all practical subjects. I heard from a friend that His Majesty has long planned to restore the imperial examination, but I will definitely not use stereotyped writing to select scholars again."

  Jin Shengtan smiled and said, "It would be great if you don't use stereotyped essays to select scholars. When the imperial examination resumes someday, I will also take the exam."

  Mao Bijiang reminded: "Then you have to learn it in advance, so don't fail to pass the exam."

  Jin Shengtan was born as a scholar, and has not been expelled from school yet.

  Historically, this person was expelled from his fame, purely for making fun of the county school teachings.

   Among them, there is an annual exam, which is equivalent to the annual final exam, and the teacher asks questions: Is this tempting?

  Jin Shengtan's article is as follows: In the empty mountains and poor valleys, there are ten thousand taels of gold; May I ask if the Master is tempted? Said: Move, move, move...

   Jiaoyu laughed angrily, and asked, "Why did you write thirty-nine movements?"

  Jin Shengtan replied: "Confucius said that there is no confusion at forty, and the late birth is thirty-nine years old this year."

   Later, the county school taught and taught, and gave Jin Shengtan a separate topic: How is it that people are different from animals?

  Obviously calling Jin Shengtan a beast, Jin Shengtan immediately gave a solution: beasts cannot be taught, even if taught, they are also beasts. Animals cannot be taught, even if they are taught, animals are also taught.

   Now that the new dynasty has been established, Jin Shengtan is living in style.

  His main job is Tiao Dashen, and his side job is a literary critic. Both jobs are relatively profitable.

  Liu Tongsheng lamented: "Oh, the imperial examination is not going well. I, the number one scholar in the former dynasty, is now just the king of children, teaching a group of children in the county middle school. This majesty, really...really..."

   What is it really, I dare not say it.

   All the scholars despised him, thinking that the old gentleman was too stupid.

  When the Liu family took refuge in the Datong Emperor, the Datong Emperor only owned two counties. Absolutely from the merits of the dragon, if you insist on fleeing with your family, you can't even get a half-job now.

  If you don't run away, you might be a third-rank official!

  Actually, Liu Tongsheng regretted it himself, but regretting is useless. If he really had to choose again, he would still run away with his family without knowing the future.

  He is the number one scholar, how could he join the rebels?

  Seeing that the atmosphere in the cabin was not right, Wu Weiye pointed to a mountain pavilion in Taihu Lake and said, "Brother Jinqing, the Pavilion of Flowers in the Epiphyllum was completed last year. Do you know why this pavilion has such a name?"

   "There are many kinds of epiphyllum outside the pavilion?" Liu Tongsheng asked.

"No, no," Mao Pijiang said with a smile, "on the top of this pavilion, there is a vase. The vase is hollowed out and divided into two layers. There is an oil lamp in the vase, and light can be seen from miles away at night. The wind of Taihu Lake blows Come, the four windows on the outer wall of the vase turn, and the light flickers on and off, just like a flash in the pan. Hang a copper plate in the pavilion, add sesame oil, and the fire of the vase will last forever. Not only that, no matter how strong the lake wind is, Can't blow out the lamp in the vase."

  This pavilion is not only a place for tourists to rest, but also a lighthouse for boatmen at night.

   Liu Tongsheng exclaimed: "This is what a craftsman did."

Jin Sheng sighed and said with a smile: "That ingenious craftsman is Xu Zhengming, he is really a weird person. He actually imitated the children's toy bamboo dragonfly and made a kind of flying chair. After more than ten years of making it, all the money he earned was thrown into it, and the family often ran out of food. Last time The moon finally flew up, but it was only a foot above the ground, and it barely flew two or three feet away before falling."

   "Can you really get off the ground?" Liu Tongsheng was surprised.

  Chen Mingxia laughed loudly: "A height of one foot is also called flying? It's just a plaything."

(Note: The deeds of Xu Zhengming, a craftsman, can be found in "Wu County Chronicle Xiangshan Xiaozhi". The flying chair was more than a foot off the ground, flew over a stream and fell to the ground. After Xu Zhengming died, his wife chopped firewood and burned the flying chair just because of complaints The husband threw all the money in.)

   (Thanks to the leader who read the book and forgets the appearance!)

  (end of this chapter)