Into Unscientific

Chapter 687 Atsushi Suzuki: This hole is too small, let’s dig it bigger (Part 2)

“Nani? Exchange experimental data with the Chinese?”

I heard what Yukawa Hideki said.

Tomonaga Shinichiro couldn't help being stunned for a few seconds, and then he came back to his senses and asked:

“Yukawa-san, I hear what you mean. Do you think the Chinese people have enough experimental data?”

Yukawa Hideki nodded slightly towards him and said:

“Yes, although I don’t know how they solved the high-energy-level experimental conditions, in my judgment, there is no doubt about the authenticity of these experimental data.”

“The parameters related to electron neutrinos are not the core parameters. If we exchange them for the sake of academic exchange, we will probably not pay any obvious price.”

As he spoke, Yukawa Hideki pointed to the "Physical Review Letters" on his desk and continued:

“Mr. Ichiro, I just made a brief estimate of the experimental situation in China when Xiao Chaisang was doing calculations.”

“If nothing else, those Chinese people have probably done impact experiments at around 70 MeV. At this energy level, there can be about six to eight parameters we need in a one-page report.”

“Based on the energy spectrum range of the impact, I think the number of reports they have is about 30 pages.”

“According to this estimate, they should have 200-250 non-duplicated key data on hand. If they can get it, it will be enough for us to conduct mathematical verification.”

be honest.

If Xu Yun was present at this time and could understand Yukawa Hideki's Japanese, he would probably not be able to help but admire this neon man's attainments in physical data.

After all, what Yukawa Hideki said at this time is basically the same as the data currently available to the rabbits - and he has never even come into contact with an actual experimental report.

But this is normal.

Again.

 There is actually no direct relationship between a person's political stance and his personal ability, whether he is an ordinary person, a politician or a scientist.

Some people may be bad and have pus, but they may not be that stupid.

Just like Keigo Masaki who transformed into the evil Tiga in Ultraman Tiga, he is still a top physics genius.

Hideki Yukawa is also like this to some extent.

The Yukawa coupling theory he proposed and the pi meson he discovered do have a place in the history of theoretical physics. This is something even Xu Yun, who disses Yukawa Hideki once in every book, must admit.

Looking back to reality.

Hearing Yukawa Hideki’s thoughts, Tomonaga Shinichiro quickly nodded.

 As Yukawa Hideki said.

Although they don’t yet know how the poor Chinese people have the experimental conditions, they are currently certain that these experimental data are quite real and are definitely not fabricated.

  And the 60-70MeV accelerator Neon required for the experiment obviously does not have the corresponding equipment conditions in China.

 So if you want to conduct follow-up research, mathematical research to be precise, you obviously have to make a deal with the Chinese.

  After all, mathematical calculations are actually a very rigorous matter. Without enough data, you only have a few characters. It is basically impossible to deduce a theory based on the definition of characters.

 Fortunately, the data Yukawa Hideki needs is not conspicuous in the entire experimental report. Based on the current situation in China, it is estimated that the data can be obtained easily:

 Simply use food, or use some obsolete non-embargoed equipment or foreign exchange, and you can probably get the data back.

Although Neon's economy has not yet grown enough to want to counterattack his father, it is still very simple to complete such an exchange with the strength of Kyoto University.

Think of this.

Tomonaga Shinichiro was ready to agree with Yukawa Hideki’s idea:

 “Yukawa-san”

As a result, when he was halfway through speaking, a childish voice sounded from the side:

 “Ah, it’s so strange”

Shinichiro Tomonaga, Hideki Yukawa, and Masatoshi Oshiba:

  “?!”

Hideki Yukawa then looked in the direction of the sound and found that the person who made the sound was...

 My own student, Atsushi Suzuki.

Those who have read Chapter 685 of "Approaching Unscience" should all know this.

Not long ago, when Oshiba Masajun was deriving relevant data, Yukawa Hideki also called Suzuki Atsushi to the desk to help Oshiba Masajun's calculations.

 At this moment.

This new student of Yukawa Hideki was looking at a certain report in front of him with a puzzled look on his face, and the end of a pen was dangling in his mouth.

ˆ “.”

I don’t know if it’s because of the discovery of [new physics].

Faced with Suzuki Atsushi's disrespectful behavior, Yukawa Hideki, who usually has a bad temper and an OTTO electric baton, rarely got angry. Instead, he put on a rare gentle expression and said:

 “Suzuki-san, have you discovered anything?”

Yukawa Hideki's so-called "discovery" has some teasing meaning. After all, although Suzuki Atsushi is extremely talented, he has not grown up after all.

The other three people present at this time are all top physicists in the world. If there is anything abnormal, Yukawa Hideki and the others should have noticed it long ago.

However, Suzuki Atsushi seemed not to hear Yukawa Hideki's joke, but looked at his teacher with some seriousness:

“Professor, something seems not quite right here.”

Yukawa Hideki looked at Masatoshi Oshiba next to him, and then slowly walked to Suzuki Atsushi's side:

 “What’s wrong?”

 Hideki Yukawa wants to come.

Suzuki Atsushi estimated that he was stuck at some link, just like many students when doing math problems, unable to figure out how the two steps are progressively connected.

That kind of problem may stump most students, but it is unlikely to stump the teacher - it is a matter of vision and experience.

Suzuki Atsushi also had this idea at this time, so he honestly told Yukawa Hideki his doubts, hoping to get the teacher's answer:

“Professor, look here. This is the expected value after the spontaneous breaking of the symmetry group calculated by a Chinese person.”

"I just tried it. If VEV is selected as = (0,...,0,v)/2, then theoretically a total of N1+N1+1=2N1 generators will be broken, and the remaining symmetry group is SU( N1).”

“But if we consider that the current term you and Mr. Xiaochai just discussed seems to correspond to the SU(N_i) group in the degenerate subspace, isn’t it a little strange?”

Yukawa Hideki's expression on his face was a little casual at first, but as he looked at it, his face suddenly became a little serious, and his brows were slightly knitted together.

 Two minutes later.

Yukawa Hideki took the initiative to take the journal from the table, and at the same time waved to Masajun Oshiba and Shinichiro Tomonaga:

 “Xiao Chai-san, Mr. Ichiro, please come over here.”

Oshiba Masatoshi and Tomonaga Shinichiro were stunned for a few seconds when they heard this. After coming back to their senses, they quickly came to Yukawa Hideki:

 “Yukawa-san, what’s wrong?”

Yukawa Hideki nodded and handed the journal to them:

 “Look at this.”

Upon seeing this, Masajun Koshiba took the initiative to invite the elder Shinichiro Tomonaga. Shinichiro Tomonaga said Arigado, then took the journal and read it with Masajun Koba.

 Somewhat similar to Yukawa Hideki.

 At the beginning, neither Masatoshi Oshiba nor Shinichiro Tomonaga took the above content too seriously. The expressions on their faces were mainly curious and inquisitive—curious as to why Hideki Yukawa was so serious.

But very quickly.

 The expressions of both of them were condensed at the same time. Shinichiro Tomonaga put the journal on the table, picked up a piece of paper and started writing.

　About five minutes passed.

Oshiba Masatoshi and Tomonaga Shinichiro raised their heads from the table almost at the same time and said in unison:

 “Yukawa-san, something is wrong!”

Yukawa Hideki was not surprised by their reaction. He just secretly clenched his fists and asked:

“You two, do you think so too?”

Xiao Chai Changjun nodded vigorously and said firmly:

 “Yes, there must be something wrong here!”

 It is well known.

 Electromagnetic interaction corresponds to the SU(1) group, weak interaction corresponds to the SU(2) group, and strong interaction corresponds to the SU(3) group.

The SU(N) group can be defined by its basic representation. The elements can be written as U(α)=exp(iαiTi), where the generator form is as follows:

 (Tba)cd=δacδdb1Nδabδcd, and satisfies the commutative relationship [Tab, Tcd]=δcbTadδadTcb.

 From the perspective of the number of group parameters.

SU(N+M) has a total of (N+M)21 parameters, and the number of group parameters of the subgroup SU(N)SU(M) is: (N21)+(M21)=(N+M)21(2NM +1).

 Among them, 2NM parameters describe the non-diagonal elements outside the direct sum matrix. At this time, there is still one last parameter left, which is used to describe the diagonal matrix.

The starting point of the content of this parameter cannot be displayed. Ahem, it is not important. What is important is another concept:

 The groups to which diagonal matrices belong are independent.

  Mentioned numerous times earlier.

 In gauge field theory.

  The electromagnetic force corresponds to the U(1) group, the weak interaction force corresponds to the SU(2) group, and the strong interaction force corresponds to the SU(3) group.

 And in mathematics.

U(1) is actually the transformation of a vector C=re^(iθ) on the complex plane while keeping the module length unchanged, that is, the transformation of e^(iα) multiplied by C. It can be said that the commonly used representation of U(1) is e^(iα).

 Where α is called the continuous parameter, here is the angle of rotation transformation. In addition to α, there is also an i on the e index, which is called the generator of this transformation.

So U(1) can also be regarded as an invariant vector, and the choice of the direction of the complex coordinate system is arbitrary, as is the transformation relationship between these coordinate systems.

  SU(2) is two vectors (i.e. two complex numbers) on the complex plane, a transformation that keeps the modulus sum of squares unchanged, and requires the determinant of the transformation matrix

ˆ is 1, so the trace of the generator must be 0. The two vectors on the complex plane can be regarded as a vector in a 4-dimensional real space, projected onto two planes. The projection vectors on each plane correspond to an independent complex number. The two projection vectors draw On a complex plane, this is where the two-dimensional complex vectors described in the previous paragraph come from.

When a vector in a 4-dimensional space is purely rotated, its two projection vectors, that is, two complex numbers, will remain unchanged and undergo various transformations. This transformation is SU(2). The commonly expressed generator is Pauli matrix.

  SU(3) is a variety of transformations in which three vectors on the complex plane remain unchanged as the sum of the squares of the modular lengths. Its generator is commonly expressed as a Gell-Mann matrix.

  That is, if this matrix supports the mathematical representation of the U(1) group under certain circumstances, then it cannot be established in the context of the SU(2) group and SU(3) group.

 This is like being an Earthling.

If he can survive safely in the environment on Earth, it will never be possible to survive on Pluto without any external measures.

 Because the temperature, air pressure, and oxygen content on Pluto are completely different from those on Earth, you can survive on Pluto, but you must match some other equipment—that is, change the expression in the context of other groups.

Of course.

  If you are a sports student, say something else. After all, sports students can resist nuclear fusion.

 But now the situation discovered by Yukawa Hideki or Suzuki Atsushi is somewhat special.

 According to the calculations in the paper by Zhao Zhongyao et al.

 For the reduction of the SU(N+M) group, they are mainly obtained by using the Yang operator Y[ω] labeled Yang diagram [ω] to act on its tensor space.

 After rigorous discussion (ignoring the discussion process here), we can finally get a result:

In the tensor space formed by the Y[ω] projection, there is a subspace belonging to the subgroup SU(N)SU(M) irreducible representation [λ] The derivative represents the subgroup representation [λ]×[μ] appearing in the reduction.

This is some kind of representation of a diagonal matrix in the SU(3) group, and Yukawa Hideki did not find any problems during the entire derivation process.

 But the problem is

 After introducing the extra term of neutrino, the number of rows of the three Yang diagrams [ω], [λ] and [μ] of this diagonal matrix are all less than N+M, N and M. This means that under this framework, the left-hand field ψLc can be used to replace the right-hand field ψR at the mathematical level, and it can be seen that the representation to which ψLc belongs and the representation to which ψR belongs are complex conjugates.

 In human terms, that is.

 The diagonal matrix does not need to change too much to be established in the SU(2) group.

 Using the above example to describe it, an earthling survived on Pluto without any external force.

 This tmd is outrageous.

Think of this.

Yukawa Hideki couldn't help but look at each other with Masajun Oshiba and Shinichiro Tomonaga.

 Is this a derivation error?

 Also said there are other internal reasons?

 If it’s just the former, then there’s nothing to say. If the derivation is wrong, anything can happen.

 But if there is no problem in this derivation process, then this so-called "no problem" is a big problem

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　—

Yukawa Hideki's Adam's apple rolled a few times and he quickly made a decision:

“Suzuki-san, please call Professor Kishida and tell him that our lab visit today may be cancelled.”

Suzuki Atsushi stood up straight immediately:

 “Hai!”

Hideki Yukawa then said to Masatoshi Oshiba and Shinichiro Tomonaga:

 “Xiao Chai-san, Mr. Ichiro, do we want to give it a try?”

Although Yukawa Hideki did not say what he wanted to "try", both Masatoshi Oshiba and Shinichiro Tomonaga understood what he meant:

 Try to verify this process!

 If this situation can be widely established, it indicates that something big is about to happen!

 The extra terms of neutrinos and the variations of Yukawa coupling are so small that they can be ignored in the face of this matter!

Then it’s not a matter of Nobel Prize or peer-to-peer love. Yukawa Hideki will become the well-deserved first person in the history of physics!

 In an instant.

Yukawa Hideki felt that the only egg he had left due to the car accident was full of hope.

Huntu Suzuki then went to contact Kishida, and Hideki Yukawa closed the door with Masajun Oshiba and Shinichiro Tomonaga and began to conduct further verification.

"We need to disassemble the expression of Aμ first, and try to disassemble the 24 generators into 8 generators belonging to SU(3), 3 generators belonging to SU(2) and 1 generator belonging to SU (1) Generator of Y”

“I can complete this part independently, but if I want to decompose it like this, then the corresponding transformed gauge field should be carried out in the subgroup SU(3)CSU(2)L, right?”

"Yes, we need to linearly combine the generators of the SU(3) group again to construct a set of Hermitian matrices Ti as a new basis for the Lie algebra of the SU(3) group. This task may need to be entrusted to Ichiro Sir"

be honest.

This verification step is not difficult—otherwise Hideki Yukawa would not have discovered this situation so quickly.

The difficulty lies mainly in associating additional data items with the diagonal matrix. Not many people in the world have this kind of data sensitivity.

  But it happens that

As a future expert on earth neutrinos and a high-energy physics master who is one step away from winning the Nobel Prize, Atsushi Suzuki happens to have this talent.

 Develop according to the original history.

 Just four more years.

 He ​​will be the first to combine the Hermitian conjugate part of the extra term with the Yukawa coupling, first become famous, and then quickly get on the first car in his life.

Of course.

Now due to some reasons, Suzuki Atsushi himself [regrettably] missed this opportunity to overturn.

but

 The pit where Suzuki Atsushi fell did not disappear. Instead, by chance, it coincided with another pit dug by Xu Yun.

Students who often play with sand should know this.

 If you dig another pit next to a pit, it is likely that the edges of the two pits will collapse and merge into one, forming a larger and deeper pit.

Xu Yun originally just wanted some people from Kyoto University to fall, but now the situation has changed in a direction that even Xu Yun had not imagined due to some reasons.

 “The normalization condition is met, and the expected value can be written as -3”

“Hey, the gauge-invariant Fermion kinetic energy term is actually the mass direction, which is the left-hand field or the product of two right-hand fields?”

“Yukawa-san, can this energy scale be ignored? After ignoring it, introduce your Yukawa coupling theorem, and an equation will be established.”

“There is a problem here. If according to the general theory of spontaneous symmetry breaking, when there is no gauge field, the field component corresponding to the generator of the quotient group is the zero-mass Goldstone field. This seems to be a dead end that cannot be explained by the southern model.”

“What if we introduce the Chinese heavy state decomposition in the meta-hadron model?”

 “Let me take a look, it seems that it can be explained.”

“That’s good, let’s continue along this line of thinking. When our theory is proven successful, it’s okay to give those Chinese people a little bit of the qualifications to be praised.”

 Two hours later.

Huntu Suzuki, who estimated that the situation was about the same, picked up a kettle and was about to enter the house to add some water to Yukawa Hideki and others.

Just as he was about to knock the door with his outstretched finger, several bursts of wild laughter suddenly erupted in the room that could be heard clearly through the walls:

 “Hahaha! Your Majesty, our guess is right! Onboard!!”

 The moment I heard this wild laughter.

The unsuspecting Suzuki Atsushi was frightened, but fortunately he grabbed the handle of the kettle in time and nothing happened - the kettle was filled with scalding hot water. If it tipped over, Suzuki Atsushi could change his name directly. Suzuki was given a grand burial.

Hunter Suzuki then carefully pushed open the office door and stuck his head in with some restraint.

 I only see this moment.

Yukawa Hideki, Koshiba Masatoshi and Tomonaga Shinichiro are just like male ketones in the Tianfu bar in later generations, hugging each other, shouting and jumping, surrounded by calculation papers scattered on the ground, the whole painting style looks so weird

Huntu Suzuki hesitated for more than ten seconds when he saw this, and then gritted his teeth and walked into the house.

I saw him tiptoeing to Yukawa Hideki's side. After putting the kettle on, he carefully asked Yukawa Hideki:

“Professor, do you have any results from your calculations?”

Yukawa Hideki was originally singing a Showa ditty with Oshiba Masatoshi. Hearing this, he immediately laughed, picked up some arithmetic papers from the table and stuffed them to Suzuki Atsushi:

“Suzuki-san, see for yourself—your discovery this time will be a meritorious service!”

At this period, Suzuki Atsushi was not as pursuing fame and fortune as later generations. Hearing this, he just subconsciously took the calculation paper and started reading it on the spot.

 Mentioned earlier.

As a genius who was admitted to Kyoto University at the age of 15 and became a sophomore undergraduate student at the age of 16 under Hideki Yukawa, who had previously only accepted doctoral students, Suzuki's intellectual level was much higher than that of his peers.

At this time, Suzuki Atsushi's level in theoretical physics was basically the same as that of a second-year master's degree. Although he was still just a seedling in front of top physicists, he could still understand some academic content.

If not, he would not have discovered the anomalies of the SU(N_i) group and generators before.

Although the calculation process of Yukawa Hideki and Oshiba Masatoshi was partially out of scope, after considering the context, Suzuki Atsushi could still roughly understand the meaning of each step.

So he gritted his teeth and read slowly.

A few minutes later.

Suzuki Atsushi suddenly couldn't help but let out an "ah" sound, and suddenly raised his head to look at Yukawa Hideki:

“Professor Yukawa, have you discovered a new model that can connect U(1), SU(2) and SU(3) groups?”

ˆ “.”

Hearing the words [new model], Yukawa Hideki's breathing suddenly became faster.

 He took a few deep breaths, trying to calm down his mind.

No matter how he breathed, Yukawa Hideki's heart was still beating violently.

So he could only temporarily give up the idea of ​​calming down, and said to Suzuki Atsushi with trembling lips:

“That’s right, Suzuki-kun, we discovered a brand new physical model.”

“This model is not a specific particle framework, but it is more influential than any theory, including the Chinese metahadron theory!”

“For example, if this model is true, protons will have a decay period!”

 Speaking at the end.

Yukawa Hideki held onto Suzuki Atsushi's shoulders without any teacher-like manner and shook them vigorously.

Opposite him, Atsushi Suzuki felt a sense of dizziness - he was not stunned by Hideki Yukawa, but was spinning due to excessive fright.

Said above.

  The electromagnetic force corresponds to the U(1) group, the weak interaction force corresponds to the SU(2) group, and the strong interaction force corresponds to the SU(3) group.

These three groups can be extremely complex in mathematical concepts, but in physics they can be extremely simple:

 SU(2)L×U(1)Y can be understood as the combination of U(1) group and SU(2) group, which is the electroweak standard model.

 That’s right.

 The electroweak standard model.

 Another example is the meta-hadron model developed by the Chinese.

 It describes the strong force, weak force, and electromagnetic force in a unified framework. It is a quantum field theory model based on non-Abelian gauge fields.

 The electroweak unified model is a subset of the model.

but

This "unification" only means that they can be described in a theoretical framework. It is still very different from Wheat's "unification of electricity and magnetism" back then.

Wheat’s electromagnetic unity back then was a true unity, that is, he proved that electricity and magnetism are essentially the same. Electricity and magnetism can be transformed into each other under reference system transformation and dynamic evolution. They are different aspects of the same object.

 The current standard model only means that strong, weak, and electromagnetic forces can be described using the same theoretical framework. They are far from the same object.

  As for gravity, let alone it, it is innately incompatible.

However.

Hideki Yukawa and his team’s derivation results this time “put together” the three groups U(1), SU(2) and SU(3) mathematically into a more complete framework!

That is.

 The legendary “grand unification” model!

This is an achievement that even the **** of physics, Einstein, could not accomplish!

 No wonder Yukawa Hideki and the others are so excited. Once this model is proven successful, Yukawa Hideki will really be able to become a god!

The controversy over whether the first person in the history of physics is Maverick or Lao Ai will completely disappear and be replaced by a neon name!

Think of this.

 Suzuki Atsushi's heart suddenly started beating fast.

 It is true.

Yukawa Hideki and others have only completed the mathematical derivation, and the relevant parameters are relatively thin.

but

 From an application perspective, this model is completely verifiable!

 Because within this framework, Yukawa Hideki and others used a new interaction form to describe the conversion process after the interaction between China's "meta-hadrons" and the X and Y gauge fields.

  And the baryon number and lepton number are not conserved in this process.

 This is the last word mentioned by Yukawa Hideki - protons will have a decay cycle!

  In other words.

As long as protons that fit the decay model are found based on this theory, the success of Yukawa Hideki's theory can be proven!

Of course.

This kind of thing is easy to say, but very complicated to do.

 At least with Yukawa Hideki himself and even with the ability of Kyoto University, it would be difficult to complete this idea.

unless

It took the entire neon physics community and spent a lot of, or in other words countless, manpower, material resources, and time to achieve this step.

Think of this.

Yukawa Hideki quickly calmed down.

He took a deep breath and turned to look at Masajun Oshiba and Shinichiro Tomonaga:

 “Xiao Chai-san, Mr. Ichiro.”

“We lost the first opportunity to possess an atomic bomb because of the dirty work of the Navy Red Deer and Army Red Deer, and today.”

“The time has come to once again test the unity of the neon physics community.”

ˆ “.”

 Looking at Yukawa Hideki with an extremely solemn expression.

Oshiba Masatoshi and Tomonaga Shinichiro looked at each other and said in unison:

“Yukawa-san, tell me, how do you want us to cooperate with you?”

Yukawa Hideki was silent for a few seconds and then said word by word:

 “I want you to come with me.”

“Convince the entire neon physics community. No, it should be said that the entire neon scientific community will devote all its efforts to the research of a grand unified theory in the next time.”

 (End of this chapter)