My 1999

"Whose phone?"

Helen, who changed his clothes, was curious.

"Bill Gates, he wants to buy Android, but the price is too low, I don't agree."

"Microsoft wants to acquire Android?"

"Is it strange?"

"With Microsoft's technical strength, you don't need to acquire it at all, just do one by yourself." Helen said.

"The acquisition saves time. But now they have decided to do it by themselves."

"It seems that you have opened a price they don't want." Helen smiled.

"$ 8 billion, Microsoft feels expensive."

"What do you think?"

Looking at her dark blue beautiful eyes, Xu Liang smiled and reached out to find her smooth and delicate jaw. "You know more and more."

Helen smiled and snuggled into his arms.

His slender and fair arms held his tiger waist, softly.

"We have been together for more than four years and gave birth to Winston and Henry. If we can't understand each other, we can only show that there is no real love between us."

Xu Liang was holding his waist, smelling the faint aroma on his golden show, and a strong tenderness flowing in his heart.

As Helen said.

With more than four years, plus two sons.

Although the combination of the two is because of the benefits, it has been mixed with feelings for so long.

Hugging for a long time was separated from the noise of the children.

After dinner, Helen pulled Xu Liang to the conference room.

"Take the initiative to pull me over, is there something wrong?"

Helen nodded, soaked him with a pot of black tea, and sat down next to him.

"Google is investing in" dark fiber. "

"Dark Fiber?"

Xu Liang is not unfamiliar with this thing, referring to the idle optical cable that has been laid but has not been used.

Many times the number of fiber fiber that communicates more than its needs in order to meet the needs of the future, and at the same time, it can avoid high costs brought by repeated optical fibers.

Dark fiber can be rented or sold to individuals or other companies for the construction of marginal rooms, and the edge computing of some server and CDN is paved.

In this case, for example, users are users of a broadband operator, and this broadband operator and oil pipe have signed a Pereing peer agreement, also known as bandwidth exchange.

Then the user's access request of the oil pipe will be routed to the edge computer room deployed in City A. The next step is to transmit it on the inner network of the oil pipe, which greatly saves the number of routing times and increases the speed of access.

However, the oil pipe will not pay the bandwidth fee to this operator in city A -although it should have paid it, it will be exempted from each other.

Xu Liang: "You want Facebook to invest in dark fiber, and then use these optical fiber resources to sign a bandwidth exchange agreement with other ISP service providers. Other accessers can use the fiber network owned by Facebook for free. Facebook can also use their fiber network for free.

In this way, Facebook's broadband costs are almost there, and all costs are only fiber and routers depreciation. "

Helen laughed: "My man is amazing, and he understands all my plans.

That's right, if we invest in the network infrastructure ourselves and calculate it in the long run, it must be stable. "

Xu Liang: "Do you want to spend a lot of money at one time, do you have so much money on the Facebook account?"

Helen nodded gently, "Most of the money in Series B is still on the account, and Hongmeng can also join this plan to build the infrastructure construction cost with Facebook."

Xu Liang nodded, and Hongmeng's YouTube was also a large consumption of traffic.

"This is also a way. Without ISP middlemen to make differences, it will definitely save a lot of bandwidth consumption costs."

In fact, this is also a password for the oil pipe to achieve profitability. It truly controls the bandwidth cost. Otherwise, it can be generous to the video bloggers to divide the advertisement into a big head?

Because Google has invested too much dark fiber, and even caused some media to question whether Google wanted to hijack the Internet based on the reasons for public rights.

In fact, Google did not take this thing to threaten operators.

France has experienced the slowdown of broadband users across the country, because all French operators have not signed a bandwidth exchange agreement with Google.

French telecommunications operators believe that in order to make French users access the oil pipes faster, Google has to rent French broadband from them.

To put it bluntly, it is the French who can't get used to the bullish hanging of Google's pair of Bai Ji. He came up and gave Google a little color to see.

As a result, Google did not bow at all, and launched a tool for rating of ISP services by the trend, that is, "testing the online access oil pipe at home in the user's home."

If the test results are not good, the oil pipe will be detailed to users. This is mainly the operator's pot, and it is recommended that users change the operator to support the Google Bandwidth Exchange Agreement.

Therefore, the European Union's fine Google really did not have wrongdoing this brother. This is not the abuse of market dominance. What is it?

He remembered that after the business of the previous Google, he also directly engaged in a Google Fiber Google Fiber Program, which provided ultra -high -speed broadband of up to 1Gbps per second.

Later, it also launched a TV and Internet service package for individual users of the community to grab business with major telecommunications operators.

Xu Liang: "Let's investigate first, and then take out a solution to discuss and verify, what do you think?"

"No problem. By the way, there is another thing. I will go to Stanford University to give a speech the day after tomorrow. Would you like to go together?"

"speech?"

Helen was dissatisfied: "What kind of eyes are you, can I not give a speech at Stanford?"

Xu Liang quickly soothed the fried beauty.

"How can it be? My wife is only Gao Ba Dou, and has founded the world's most popular community website today. Not to mention Stanford, it is also a matter of granted that all universities in Ivy invites you to speak.

I'm just curious, aren't you brother, how can you invite you to give a speech? "

"At first glance, you don't care about me. Brother invited me to go last year."

"Why don't I know?"

"You were not in the United States at the time, and it wasn't a big deal, I didn't tell you."

"No wonder I don't know."

"Are you going tomorrow?"

Looking at the eyes of women's expectations, Xu Liang was embarrassed to say.

"I didn't go to the United States last time. This time, since I am there, I will definitely go to you. But you also know that I don't like to welcome them.

I won't go to the stage.

Find a place below, just look at you quietly. "

Although a little regret, Helen nodded happily.

As long as the man promises.

She is happy to share her achievements to the person who cares most about herself.

Probably the ideas are the same as ‘women’ s pleasing yourself ’.

Intersection

The next day, after Xu Liang got up, he was still thinking about the dark fiber that Helen said.

Fortunately, although the Internet is developing at a high speed, the demand for fiber is far less high.

When the era of mobile comes, that is the outbreak of the real optical fiber demand.

However, 'dark fiber business' can only be played abroad, and domestic telecommunications companies are not allowed to privately.

This is why potatoes, Youku, Six Room, 56.com, Sohu Video, Penguin Video, Iqiyi's current B and Watermelon Video, I want to be the fundamental reason to become Huaxia, but they are always unsuccessful.

Not technology, not content, not often, nor is it a operating model.

In the final analysis, it is money!

In addition to LeTV, all the video websites in Huaxia have wanted to make himself "Huaxia's YouTube" at a certain stage.

But they are either failed or they are failed.

What is youTube?

In the eyes of users, YouTube is an open video community. It is a big charitator who can skip advertising. It is a top product with first -class functional design. It is a precise long video recommendation flow like Douyin.

Youtube is the promise of all video users.

If all long video websites are not experienced, it must be because it is "not like YouTube."

But Youtube is not a charity organization. As a business, what is the essence of YouTube?

Is it precise advertising?

Is it a super high -proportion creator divided into a plan?

Is it a powerful homemade channel?

None.

Youtube's business logic is simple: a video website that almost does not need to pay the online fee.

Why did Huaxia's video website before UGC or PUGC failed?

Because the cost of server and bandwidth cannot be carried.

Why is Douyin only allowed only 15 seconds when it was launched in 2016?

Because the cost of server and bandwidth cannot be carried.

Why did the WeChat circle of friends rose from the allowed 10 -second short video to the end of 2019 to the 15 -second short video that is still stretched?

Because the cost of server and bandwidth cannot be carried.

Huaxia Video Website is roughly divided into four categories:

The first category is Youku and Tudou, which is a hybrid mode of the genuine content of the video with UGC (user sharing content);

The second category is the UGC mode represented by the 56 network and Ku 6 to focus on the content and interaction of users sharing;

The third category is the genuine HD faction represented by iQiyi, Penguin Video, Sohu Video;

The fourth category is the video information represented by the excitement network and the first video.

Looking back now, you will find that the third category of video website mainly based on genuine content has become the current mainstream.

After the merger of Youku Tudou, which is done by UGC and genuine dramas in the first category, it has actually become the third category.

The second category of video websites dominated by UGC, PGC, and communities have been dead ...

Oh, no, it's a dead round. Now station B is the second round.

In order to balance the cost of high user costs, Station B has begun membership purchase, live broadcast, advertising, games and user privileges, and continuously expand the business model.

Although profitable.

But old users are dissatisfied.

Questioning it is over -commercial.

It is no longer my favor, the pure and beautiful 'small broken station', and the users are constantly lost.

Therefore, how long it can live is still a problem.

So why do youtube different?

To explain this, let's start with the domestic network environment.

If the Internet is early enough, it should be remembered that it is very slow to visit each other with interviews, pass documents, pass voice or videos between domestic Internet Unicom users and telecommunications users.

Until now, some domestic online games have also been divided into telecommunications services, connecting Unicom, and mobile services.

The reason is that even though all Chinese operators are state-owned enterprises, each company still has independent accounting.

They each build their own infrastructure (in the past), which is equivalent to forming "several physical networks".

As a Unicom user, the Internet access fee you pay to Unicom is used to access the resources on the Unicom network.

Whether you are chatting with a Telecom user or downloading content from a website in the Telecom computer room, half of it is using Telecom's infrastructure.

No mistake, one song, one post, one content, one 6, one 9, one book, one bar, one look!

So in theory, you still have to pay Telecom.

However, this matter cannot be done too much, otherwise it will really become two networks.

Therefore, Unicom and Telecom will sign an agreement, which is rarely mentioned in China and therefore has no name.

Abroad, it is called Peering Agreement, a peer agreement.

Simply put, it is to facilitate mutual access between users of Unicom and Telecom. Although Unicom users do not pay Telecom and Telecom users do not pay Unicom, they can obtain a certain amount of free data exchange quotas for each other.

For example, it is agreed that every day all Unicom users can send 1TB of content to Telecom's network, and every day all Telecom users can send 1TB of content to Unicom's network.

Within this quota, neither Unicom nor Telecom will pay the other, and the two users do not have to pay for two broadbands.

But the name "peer agreement" sounds bad, because there is no such thing as peer-to-peer on the Internet.

Let's further deduce and now bring in video websites.

Youku was founded in 2005, and its headquarters is in Beijing, Unicom's territory.

Let's assume that its initial computer room was only connected to Unicom's bandwidth. What will happen then?

Youku has developed rapidly, and more and more users are watching videos.

Telecom will find that the quota given by Unicom to access Unicom's online resources is used up in one hour every day, and the remaining 23 hours of traffic must be paid to Unicom.

Not only that, but all Telecom users have a very slow access to Youku, and it is stuck.

The only solution to this problem is to allow Youku to directly access the Telecom network, so that Telecom users do not need to peer to Unicom to watch videos.

However, this solution has developed two different compromise directions in China and abroad:

1. In China, operators are absolutely powerful and only have the right to collect money.

If Youku wants to develop users in South China, it must come to our Telecom backbone network to pull a line.

In this model, website operators need to pay bandwidth fees to operators to ensure user access speed.

2. Abroad, Google is absolutely powerful. If you, an operator, are so stuck when accessing Google, wait for users to change broadband brands.

Therefore, operators should use peering to actively connect with Google's computer room.

In this direction, website operators do not pay extra and can even ask operators for money to improve user access.

Google started its series of operations here:

It has invested heavily in dark fiber since 2005.

2 is already the world's largest Dark Fiber holder.

Some media began to question whether Google wants to hijack the Internet based on public rights.

So, Google simply set up its own broadband operator Google Fiber the following year.

The result of this is.

In 2009, data monitoring company Arbor Networks released a report saying that "YouTube's bandwidth cost is almost zero."

The basis is that in that year, YouTube, as almost the only video website in the world, had 100 billion views, but its traffic accounted for only 6% of the total network traffic.

The world's largest video website, with more than 1.5 billion monthly active users in 2017 and 900 million hours of video playback per month, only accounted for 17.31% of Internet traffic.

In each subsequent year, YouTube's traffic share on the public network was much lower than Netflix, even though its views and number of users were dozens of times that of the latter.

In 2014, Netflix accounted for 32.3% of the total upstream and downstream traffic in North America, while Tube accounted for only 13.25%.

Undoubtedly, without the free bandwidth provided to YouTube like Google Peering (or bargaining power with operators), "becoming China's YouTube" is nothing but a pipe dream.

Because, the bargaining power of operators has changed not only the cost, but also the competition model of video websites.

After reducing the rigid operating costs to almost free, YouTube has become the "Baidu cloud disk without bandwidth".

The essence of YouTube's PUGC business is not to incubate those potential stars, but to raise unlimited typing monkeys - as long as you want to share videos on the Internet.

Whether it is a professional creator or a blurry video taken by a young man in a small town, YouTube provides you with high-definition, high-bitrate, and high-throughput video hosting services.

There will always be some monkeys who accidentally become Shakespeare, bringing high commercial value to YouTube and video creators.

In China, only short videos can use this mode. Long video website does this UGC mode of raising unlimited monkeys and unlimited server bandwidth costs.

After losing the competitors with low -cost and high services, YouTube paid for content creators.

YouTube has hardly appeared in domestic video websites, and the score of the creator divided by data sharing plans to pay a high contract for YouTuber. (This kind of thing only appears in very few channels such as YouTube Red Camera.)

In addition to Google Peering saving bandwidth costs, YouTube can also make full use of Google Cloud's idle resources in the field of storage and computing to reach the inventory cost of cloud computing business.

In addition, the precise advertising recommendation of YouTube also reused the research and development and data collection costs of Google ADS.

This part of the headlines and penguins may be available, but it may not be so good. Station B and iQiyi are definitely not.

Of course, it is not impossible to do it, but the more you do it like YouTube, the faster you die.

Xu Liang didn't expect this problem before. He heard Helen's reminder yesterday and suddenly woke up.

But how to form this 'dark fiber' company is indeed a matter of thinking.

With the old and beautiful urine, it is definitely not allowed to master the key infrastructure of the telecommunications channel.

So the best way is to cut YouTube into two different entities, a 'English entity' based on the five -eye alliance, and is controlled by Facebook.

The other is the remaining international entity, which is still controlled by Hongmeng.

The two sides develop each other's 'dark fiber' business.

Or it will be directly at Facebook to set up a global dark fiber network. YouTube is paid and used to give certain discounts in funding.

However, this method will definitely increase the cost of YouTube.

But the benefits are also obvious.

As a US company, Facebook is more likely to siege globally, especially the sensitive fields of Telecom. Google and Facebook can do not need to care about British France and Germany.

Huaxia enterprises are definitely not good now.

Xu Liang constantly considered the pros and cons of the two programs, and gradually began to tend to latter one.

Turning Youku into two different entities, uniformity of each other, even if it is a Xu company, the strength has become dispersed, and it is easy to give the latecomers the opportunity to surpass.

If it is really the dilemma of being forced to withdraw like Douyin, it is not too late to consider the division.

Thinking of this, Xu Liang made up his mind.

Intersection

The University of Stanford University.

Xu Liang came here for several years and came here again.

However, this time he was not sitting on the stage to speak, but sitting below to listen to lectures.

In order not to be recognized, he deliberately asked the stylist to draw makeup for himself. As long as he was not familiar with him, he would definitely not recognize him.

"... It was a high project that was tall. When Facebook was founded, I never thought that one day would serve hundreds of millions of users in the world. At that time, what I thought of more than 100,000 users and I was very satisfied. I haven't thought about the campus. "

On the podium, Helen was wearing a long -sleeved T -shirt with white lace edge, a black over -the -knee skirt in the lower body, flesh -colored stockings with straight and round legs, and Prada's pointed shoes on his feet.

His hair is high, his facial features are exquisite, his face is full of virginity, and the blue eyes are shining with strong confidence.

From the inside to the outside reveal the temperament of successful women.

The excellent peerless style also attracted a lot of Stanford students around the world to put her eyes on her tightly.

"... But with development, Facebook covers high schools and universities in the five countries in Britain, the United States, and the New Five countries. Internet users outside the school more than once protested. Why do such good websites only serve students?

Too narrow! No pattern!

I remember that one day I turned on the computer and wrote a line of words on the screen: my dear, don't worry about it all the time, everyone is waiting, let's open it. "

Helen shrugged, "I was startled at the time, which bastard was black into my computer?

I quickly checked the notebook and found that I did n’t lose any data, and I did n’t destroy the computer, so I only left such a line.

I was depressed at the time, and Facebook was not open. Has it made the hacker hot?

Then I have to open it quickly, otherwise they may attack Facebook next time. "

There were thousands of pairs of eyes on the stage with a smile on the stage.

"It's so beautiful, if I have such a girlfriend, it will be worth this life!"

A flat -headed man about 30 years old looked at Helen, who was talking on the stage.

"Forget it, Facebook is now valued at more than $ 30 billion. Helen Montes is the founder of the company. In the future, the company will be listed in the future.

Don’t think about such a woman in this life. "

Sitting next to him, about twenty -four -year -old, a handsome aircraft head boy sighed.

After a flat -headed man slightly slammed his head, he suddenly lowered his voice.

"I heard that this" Silicon Valley Tsar "has a unusual relationship with the famous Kim Caesar?"

The man in the plane was stunned, "Who knows? But there are a lot of scandals between Kim Caesar and Facebook, maybe it is true."

"If I succeed in Kim Caesar, I can definitely hold the beauty."