How big do you think this radiator is?The width of the car body occupied by each radiator is larger than the width of the engine body!Just ask if you are afraid?If you are not afraid, continue to look down, it will always make you afraid.

Do you think that putting a set of giant radiators on one side of the engine will solve the heat dissipation problem?Don't be naive, even with the exaggeratedly large engine radiator, the HL230 still has problems with overheating.

Therefore, this situation often occurs when the tiger or leopard is driving:

"Report to the commander, the engine has exploded, we can't move!"

"Report to the commander, the engine is smoking!"

"The engine is on fire, put it out!"

"Evacuate the tank!"

……

In order to prevent this from happening, Maybach's urgent plan is to install a governor on the engine. Turning on the governor can limit the engine speed to 2600 rpm.Finally "perfectly solved" the problem of engine explosion and fire, but after the governor was turned on, the mobility advantage of the Tiger and Leopard disappeared. At this time, the top speed of the Tiger was reduced from 44 kilometers to 38 kilometers. The top speed is reduced from 55 kilometers to 46 kilometers...

So you can't just read the advertisements when you buy something, you must read the small print on the bottom of the box!

The huge advertisement of Maybach reads: "700 horsepower surging power, the conscience choice for your car!", but the small print on the bottom of the box reads: "The maximum power is for reference only. It is too hot to use it, and the water temperature is too high. It cannot be used, it cannot be used on uneven roads, and it cannot be used when towing a friend's car... If the governor is not turned on under the above working conditions, there will be cylinder explosion, smoke, fire and other failures, and the company will not be responsible for it!"

In addition to bringing a bloated radiator and various failures under high power conditions, high speed also brings a huge burden to the transmission system of the vehicle. You must know that under the same power, high speed must mean low torque. The torque of HL230 itself is insufficient. In order to allow enough torque to be transmitted to the driving wheels, this burden can only be thrown to the transmission system of the vehicle, so the reliability of the transmission system has also been dragged down by Maybach!

Why does King Tiger have to be equipped with a complex gearbox with 8 speeds in the front and 4 speeds in the rear?Why is Panther's active wheel final reducer always easy to damage?Maybach's HL230 can be said to have contributed!Although the lack of antimony ore (antimony is an essential element in the manufacture of high-quality mechanical gears, China's antimony reserves account for more than half of the world) is also one of the reasons for the short life of the black panther final reducer, but the pot with insufficient torque of the Maybach HL230 is Can't get rid of it.

To sum it up: Maybach's technical route of small displacement, high speed, and low average effective pressure is a dead end.The advantage of its high power density cannot be reflected in the tank at all.On the contrary, its disadvantages of high thermal load, low reliability, and low torque are all ancient pits for tanks!

After talking about the "Kengde Qixia" Maybach, let's look at the Soviet heirloom B-2.

为什么说是“传家宝”?因为诞生于1936年的B-2一直到21世纪还在魔改,虽然80年来B-2系列的变化很大,但其基本技术路线一直是没变的。从T-34上500马力的B2-34到T-90AM上1130马力的B-92S2F都可以视为B-2的徒子徒孙。

So what is the technical route of B-2?Let's go into detail.

Among the three indicators of displacement, rotational speed, and average effective pressure, it is undoubtedly the easiest to increase the displacement, but it is quite difficult to increase the rotational speed and average effective pressure.In Helena's view, there are two main reasons for B-2's success:

The first point is that B-2 decisively adopted the route of large displacement and long piston stroke from the beginning. The displacement of B-2 is as high as 38.88 liters. This displacement gives B-2 sufficient room for maneuver to balance the speed and mean effective pressure.This is especially important for the Soviet Union, which has a relatively weak technical foundation. The 2mm piston stroke of the B-180 is also relatively long compared to its 150mm bore. The long piston stroke reduces the engine speed when the piston movement speed is constant, which is good for reducing heat load and increasing torque.

The second point is that the B-2, through its ingenious design, avoided as much as possible the possible increase in volume and weight caused by the large-displacement route.On the one hand, the angle between the cylinders of B-2 is small, which is 60 degrees, which makes the width of B-2 smaller; on the other hand, the bore of B-2 is 150mm, but its cylinder center distance (two adjacent cylinder The center distance) is only 175mm, and the densely arranged cylinders make the length of the B-2 well controlled.

To sum up, B-2 relies on large displacement and long piston stroke to balance the speed and average effective pressure, and relies on ingenious and even extreme design to avoid the loss of control of the large displacement engine in terms of weight and volume.In the context of the Soviet Union's national conditions, B-2 can be said to be a very perfect design!

However, the B-2 is suitable for the Soviet Union does not mean that it is suitable for Germany. Helena is not going to copy the design of the B-2, because in Helena's view, the B-2 adopts a lot of extreme features in order to achieve high power and high torque at the same time. These extreme designs actually laid a lot of pits for the future development of Soviet/Russian tank engines.

First of all, the biggest problem is that the ultra-small cylinder center distance leads to insufficient body strength, which not only hinders the increase of engine speed in the future, but also hinders the increase of average effective pressure of the engine!

The second is that the piston stroke is too long. The long piston stroke itself may not be a big problem, but when this problem is combined with the problem of insufficient body strength caused by the small cylinder center distance, it will become very troublesome immediately.Long piston strokes require a stronger block and crankshaft, and faster pistons, otherwise the speed cannot be increased further.So when the speed of the B2-34 has reached 1800 rpm, the B-2 has been changed until the 21st century, and the speed is still hovering at 2000-2100 rpm.

The tank engine of the Republic of the last plane, learned from the Soviet Union at the beginning, introduced the B-2 series and improved the so-called "old 150" series diesel engine, which was used in tanks and armored vehicles from Type 59 to Type 96.

但当共和国接触到西方尤其是德国的发动机设计理念后,就开始逐步舍弃纯苏联路线。此后共和国对苏德发动机技术兼收并蓄并进行了自主创新,最著名的成果就是99式和99A式坦克上的150HB系列发动机。150HB系列将缸心距从B-2的175mm,增大到184mm,活塞行程从180mm缩短到160mm,这一改进使得B-2上机体刚度不足和活塞行程过长相互制约的情况有所改善。

这一改善使得共和国设计师能适度提高发动机转速并提高平均有效压力,让99A上的150HB能爆发出1500马力的强劲动力。150HB系列不管是最大功率、最大扭矩、升功率还是可靠性,都将死抱着B-2系列不放的熊大远远地甩在了后面。

In Helena's view, there is one point in the design ideas of the later Republic designers on the 150HB series engines that Germany in its own plane can learn from, that is, to be moderate without going to extremes.Let's look at the technical indicators of the 12-cylinder 150HB: the displacement is 34.6 liters, the speed is 2200 rpm, and the average effective pressure is 1.39Mpa.Individually, each item seems to be not outstanding among contemporary engines, but the combination works surprisingly well.

Practice has proved countless times that although a design that is too extreme may gain a temporary advantage, it will always leave various hidden dangers.If it is moderate and each sub-indicator is not so extreme, then the chance of overturning will be much smaller, and the implementation of each indicator will not be particularly difficult, and it will leave greater potential for future upgrades.

Therefore, Helena will also adopt a very balanced technical route on the German future tank engine, and this balance is even more thorough than that of the 150HB (after all, the 150HB still has a bit of the shadow of the Soviet B-2).

Large displacement, medium speed, medium mean effective pressure, high body strength, low heat load.The above is the general technical route formulated by Helena for the future German tank diesel engine.

The author has something to say: Tomorrow I will explain in detail Helena's detailed plan for the engines used by German tanks. Spoiler alert, there will only be one series of engines for the main German combat vehicles in the future, and the applicable tonnage ranges from 10 tons to 50 tons.

Chapter 41 Ten Thousand Cars One Heart

"The diesel engine serialization plan jointly proposed by Friedrichshafen and Daimler-Benz seems a bit interesting." Picking up the design plan of the future chariot engine that finally won the bid, Helena showed a smile on her face .

After two years of fierce competition, the selection of the German army's future combat vehicle engine finally came to an end in early 1929. For the sake of prudence, the Weapons Bureau even let the prototypes of each bidding party be carried out on the early test vehicle named "light tractor". After several months of comparative tests, the proposal of Friedrichshafen and Daimler-Benz's joint bid finally came to the fore.

Of course, for the losers, the National Defense Forces did not beat them to death with a stick, but said that they still encouraged manufacturers to raise their own funds to improve their designs, and the "peace fund" controlled by the military continued to maintain a small amount of investment in the losers.This is also a kind of pressure and spur for the winner of the bidding, so that the winner will not slack off.

Let's take a look at the winners of the competition for the engine of the future tank - Friedrichshafen and Daimler-Benz.Compared with the famous name of Daimler-Benz, the name "Friedrichshafen" may not be so widely known.But Helena knew that the Friedrichshafen Company was not just for nothing. If the historical trajectory of the previous plane was followed, this company would launch the world's first turbocharged diesel engine in 1934.

But this is not the pinnacle of Friedrichshafen. The glorious moment of Friedrichshafen on the last plane was after the merger with Daimler-Benz in 1960 after the war. Friedrichshafen The company name was changed to "Engine and Turbine Union Friedrichshafen GmbH", MTU for short! Who is MTU?The engine manufacturer of the Leopard 1 tank, Leopard 2 tank, and Cougar infantry fighting vehicle, the "European power package" launched by it has almost become the most widely used tank powertrain in the Western camp.

Helena was very shocked when she heard the news of the cooperation between Friedrichshafen and Daimler Benz. She didn't know which of her actions caused the butterfly effect to make Friedrichshafen and Daimler Mercedes-Benz wiped out the spark of love more than 30 years in advance.But let’s get down to business, Friedrichshafen and Daimler Benz’s series of plans are indeed perfectly implementing all Helena’s expectations for the power of the new generation of German chariots!

这一方案的采用严格的系列化发展路线。整个系列准备规划六个子型号,分别是直列三缸(L3)、直列四缸(L4)、V形六缸(V6)、V形八缸(V8)、V形十缸(V10)和V形12缸(V12)。

The casings of all sub-model engines are made of cast iron. It is not that Helena has not considered a lighter cast aluminum cylinder, but in the end she chose a more conservative cast iron cylinder, only using aluminum on the cylinder head.On the one hand, this is to prevent tanks and fighters from competing for precious aluminum materials. On the other hand, it is also because the cast iron cylinder block has higher strength, lower cost, longer life, and stronger ability to resist heat loads, which is important for improving the performance of tank engines. Reliability is good.

All sub-models use the same 165mm cylinder diameter, the same 205mm cylinder center distance, the same split cylinder head and basically the same air distribution structure, and the commonality of parts is as high as 80%.The main differences between the sub-models are the number of cylinders, cylinder arrangement and piston stroke.

其中L3和L4采用150mm的短活塞行程(主要是为了控制高度),V6、V8、V10和V12均采用180mm的长活塞行程(主要是为了提高扭矩)。V6、V8、V10和V12的气缸夹角均为各方面都比较均衡90度夹角。

发动机平均有效压力在0.6Mpa到0.7Mpa之间,目标转速2200转,当转速为2200转时,预期输出功率如下:L3输出功率150马力,L4输出功率200马力,V6输出功率360马力,V8输出功率480马力,V10输出功率600马力,V12输出功率720马力。在海伦娜的规划中,结构更为简单的L3和L4发动机主要用于后勤及运输单位;结构更紧凑,功率和扭矩更大的V6、V8、V10、V12主要用于战斗车辆。

Since this engine series almost seamlessly covers a wide power range from 150 horsepower to 720 horsepower, all main tanks and medium-sized and above logistics vehicles of the German army will only be equipped with this series of engines in the future.

The potential benefits of unifying the engine into one series are undoubtedly huge. According to Helena’s words: “In the future, our mechanics only need to learn to repair this type of engine, and the logistics department only needs to provide a set of engine spare parts. For all our chariots will have the same heart!"

In fact, the benefits of using serialized engines are not only convenient for logistical maintenance, but also an important benefit that Helena did not mention, that is, if the engine needs to be improved in the future, such as increasing the speed or installing a turbocharger, then as long as All sub-models can benefit from the improvement of this series of engines, which greatly saves the development time and cost of the engine.

Compared with the history of the previous plane, Friedrichshafen and Daimler-Benz have won a big victory. It is said that some people are proud and some are frustrated. The biggest loss in this engine bidding work is Maybach.

Although Maybach didn't know how huge an order flew away from his eyes at this time, Maybach decided to fight after learning from the pain.Since the general situation of engine selection for medium-sized and heavy-duty equipment has been determined, out of the consideration of occupying market vacancies, Maybach had no choice but to focus on low-power engines below 150 horsepower.Not long after, Maybach came up with its own engine series: a low-power engine spectrum composed of L3, L4, and L6 engines, and won the flag in the low-power engine bidding, and finally recovered a little bit from the military vehicle engine market. Leftovers, this is another story.

But at this time, Helena's attention has already shifted from the army equipment to the navy, because the time has entered March 1929, and there is a big event for the German navy. Construction of the first 3-ton warship is about to start.

Chapter 42 Secondary Battery Calibers

By early 1929, much progress had been made in rebuilding the German Navy.

Four 6800-ton "Emden" class light cruisers have all been in service, namely the first ship "Emden", the second ship "Dresden", and the third ship "Bremen" and the fourth ship "Lübeck".

Four 9600-ton "Konigsberg" class light cruisers have also been launched, namely the first ship "Konigsberg", the second ship "Karlsruhe", the third ship "Cologne", the fourth ship The ship "Nuremberg".Among them, the "Konigsberg" has been in service, and the remaining three are expected to be in service before the end of 1929.

It is worth mentioning that the "Konigsberg" ran a strong output power of 108000 horsepower in sea trials. Under this output power, the speed of the "Konigsberg" reached a speed faster than that of the "Emden" class. Fast 37.2 knots. The speed of 37 knots is amazing for a cruiser. In Helena's memory, only the "Mogami" class designed by Kikuo Fujimoto has a design speed of 37 knots among the cruisers on the previous plane!

But having said that, the "Mogami" class of the previous plane did not reach the design index of 37 knots after it entered service, because after Fujimoto Kaigai accepted all the requirements of the military, the hull of the Mogami was overweight!As a result, the actual speed of the "Mogami" class dropped to between 36 and 37 knots when it was in service.Later, because Fujimoto's design exposed the problems of too high center of gravity and insufficient structural strength, the "Mogami" class had to be returned to the factory for modification.It was a reinforced structure and pressurized cabin water. After some tossing, the speed of the "Most Upper" class dropped to about 35 knots again.

After the completion of four "Emden" class and four "Konigsberg" class, Germany's share of the Washington Conference was left with four warships with a main gun caliber not exceeding 283 mm and a displacement not exceeding 12000 tons , and 24 destroyers with a displacement of no more than 2100 tons.

When Germany was building the "Emden" class and "Konigsberg" class before, the auxiliary guns had been simply filled with junk items removed from the old ships of World War I. This was to play tricks on the displacement. On the other hand, it is also because of an embarrassing fact: Germany does not have a reliable medium-caliber naval gun that can be used for both high and flat purposes!Of course, Germany is not the only embarrassment. In this era, everyone is still in the exploration stage for high-level dual-purpose medium-caliber naval guns.

Although Helena has the experience of future generations in her brain, the more she knows, the more entangled she is. Helena herself also suffers from difficulty in choosing the high-level dual-purpose naval gun.

Regarding this issue, the German Navy was even more uncertain, so an informal technical seminar was organized within the German Navy, and Helena, an "old friend of the Navy", was also invited to attend.However, because Helena didn't think it through herself, everyone was arguing at the meeting, but Helena just hid in the corner and kept watching, laughing without saying a word.

"Helena, what do you think?" Admiral Bainke, the commander of the navy, suddenly spoke.The noisy venue just now fell silent, and dozens of eyes focused on Helena. Over the years, Helena has shown amazing acumen and foresight in technology, which made everyone have a special opinion about Helena. importance and even trust.

Helena couldn't help but want to cover her face: Why do you ask me what I think?I'm not Yuan Fang!Faced with Behnke's sudden question, Helena felt as if she had suddenly returned to her student days in her previous life, and was suddenly called up by the teacher to answer questions during class.Although she also went to school in her life, Helena did not experience the feeling of returning to her school days due to skipping classes for three days. Anyway, a traveler would not be stumped by a small middle school exam.

"Actually, I don't have any brilliant ideas, I only have a little immature idea." Seeing that it was inevitable, Helena had no choice but to say: "Since it is a high-level dual-purpose naval gun, then it must do "two Taking into account ", the first is to take into account the functions of anti-aircraft and flat fire, and the second is to take into account the functions of the destroyer's main gun and the large warship's secondary gun."

After straightening out her thoughts, Helena's chatterbox was also opened: "This requires that the caliber of our high-level dual-purpose guns should be neither too large nor too small. If the caliber is too large, the rate of fire against the air will be slow; Insufficient sea power, coupled with the "Washington Treaty" restrictions on the caliber of destroyer guns, in fact, in the new caliber standards formulated by our army, only 105mm and 130mm basically meet the requirements."

Speaking of this, I have to add that due to the butterfly effect of Helena, the German navy in this plane consciously moved closer to France in the process of simplifying the caliber of naval guns, resulting in many well-known German naval guns in the previous plane. The caliber was all cannon fodder by Helena!In addition to the caliber of 149.1mm becoming 155mm, 128mm has become 130mm, and 88mm has become 90mm!

由于陆海军在军用标准上的协作,连带德国陆军也被带歪了,历史上著名的88炮、128炮还没来得及出生就变成了90炮、130炮。这个变化和上个位面共和国在口径改革过程中,将100mm、152mm的火炮口径淘汰,换成105mm、155mm口径大有异曲同工之处。这让海伦娜不知道该哭还是该笑……

Without further ado, let's go back to the venue:

海伦娜继续说道:“我咨询过船厂的设计人员和克虏伯以及莱茵金属的专家,如果都使用带随动扬弹机的双联装炮塔结构,并配合半自动装填机构。40倍径130mm舰炮的单管最大射速能达到每分钟20发左右,而60倍径105mm舰炮能达到每分钟25发左右。如果都使用甲板炮座,那射速将分别落在每分钟13发和每分钟16发的样子。

However, the projectile weight of the 130mm naval gun can reach about 25 kg, while the projectile weight of the 105mm gun is 15 kg. The projection capacity of each 105mm naval gun is about 130/3 of that of the 4mm naval gun. However, if our destroyer uses a 105mm naval gun , we can install four twin turrets on a hull with a standard displacement of 2500 tons, but if we use 130mm naval guns, we can only install three turrets, so no matter which caliber is used, for our destroyers, the unit The amount of time projected doesn't really make a difference.So what we mainly need to consider is whether the naval guns are suitable for the 'Emden' class and the 'Konigsberg' class.

Both the 'Emden' class and the 'Konigsberg' class have reserved five secondary gun installation positions, four of which are arranged on both sides in a way of two on each side, and the other is located at the rear of the bridge to form the No. 130 gun turret Due to the heavy weight of the 5mm naval gun turret, installing 6800 turrets is too heavy a burden for the 'Emden' class and the 'Konigsberg' class, especially for the Emden class with a displacement of only [-] tons , may affect its nautical performance. "

Glancing at the venue, Helena gave the final conclusion: "So at this stage we actually have no choice but to use 105mm naval guns. I think that all dual-mounted 105mm naval guns must have follow-up ammunition. The machine must be turreted, and the turret should be equipped with a light armor shield with a thickness of at least 15mm to resist near-miss fragments and machine gun fire from the fighter!

In addition, someone proposed to use a 12000mm large-caliber secondary gun in combination with a high-level dual-purpose gun on the 155-ton warship we are about to start to increase the firepower against the ship. Personally, I think this is not a good choice.

The purpose of our design of high-level and flat-purpose guns is to break the boundaries of anti-aircraft guns and flat-fire guns, and simplify the structure of naval guns through one gun with multiple functions.If a larger caliber secondary gun is used with a dual-purpose gun, this is contrary to our original design intention. If the installation space of those 155mm secondary guns is used to install more dual-purpose naval guns, we can Get a much stronger air-to-air capability, and the sea-to-sea capability is not much worse than the two levels of secondary guns mixed. "

Helena finished speaking in one breath, feeling a little parched. Seeing that the venue was still silent, Helena took a sip from the cup in an unladylike manner, and said, "The above are some immature personal opinions, please continue to chat. .” At this time, the venue burst into warm applause as if waking up from a dream.

Helena's speech made the navy quickly unify their opinions, and the tender for the dual-mounted 105mm new dual-purpose gun will be issued soon.

However, Helena also suggested that although the development of the twin 130mm anti-aircraft guns should not be rushed, it should not be interrupted, because Helena knew that when Germany had larger warships, the weight of the 130mm naval guns would no longer be a shackle. With the same projection, the advantage of the 130mm naval gun occupying a small deck area will be highlighted. After all, in Helena's eyes, it is better for battleships and aircraft carriers to use 5-inch dual-purpose guns.

Chapter 43 Sky-Up Epee

Although it was finally chosen to equip cruisers and destroyers with 105mm high-level dual-purpose guns, for Helena, the power of 130mm naval guns is still an irresistible temptation, and the 105mm caliber is only a stopgap measure for cruisers with limited displacement.After all, the weight and volume of the 130mm high-level dual-purpose gun are too large.

You must know that in the last plane, even the 12-inch guns such as the American MK5 series, which pays great attention to controlling weight and volume, still encounter the problem of suitability.You must know that the multiple diameter of the MK12 barrel is only 38 times. Even with a light projectile of 24.5 kg, the muzzle velocity is only 792 m/s (if the addition of the VT proximity fuze is not considered, the performance of this gun is actually the same) .

Before and after World War II in the last plane, the US battleships and fleet aircraft carriers happily installed or modified the MK12 twin-mounted 127mm naval guns, but those treaty cruisers had no room for modification. Before the US "Wichita" class The heavy cruisers can only carry the old deck-mounted single-mounted 25-fold 127mm gun to dawdle. Although the "Wichita" class is equipped with a relatively new 38-fold 127mm turret gun, it is still single-mounted. Guns, only 5 can fire on the same side!Looking at the battleships of the grandparents before and after the First World War, all of which were equipped with double-mounted full-body 38-caliber 127mm naval guns, and the treaty cruisers looked at their small bodies, and felt bitter...

In short, the weight and volume of the 130mm gun make it unfriendly to treaty warships below the 130-ton class when used as a secondary gun.Helena thinks that instead of forcing out a 105mm gun with reduced performance for the "Emden" class and "Konigsberg" class, it is better to maximize the performance of the dual-mounted [-]mm gun:

Follow-up type bomb machine?This must have!

Automatic push and eject mechanism?This must have!

Water-cooled barrel?This must have!

Power slewing and pitching?This must have!

Automatic timer?This must have!

Automatic pendulum machine?Helena thinks that this is unnecessary for the 105mm gun, and the swinging of the bombs depends on the human flesh swinging machines of the sailor brothers.Anyway, although the 105mm gun uses a full-loaded ammunition, the weight of less than 30 kilograms is not too large. The trivial matter of putting the shells into the pusher slots is completely within the scope of manpower.

Moreover, in the caliber of 105mm, as long as the speed of the bullet can keep up, the explosive swing speed of the human flesh pendulum machine may be faster than that of the mechanical pendulum.As for the sustained swing speed, wouldn't you change players?Helena was even fantasizing about whether she should introduce a group of Uncle Hei as swing players in the future. With Uncle Hei's muscle pendulum machine, the burst speed of two seconds is not a dream!But whether Hans can accept Uncle Hei's boarding is probably a problem, so I can only think about it for the time being...

海伦娜暂时选择了105mm高炮作为驱逐舰的主炮和巡洋舰的副炮,但这并不等于海伦娜不知道130mm炮的优势。在重量和体积限制不那么严格的场合(比如大型战舰和陆上要地防空),还是5英寸级火炮防空效能更好一些。这一点不需要怀疑,否则上个位面的第三帝国在柏林防空塔上就不会放弃88mm和105mm高射炮,转而采用更大更重的Flak40型61倍径128mm高射炮了。

In Helena's vision, Germany's future 130mm naval gun will not be a 38-times-diameter short nozzle like Uncle Sam in the previous plane, and the Qingtian epee with a 60-times-diameter long barrel is Helena's heart. Where to go!In fact, the Flak40 61-caliber 128mm anti-aircraft gun in the previous plane has basically met Helena's requirements, but there are still some details that need to be improved.

If you want to ask what are the shortcomings of the Flak40 61-fold 128mm anti-aircraft gun in the previous plane, Helena believes that, in addition to the high price, the main problem of the Flak40 is that the 47.7kg package it uses The ammunition is too heavy, which weakens its firing rate; and compared to its 61-diameter barrel, its warhead weight and propellant charge are relatively small, which restricts its single-shot power.However, this small problem does not trouble Helena at all. In Helena's vision, the future German 130mm anti-aircraft guns will develop two forms: mount type and turret type.

The gun mount type is mainly used for land-based air defense, using separate ammunition, and the weight of the warhead and cartridge is increased to 27 kg and 24 kg respectively.Relying on manpower to transport ammunition and pendulum bombs, the rate of fire can reach 12-15 rounds per minute.

The turret type is mainly used for high-level and flat-purpose naval guns of naval ships. It uses packaged ammunition, and the packaged ammunition weighs 51 kilograms.It has a follow-up bomb raising machine and relies on mechanical swinging bombs (manpower backup, but it is necessary to continuously put more than 50 kilograms of full-loaded bombs into the pushing slot, which is impossible without a unicorn arm). When relying on mechanical swinging bombs, the shooting The speed can reach 20-25 rounds/min.

Some people may question that such a large-caliber, long-barreled, and highly automated heavy-duty anti-aircraft gun is too expensive. To this, Helena just wants to say: heavy anti-aircraft guns are expensive, but the targets they protect are even more expensive. No matter how expensive the target is, it is worth it; if it cannot protect the target that needs to be protected, no matter how cheap the anti-aircraft gun is, it is rubbish.

The SK-C/33 65-caliber 105mm high-level dual-purpose gun equipped on the "Bismarck"-class battleship of the last plane is such a piece of garbage in Helena's eyes, not that the gun itself is bad (SK-C/33's The ballistic performance of the gun itself is actually very good), mainly because the servo system of the gun is too bad: for example, there is no follow-up bomb lifter, and the shells are transported by small carts on the deck; Manual; such as operators working in the open air, lack of protection and so on.The ultimate consequence of all this is that the Bismarck has had very little success in the face of the slow "Swordfish" biplane attack aircraft.Helena believes that the ineffective air defense system is at least half responsible for the sinking of the Bismarck in the previous plane!

While Helena was still thinking hard about planning the future of the German Navy's high-level dual-purpose naval guns, the first ship of the German Navy's 283-ton armored ship equipped with [-]mm heavy guns also laid the keel at the German Shipyard in Kiel.

The author has something to say: In fact, the electromagnetic proximity fuze used by German anti-aircraft guns is also a pit, but this will have to wait until later.When the 1929-ton armored ship is written, the [-] economic crisis will also arrive.

Chapter 44 Laying the Keel

Speaking of the 10000-ton armored ship, we have to say that in the last plane, Germany actually built a 283-ton armored ship, which is the famous "Deutschland" class. The "Deutschland" class installed two triple-mounted 28mm turrets on a hull with a standard displacement of only more than [-] tons. The firepower surpassed all heavy cruisers and the protection was stronger than most heavy cruisers at that time. The single-cylinder diesel engine gave it a speed of [-] knots, faster than most battleships at the time.

How should a warship with a standard displacement of over 283 tons and a 11mm heavy artillery be classified?This was indeed a head-scratching question for naval researchers at the time.You say it is a cruiser, it has a main gun with a caliber reaching the lower limit of a battleship (the main gun caliber of the early German dreadnoughts during World War I was exactly 8 inches), far exceeding the [-]-inch standard of a heavy cruiser; you say it is a battleship Well, its displacement is not much larger than that of a heavy cruiser.

Because the traditional method of classifying warships is difficult to apply to the "Deutschland" class, after some debates among naval researchers from various countries, the new classification of "pocket battleship" has been generally recognized by the naval research community, which means miniaturized. battleship.However, in Helena's opinion, compared with the "Deutschland" class with the characteristics of a pirate ship in the previous plane, the [-]-ton armored ship in this plane may be more worthy of the title of "pocket battleship".

At the Washington meeting, Germany increased the tonnage limit of a single 10000-ton armored ship from 12000 tons to [-] tons at the cost of reducing the number of ships built.However, it is impossible for the German navy to be so honest. After all, everyone is playing with exceeding the displacement these days. Whoever does not exceed the standard is the most stupid!Following Japan and Italy, Britain, the United States and France, which were originally relatively honest in terms of tonnage, have joined the ranks of excessive displacement.

Germany on this plane exceeded the displacement of the previous "Emden" class and "Konigsberg" class by about 13%. Seeing that the other signatories of the "Washington Treaty" did not respond (everyone is playing over the standard, who has Thinking about you?), the Germans have become more courageous, and the design standard displacement of the new ship jumped directly to 15200 tons, exceeding the standard by more than 25% (the rate of exceeding the standard is almost catching up with Japan)!In fact, Helena thinks that even if the displacement of the new ship exceeds the standard, it will be fine. After the Ruhr crisis, the UK dominated the "Versailles system", and the UK is now busy curbing France's influence in the European continent. It will definitely not be for the displacement. The matter of exceeding the standard turned against the Germans.

At this time, the new round-bore supercharged boiler with small size and light weight has been verified on the Japanese mouse. In addition, the new armored ship has a standard displacement of 15200 tons. Muden" class and "Konigsberg" class, this time there is much room for German designers to make a fuss.

In this tonnage, the firepower system of the new ship doesn’t have many tricks to play with. It is basically an optimized product based on the “Deutschland” class in the previous plane:

The main gun is two triple-mounted 55-fold diameter 283mm guns, arranged at the front and rear. Due to the use of a lighter partition bolt, the weight is 52mm compared to the 49.1-fold diameter (actually 283-fold diameter) of the "German" class on the previous plane. The growth of the main gun is not obvious.The gun still uses high-speed heavy-duty projectiles, which can accelerate a 400-kilogram heavy-duty projectile to a high initial velocity of 825 m/s, which is full of power.

The auxiliary gun canceled the mode of mixing 150mm, 105mm, and 88mm calibers in the previous plane "Germany", and unified it into 10 60-fold 105mm double-mounted turrets under development, with four on each side and one on each end. , forming a back with the main gun.In this way, the single side secondary gun firepower of the new ship can reach 12 105mm guns, double the 6 guns of the "Emden" class and "Konigsberg" class!

Like the previous two types of light cruisers, the [-]-ton armored ship is still not equipped with torpedoes. This is also different from the way Germany on the previous plane equipped torpedoes on large and medium-sized warships.In Helena's opinion, it's better to leave such dangerous things as torpedoes to elementary school students.If a large warship can solve the problem with naval guns, why bother to take the risk of laying mines in the face?

Moreover, according to the historical experience of the previous plane, the torpedoes on the German large and medium warships are basically useless in actual combat.The Japanese heavy cruisers caused considerable losses to the Allied Forces with their heavy oxygen torpedoes, but there were also many examples of Japanese torpedoes exploding and killing themselves. The German surface fleet is all doing small businesses, and they can't afford it at all.

In terms of maneuverability, the new ship does not use the diesel engine power of the "Deutschland" class from the previous plane.In order to extend the stroke of the piston, the marine diesel engine is made extremely tall. Although it is not heavier than steam power in terms of weight, the utilization efficiency of the space in the power cabin of the diesel engine is not very good.Since Admiral Behnke, the commander-in-chief of the navy, was not interested in the idea of ​​using large warships for ocean-going missions, the fuel-saving advantages of diesel engines could not be demonstrated.

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