Iron Sonata of World War II

"The landing point you planned, that is, the sea area more than 100 kilometers away, although it is not the main channel, but I have sent a boat to guard it nearby to prevent unrelated ships from straying into the dangerous area." Helena said : "But you know, our current guidance system is too crude. Even if there are no other failures in the rocket, we can only say that sincerity is the answer to whether it can land in the predetermined sea area. "

……

As Helena said, the guidance system of the A-4 rocket can indeed be said to be very simple.The guidance system, provided by Siemens, is mainly controlled by an accelerometer and two position gyroscopes, each of which has two degrees of freedom, that is, it can move freely in two axes.One of the position gyroscopes is called the "horizon" and is used to control the rocket's pitch axis; the other is called the "vertical line" and is used to control the rocket's yaw and roll axes.In order to simplify the structure, the R&D team did not design a three-axis stable platform for these gyroscopes.

Like the historical V-2 missiles, the control signals of the accelerometer and gyroscope are converted into the control force of the rocket through the four-piece gas rudder and four-piece air rudder driven by the motor.

In 1932 on the last plane, Dr. Goddard actually experimented with a gas rudder controlled by a simple gyro system in New Mexico City.However, because Dr. Goddard at that time was really weak and unable to solve the problem of superalloys, he failed to achieve greater results in this regard.This plane Helena helped Dr. Goddard make up for this shortcoming. After all, Helena has been investing in high-temperature alloys for many years.The molybdenum-tungsten alloy technology tree used on the gas rudder of the V-2 missile in the previous plane was naturally lit up by Helena in advance.

The four-piece gas rudder of the A-4 rocket is installed outside the nozzle of the rocket engine and is made of molybdenum-tungsten alloy. When the direction of the gas rudder is deflected, it will cause the deflection of the engine jet flow direction. , the attitude of the rocket can be controlled.The four air rudders are placed on the outside of the rear of the four elongated tail fins at the tail of the rocket, and the control force is mainly obtained by the air flow flowing through the rudder surface.

The advantage of this combination of rudder surfaces is that when the rocket is just taking off, because the flight speed is too slow and the air velocity is also slow, the air rudder can hardly provide control force, and the control force at this time is mainly provided by the gas rudder; when the rocket reaches a certain After the speed, the efficiency of the air rudder increases, and it can provide control for the rocket together with the gas rudder; when the engine is shut down, the gas rudder is completely ineffective, and the air rudder can continue to provide control for the rocket alone.However, a large part of the benefits mentioned above only exist in theory. In fact, after the engine is shut down, the A-4 rocket basically falls to the ground in the form of free fall.

Although the guidance system of the A-4 rocket could be regarded as the highest level in the world in the early 20s, in Helena's eyes, it was still full of flaws, so Helena was wrong about this set from the beginning. The system expects too much.Therefore, when Helena learned that the splash point of the A-30 rocket had an error of nearly ten kilometers compared with the planned landing point, not only did she not feel any frustration, but felt that Siemens had already performed beyond the standard.

Fortunately, the scientific research team brought seawater dye to the rocket early on, which did not bring more trouble to the search for the rocket's landing point. The wreckage of the rocket was also picked up by the nearby salvage ship for further investigation. scientific analysis.

Although the A-4 rocket is only at the level of sounding rockets in later generations, and has not even crossed the 100-kilometer von Karman line, but at this point in 1933 on this plane, the A-4 rocket is still a must-have. A black technology work!

During this flight, the maximum speed of the A-4 rocket exceeded 4 times the speed of sound, the maximum flight altitude reached 67 kilometers, and the maximum flight distance reached 113 kilometers. As a result, the A-4 rocket has broken many world records. It is not only the first pump-pressure rocket in the world in this plane, but also the man-made aircraft with the highest flight altitude and the fastest flight speed in this plane so far.

The author has something to say: I had already thought about a hundred postures for the rocket to fail, and after a long hesitation, I decided not to abuse the heroine and several great gods. Let them pass this time.

Chapter 123 Psychological Weapon

When the news of the successful launch of the rocket spread to every corner of Peenemünde, the entire rocket research and development base was immersed in a jubilant atmosphere. It was the bright sunshine that dispelled the haze that had been hanging over everyone's heads for days.

The contrast in the mood of the researchers before and after the successful launch of the rocket is not because they are not determined enough, nor because they are not aware of the difficulties that may be faced in rocket development.It is because before the success of the A-4 rocket, except for Helena, no one in the world has a complete grasp of the feasibility of the technical route of the turbo-pumped rocket.

Although the engine thrust and take-off weight of the A-4 rocket are only about half of the V-2 rocket in the previous plane, it has proved beyond a doubt that it is technically feasible to fly to high altitudes with turbo-pumped rockets !Don't underestimate such a simple conclusion, its significance to researchers is even greater than the breakthrough of the technology itself!

Looking at the progress of human science and technology, many times the biggest enemy of technological breakthroughs is not the specific difficulties and obstacles on the way forward, but that you simply don’t know whether the road in front of you can lead to your desired destination.

For example, we all know that perpetual motion machines are not the answer to energy technology, the miniaturization of electronic tubes is not the answer to the electronics industry, and plasma is not the direction of the display industry.For these failed technical routes, today a middle school student can categorically criticize them, pointing out that they do not conform to the trend of progress or even violate the laws of science.

However, going back to the background of the year, those researchers who were engaged in perpetual motion machines, small electronic tubes, and plasma displays obviously did not know that they were walking on the wrong path.Once you choose the wrong route, it often means that no matter how much time and effort you put in, it is impossible to bear fruit.This is the most unbearable ending for scientific researchers.

From the perspective above, the successful launch of the A-4 rocket is to the scientific research team, like explorers who have been stumbling in a tunnel and saw a beam of light from the entrance of the cave, making them absolutely sure that they are walking on the right path. on the way!This reassurance can boost the morale of the entire team far better than any words.

Although the significance of the successful launch of the A-4 rocket is so great, since the project was invested by the "Peace Fund" and has always been under the name of the military, the outside world knows little about the specific situation of the project, so it has not yet been announced in the society. Cause too much disturbance.

What is more interesting is that the only media that reported on the rocket launch turned out to be a tabloid in Berlin that focused on collecting anecdotes from all over the world. UFO spotted near Peenemünde!The report was accompanied by a blurry photo, in which a group of dazzling spots of light was flying towards the sky holding a black shadow.

……

Since Helena will also attend the Solvay meeting in Brussels on October 10, naturally she cannot stay at the Peenemünde base for too long.So after discussing the future development plan of the rocket with the great gods, on October 22, Helena left the Peenemünde rocket base in a hurry and returned to Berlin by train.

However, it seems that someone deliberately refused to let Helena have a good rest. Helena, who had been busy all the way, had just stepped out of the Berlin train station, and before she had time to go to Eva's house to lay down and salute, she was invited by Hitler to the general manager's residence in a special car.It seems that this significant rocket launch event also aroused the interest of Mustache, but the time was a few years earlier than the previous plane.

"Miss Helena, I heard that your rocket was successfully launched at the Peenemünde base?" As soon as Helena walked into the door of Hitler's office, before he could speak, Hitler came out from behind the desk, impatiently asked.

"Yes, Your Excellency, General Manager." Helena, who had just returned from Peenemünde, was physically and mentally exhausted at this time, but she still replied patiently: "Although there were some twists and turns in our experiment at the beginning, we are very lucky. , we succeeded in the end.”

"Do you think rockets have potential as a weapon?" Hitler asked more eagerly.

"The long-term potential is great, but the short-term potential is limited." Helena replied very simply. She doesn't have the energy to discuss this issue with Mustache in detail. She just wants to take a good bath and sleep comfortably last sleep.

Hitler still didn't give up: "But someone suggested to me that rockets can be transformed into weapons for attacking enemy cities."

Hitler's words surprised Helena: Could it be that someone in this plane proposed the idea of ​​​​a missile attack on the city so early?Helena shook her head, sighed and said: "Remember? Your Excellency, General Manager, in the last war, we fired more than 300 shells at the French capital with the 'Paris Cannon'. Did the French surrender? "

Seeing Hitler was silent, Helena went on to say: "Within ten years, the range of our rocket can indeed reach the level of covering Paris and even London, but before the emergence of more advanced guidance systems, I think this thing is essentially an enhanced version." The 'Paris Cannon' is basically just a psychological weapon. If you want to rely solely on rockets to make your opponent submit, I think what the 'Paris Cannon' couldn't do back then, the current Rockets can't do either."

Helena's answer obviously made Hitler slightly disappointed, but he quickly returned to normal. After all, although Hitler had always been very interested in emerging technologies, his attitude towards rockets was only curious about its military potential. It will be too long to regret the limited military potential of rockets in a short period of time.So Hitler asked: "So Miss Helena thinks we shouldn't invest heavily in rocket research and development now?"

"On the contrary, I think we should continue to increase the research and development of rockets now, and I think our rocket technology has developed to the point where we need to rely on the will of the country," Helena replied.

Previously, Helena used the "Peace Fund" to support the initial investment in rocket technology, but after the first flight of the A-4 rocket, the complexity of rocket technology has risen sharply, and the technical fields involved have also increased sharply, which has greatly exceeded the " It is time to switch the investment subject of rocket technology from the "Peace Fund" to the state.In Helena's eyes, the most efficient investment direction of the "Peace Fund" is to provide "God's first impetus" for those cutting-edge technologies that lack start-up funds. next step of engineering.

"Can you tell me why? Miss Helena, didn't you say that rockets have limited potential for military use in the short term? Now why do you want the country to increase investment in rocket technology?" Helena's logic made Hitler a little bit overwhelmed .

Chapter 124 National Project Approval

"The significance of developing a rocket is not only the rocket itself, Mr. General Manager. Even if you only consider the short-term significance, investing in rocket technology is definitely a very cost-effective deal." Helena replied. "It's like using a locomotive to pull a large batch of goods from Munich to Berlin. Berlin needs this batch of goods instead of this locomotive, but without the centralized traction of this locomotive, this batch of goods can only be transported in batches. , then the efficiency will become very low.”

"Now the rocket research and development project is like this locomotive, and the various technologies needed for the rocket research and development project are like this batch of goods." At this time, Helena had almost forgotten the fatigue of the journey, and began to sell her to Mustache. In the short term, as far as the rocket itself is concerned, it may only be used in the military at the level of psychological warfare, but the rocket research and development project can promote the progress of hundreds of technical fields in our country. The progress of these technical fields A lot of it has an immediate impact on our economic and military strength!"

Seeing that Hitler seemed a little moved, Helena quickly struck while the iron was hot: "More importantly, such a large-scale scientific research project can be used as a talent magnet. Do you know? Your Excellency, General Manager, just to provide guidance for the A-4 rocket launched this time." system, Siemens has reorganized their original departments responsible for aircraft autopilot and ship navigation, and the size of the R&D team has tripled in size! Among the newly added researchers are even top-notch talents from other countries.”

"That is to say, advancing the rocket research and development project can not only alleviate the employment problem of our domestic scientific research personnel, but also form a gathering effect on talents from all over the world. Now, due to the impact of the economic crisis, many scientific research institutions in the United States, the United Kingdom, and France are also out of business. It’s over, and some researchers even plan to go to the Soviet Union to try their luck. If we have projects and funds in hand, we can absorb these idle talents, which is better than the Soviets at a lower cost, right?”

Although it was a bit unexpected for Helena to be invited to the general manager's office to answer rocket-related questions as soon as she returned to Berlin, the proposal to ask Germany to intervene in the field of rocket research and development with national power was not her whim, but after some time before. Think carefully about the answers you get.Helena knows better than anyone in this era: worldwide, the main body of technological research and development will face a major switch in the near future.

According to the historical experience of the last plane, we can easily find an interesting phenomenon: Before World War II, many important scientific research projects were completed by enterprises and even individual scientists independently; but after World War II, governments of various countries have become important scientific research projects The main organizers of these countries, even in countries that are fully committed to a market economy.

In the previous plane, a relatively intuitive manifestation of this phenomenon is that the major basic innovations that triggered the third industrial revolution were almost all completed by the power of the state, such as rocket technology, atomic energy technology, and computer technology.However, the basic innovations that triggered the first two industrial revolutions came from individuals or companies, such as Watt's steam engine, Siemens' high-power generator, Diesel's diesel engine, and so on.

The root cause of this change is the increase in technical complexity.We know that a new technological invention often requires trial and error to determine the appropriate technical route.The complexity of steam engines in the first industrial revolution and generators and diesel engines in the second industrial revolution is relatively limited, and the cost of trial and error is still within the range that individuals and enterprises can bear.

However, with the continuous advancement of technology, the complexity of technology becomes higher and higher, which in turn restricts the technological progress itself.Representative inventions of the third scientific and technological revolution: pump rockets, nuclear reactors, and electronic computers are beyond the imagination of previous people. The astonishing complexity brings extremely high trial and error costs, so that any individual Both companies and companies will be discouraged from such a money-burning game.Now that relying on the power of individuals and enterprises is already difficult to cross the technological threshold in front of mankind, then the next step is to let the government use the power of the country to promote these scientific research projects.

"Okay, Miss Helena. I think you have convinced me." Under Helena's persuasion, Hitler seemed to have finally made up his mind to invest in rocket technology: "Just tell me, do you think the government needs to invest in rocket technology?" How much will it cost?"

"I hope that starting next year, the government will invest at least 6000 million marks in rocket technology research every year! If necessary, the government should be prepared to further increase investment on this basis." Helena's answer was not muddled at all.

"Oh? Do you need so many?" Although he had prepared himself to some extent, the astronomical figure Helena reported still surprised Hitler a little.You must know that in the last plane, until 1937, Germany's funding for the development of the A-4 rocket (the predecessor of the V-2 missile) had just reached 2000 million marks.

Helena waved her hand and said, "No, no, Mr. General Manager, this investment is actually not much. You must know that a large part of this money will be spent on the construction of scientific research infrastructure, and these facilities can be used repeatedly in the future! By the way, I've heard some people suggest that instead of using bulldozers when building highways, give everyone a shovel to reduce labor productivity and accommodate more employment, is that true?"

Hitler nodded. Someone had indeed proposed such a suggestion to him recently, and in fact he was ready to adopt it.

"To be honest, this suggestion is really terrible. If you have extra manpower, let them repair the Peenemünde R&D base. We are short of manpower here." Helena said while breaking Finger: "My side is still short of more than 70 large buildings such as factories and laboratories from the preliminary plan."

……

When she walked out of the general manager's office, although Helena was exhausted, she was still in a good mood.

On the one hand, it was because Mustache agreed to establish a national project for the rocket research and development project, which made it easier for Helena to rely on the will of the country to promote some high-tech research in the future.

On the other hand, it was because Mustache told her before leaving that she no longer had to stay at Eva's place tonight, because General Sektor had forgiven Helena for betraying her without consulting him This meant that Helena could go back to sleep on the familiar big bed at home tonight.

Chapter 125 Physical God Beast

Facts have proved that Mustache's guarantee this time is quite reliable.When Helena returned home, General Sektor's previous anger had already calmed down.General Sektor not only did not pursue Helena's previous behavior of "selling her father's land", but also asked about Helena's life after "running away from home". In the past, Mrs. Sektor liked to ask topic of.

General Sektor's abnormal performance made Helena, who was still a little apprehensive before entering the door, flattered for a while, and at the same time moved a little more.It seems that although General Sektor is usually unsmiling and earns the nickname "Sphinx", he still cares about his daughter very much in his heart.

Back in her room, the familiar environment made Helena, who hadn't been home for several months, sleep extraordinarily soundly that night.After spending a few days of doing nothing at home like rice bugs, Helena felt that she was full of vigorous energy.At this time, it is not far from the day when I made an appointment with Einstein and others to go to Brussels to attend the Solvay meeting. During this time gap, Helena went to Einstein's house again to confirm the specific itinerary. arrange.

As usual, Helena gently knocked on the door of Einstein's house, and the door opened after a while, but what surprised Helena was that it wasn't Einstein who came to open the door for her, nor Einstein Mrs. Elsa, but a thin middle-aged man wearing round glasses.

"Uncle Schrödinger, why are you here?" Helena even forgot to say hello to Schrödinger immediately.That's right, the person who opened the door for Helena turned out to be Professor Erwin Schrödinger, the head of the Department of Physics at the University of Berlin. "Look who's here? Hey, it's Miss Helena. You're here just in time. Come in." Einstein, with a pipe in his hand, came out from behind Schrödinger with a smile. The mood is quite good.Only then did Helena come to her senses, and hurriedly greeted Einstein and Schrödinger.

It turned out that before Helena's arrival, Einstein and Schrödinger were discussing how to refute the Copenhagen School's views at the upcoming Solvay Conference.They have conducted discussions like today twice before. This time Schrödinger came to Einstein to discuss countermeasures for the third time. Unexpectedly, Helena who came to make an appointment met him.

In fact, in the last plane, there was no such drama in front of me. Now in the last plane, Einstein was forced to flee to the United States because of the Nazi persecution of the Jews, so he failed to participate in the 1933 Seventh Solvay Conference.Einstein's escape forced Schrödinger to single-handedly challenge a group of go-getters from the Copenhagen School at the meeting.As a result, it is naturally conceivable that Schrödinger was defeated by the generals of the Copenhagen School and fled in embarrassment...

It may be that at the Solvay Conference in 1933, he was abused too miserably by the go-getters of the Copenhagen School. In the following years, Schrödinger has been thinking hard about ways to counter the Copenhagen School.Two years later, in 1935, Schrödinger finally extended his black hands to our lovely kittens.So with the birth of the famous thought experiment "Schrödinger's cat", the cat in the superposition state of life and death created by Schrödinger has been perplexing the entire physics community for decades.

Some good people in later generations called "Schrödinger's cat", "Zeno's tortoise", "Laplace beast", and "Maxwell's demon" together as the "four great beasts" of physics.However, unlike the other three of the "Four Great Beasts" that have been tamed, until the beginning of the 21st century before Helena crossed over, "Schrödinger's Cat" was still not completely tamed by scientists.

Looking at Schrödinger, who still maintains a gentle and refined demeanor in this plane, Helena can't help but secretly attribute the reason why Schrödinger turned into a cat abuser in the previous plane to the "cat-kicking effect" in social psychology: when people When you are angry with someone who is stronger than you or has a higher level than yourself, you will often tend to vent your dissatisfaction with someone who is weaker than you or has a lower level than yourself.This is like a father who got angry with the company leader, went home and reprimanded the child to vent his anger, but the child was wronged by the father, kicked the kitten at home, and vented his resentment on the weaker cat... ...Well, the above is purely Helena, an unscrupulous guy, malicious speculation and unfounded speculation about the god of physics. Don't be poisoned by her.

Based on the principle of watching the excitement and not taking it too seriously, Helena decided to provide more ammunition to Einstein and Schrödinger who were about to kill the Copenhagen School.So Helena sat down and spoke to the two great gods: "I heard you discuss so many issues about quantum mechanics in the past, and I thought of a thought experiment about quantum mechanics. I wonder if you two would like to listen to it?"

Seeing that the two great gods were interested, Helena began to state slowly: "If we have an opaque airtight box with a small amount of uranium in it and a Geiger counter, since the amount of uranium is very small, there will be uranium every hour. There is a 50/[-] chance of the atom decaying and no uranium atom decaying, and when the first uranium atom decays, a hammer is released through a relay mechanism, smashing a bottle full of hydrogen cyanide gas."

Seeing that both Schrödinger and Einstein looked thoughtful, Helena cleared her throat and continued, "Now comes the question, if we put a living kitten into this box and then cover it Put the lid on the box, and after an hour, without opening the box, what state should the kitten in the box be in?"

The silence in the room lasted for several minutes, and Schrödinger suddenly slapped her thigh hard, so hard that Helena couldn't help worrying if he slapped her leg swollen.

"Wonderful! Your design of this thought experiment is really wonderful, Miss Helena. Let all the dream talkers in Copenhagen go to hell." Schrödinger stood up excitedly from the sofa and paced back and forth in the room: "If Copenhagen If the group of crazy thinkers want to continue to stick to their position, they must admit that there is a superimposed state of the kitten that is both dead and alive! However, even elementary school students know that this is simply impossible!"

Einstein was also very excited about this thought experiment proposed by Helena, because this thought experiment was designed to a large extent to address the weakness of the Copenhagen interpretation, which is that the uncertainty of microscopic particles is compared with the certainty of the macroscopic world. contradiction.

The previous lieutenant-general of the Copenhagen School avoided this topic to some extent by framing the scope of application of the Copenhagen Interpretation in the microscopic realm.But in the face of this thought experiment, the Copenhagen School has been unable to avoid it. If they want to plug the loopholes in their theory, they must answer why the uncertainty of microscopic particles is not applicable to macroscopic.

Through this private academic exchange, Einstein and Schrödinger have almost regarded Helena as "one of their own", but they don't know that Helena's real purpose is to make this Solvay conference more interesting Some, so that she can better watch the show while eating melons.

Chapter 126 Brussels

As time flies, the opening day of the [-]th Solvay Conference is fast approaching.According to the previous agreement, Helena and Einstein boarded the train to Brussels together after the round with Schrödinger.

In this era without high-speed railways, in Helena's eyes, the speed of trains is as slow as a snail. The nearly 800 kilometers of railway mileage from Berlin to Brussels, it takes almost a whole day for the steam train to stop and go.Fortunately, Helena and the others are not the ones who are short of money. They bought the most luxurious soft sleeper tickets in the whole car. Everyone has their own compartment. In addition to the spacious bed, there is a small desk in the compartment. It was quite thoughtful.

During the entire trip, Schrödinger spent very little time in his room. Most of the time he was nestled in Einstein's cubicle, discussing physics issues with his old favorite classmates with great interest.Seeing the attitude of these two people wishing they could get up at night and sleep for a "sleep talk", Helena couldn't help complaining in her heart: It was a waste to buy the three most expensive soft sleeper tickets when getting on the bus. At that time, it was enough to buy only two soft berth tickets and one of the cheapest no-seat tickets.

The focus of the discussion between Schrödinger and Einstein was actually to find loopholes in the thought experiment proposed by Helena.Because at the Sixth Solvay Conference in 1930, Einstein also proposed a thought experiment, and once pushed the Copenhagen School to the corner, but in the end, because of a small but fatal negligence, the result fell short.This thought experiment that almost overturned the Copenhagen School is Einstein's "light box".

On October 1930, 10, under the auspices of French physicist Lang Zhiwan, the sixth Solvay Conference officially opened in Brussels as scheduled. Einstein and Bohr, the leader of the Copenhagen School, were invited to attend the conference.

Since the theme of this conference was set as "Magnetism of Matter", the debate between Einstein and Bohr on the interpretation of quantum mechanics was not included in the formal agenda of the conference.However, this does not prevent the two great gods from making full use of the meeting time to continue their unfinished debate at the last Solvay meeting.

In the discussion under the meeting, in order to refute the arguments of the Copenhagen School, after three years of deliberation, Einstein stated a thought experiment he carefully crafted, which is known as Einstein's "light box" to the later generations. The setting of the "light box" is not complicated. It is a closed box with a timing controller inside, and this timing controller can open a small hole in the box at a certain moment to release a photon from the box. .

However, Einstein's seemingly unremarkable setting hides a murderous intention behind it.In this "light box", the time when the photon flies out of the small hole can be known by the timer, and the energy of the photon can be known by weighing the box.Because the mass of the lost photon can be obtained by weighing the box, and according to Einstein’s mass-energy equation, knowing the mass of the photon that flew out means knowing the energy of the photon.However, according to Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, which is the three pillars of the Copenhagen School, the time and energy of any particle cannot be accurately measured at the same time!

Einstein's thought experiment immediately put Bohr, the leader of the Copenhagen School, in a desperate situation.According to Bohr's assistant, the Belgian physicist Leon Rosenfeld, Bohr was pale and dull at the time, and he could not quickly find the answer to this question.Bohr walked from one person to another in the meeting room while muttering to himself: "If Einstein is right, then physics is over!"

When the participants walked out of the venue, Einstein, who was walking in front, held his head high, with a look of complacency, and he couldn't even hide the smile on his face.Bohr was eagerly chasing Einstein, trying in vain to explain to Einstein that the device was impossible.

That night, Einstein, who had just fought a beautiful battle, probably slept soundly, but Bohr couldn't sleep at all. According to Rosenfeld, Bohr that night was like a dog that had just been severely beaten.Bohr, who hadn't slept all night, kept recalling every detail of Einstein's "light box" settings, trying to find the flaws in it.Hard work paid off, and after fighting all night, Bohr, with a pair of red rabbit eyes, finally found a way to refute Einstein.

The next day, Bohr couldn't wait to announce the results of his thinking to Einstein: use a spring balance to lift the box to read the weight of the box, when the photons fly out of the box, the box will change due to the weight of the box. will rise, which means the box moves a certain distance in the gravitational field.And according to Einstein's general theory of relativity, when a clock is displaced in a gravitational field, its speed also changes.That is to say, if Einstein's device wants to accurately measure the quality (energy) of photons, it cannot accurately measure the time when the photons fly out of the box!

Einstein probably never dreamed that the ingenious thought experiment he devised after much thought and meditation was ultimately defeated by his own general theory of relativity.But he also had to admit that Bohr's argument was flawless, so Einstein, who had only been stunned all night, had to admit to the Copenhagen School that his thought experiment design was not rigorous.So far, Bohr has won the game beautifully by fighting back against others in his own way.

It is precisely because of the previous lesson that Einstein and Schrödinger were extra cautious about the thought experiment proposed by Helena this time.In these days, Einstein and Schrödinger searched for the flaws in this cat in the superposition state of life and death over and over again, but it turns out that the long-tested beast of the last plane—"Schrödinger's cat" is not so easily tamed.

Although they tried countless hypotheses and failed to find a way to overthrow Helena's thought experiment, Einstein and Schrödinger were not only not depressed, but became more excited.Because in their eyes, the harder the cat is to be tamed, the more lethal it will be to the Copenhagen School!

On the way to Brussels, the two great gods praised Helena's thought experiment design for many times, which made Helena feel very embarrassed. Giving her a thumbs up made Helena blush secretly.

The journey of the three of them was very pleasant. After a good sleep on the train, on the morning of October 10, with the sound of the long whistle of the train arriving at the station, Helena and the three of them took their luggage to Brussels. The train station stepped off the train and officially came to this famous city known as the "Capital of Europe" in later generations.

The author has something to say: When yesterday's chapter was not finished, I accidentally sent the broken chapter by mistake. Readers who haven't seen the whole chapter can refresh yesterday's chapter.

Chapter 127 Opening of the Conference

On October 1933, 10, the Seventh Solvay Physics Conference was officially opened in Brussels, the capital of Belgium. The theme of this conference was "The Structure and Properties of the Atomic Nucleus". Zhiwan, who presided over the Sixth Solvay Conference three years ago.

The 61-year-old Lang Zhiwan is not only a legendary physicist, but also a conscientious international scholar. In the winter of 1931, he was entrusted by the "League of Nations" to come to China to investigate the education situation in China.The Chinese Physical Society was established in Beijing in 1932 with the advice and help of Lang Zhiwan.After the inspection, Lang Zhiwan supported the anti-Japanese activities of the Chinese people many times, and publicly condemned the connivance of the "League of Nations" to Japan's aggression.

After the meeting started, Academician Lang Zhiwan, wearing round-frame glasses, first stepped onto the podium to deliver an opening speech. He had two slightly upturned beards under his nose, which made the old man's face look a little more amiable. Playful.In his opening speech, Lang Zhiwan spoke highly of the major breakthroughs in particle physics made by the scientific community in recent years.When mentioning Helena's discovery, Lang Zhiwan also gave Helena who was sitting in the audience an encouraging look, and Helena responded with a shy smile.For Lang Zhiwan, an old friend of the Chinese people, Helena has always been full of good feelings in her heart.

After Lang Zhiwan delivered the opening speech, the meeting entered the next session, and the scholars who came to the meeting took the stage to speak one by one.It has to be said that the 30s was indeed the golden age of particle physics. At a high-level academic conference such as the Solvay Conference, the speeches of every participant were extremely valuable.Pauli proposed his neutrino idea, Fermi proposed his beta decay theory, Joliot-Curies reported the problem of artificial radioactivity...

Although the theories expounded by these masters of physics are not unfamiliar to Helena who traveled through time, the wonderful academic speeches of the masters still made Helena's heart agitated.After all, being able to personally participate in the foundation stone laying ceremony of the future particle physics building, this kind of strong sense of historical witness, makes people excited just thinking about it!However, apart from the excitement, Helena also had a trace of melancholy in her heart that no one knew about.Because if the historical trend of the last plane is followed, the seventh Solvay Conference will be the last Solvay Conference before the war.After this session, the Solvay Conference will be interrupted for 15 years due to international tensions and the outbreak of a world war.It was not until 1948 after the war that the Eighth Solvay Conference was reconvened in Brussels.

For the speech she was going to make at the meeting, Helena was more careful in choosing the topic. In her speech, she once again predicted the existence of neutron stars and made preliminary speculations about their properties.In fact, at the beginning of 1932, when Helena announced the scientific results of "discovering" neutrons, she predicted the existence of neutron stars, but did not elaborate further. This time can just make up for this shortcoming.In the last plane, the concept of neutron star should have been proposed by Landau, a Soviet physicist, shortly after the discovery of neutron, and then Oppenheimer and others perfected the theory of neutron star.But it wasn't until 1967 that the first neutron star was discovered at the Cavendish Laboratory at the University of Cambridge in England.

A neutron star is a large-mass star at the end of its life. After a supernova explosion, the mass of its residual matter exceeds the upper limit of the mass of a white dwarf (1.44 times the mass of the sun), but it is not enough to form a black hole. Formed under the action of strong gravity high-density celestial bodies.In the face of such a strong gravitational force, the degeneracy pressure of electrons between atoms is no longer enough to compete with it, so even the solid nucleus is crushed, and electrons penetrate into the nucleus and combine with the protons in the nucleus to form neutrons.Since the neutron degeneracy pressure is stronger than the electron degeneracy pressure, it will prevent the celestial body from further collapsing into a black hole, so a compact celestial body mainly composed of neutrons is formed, which is the famous neutron star.

There are four reasons why Helena chose this speech topic: the first is to fit the main body of this conference "the structure and properties of atomic nuclei", the second is to carry on the scientific achievements of her previous "discovery" of neutrons, and the third is to answer The remaining issue of the mass limit of white dwarfs that I proposed earlier, the fourth is to provide a possible verification channel for the gravitational wave theory proposed by Einstein in 1916 by proposing the conjecture of the merger of double neutron stars.

At the end of the speech, Helena also proposed a way to find neutron stars: According to the principle of conservation of angular momentum, neutron stars that retain most of the angular momentum of massive stars will obtain extremely fast rotation speeds during the contraction process.However, since the magnetic axis of a neutron star does not exactly coincide with its rotation axis, viewed from the earth, the radio waves generated by the rotation of the neutron star's magnetic field will form very regular pulse signals, just like the light of a rotating lighthouse viewed from a sea ship. dark.

Helena's speech is theoretically impeccable, but because the predicted neutron star density is far beyond people's imagination, most of the participants including Einstein, although the character Helena's theory is very novel, have no idea about it. Whether there are really high-density objects like neutron stars in the universe is still cautiously skeptical.

However, regarding these controversies, Helena did not fluctuate in her heart.After stepping off the podium, Helena calmly returned to her seat, and returned to the state of the melon-eating crowd within a second.

Chapter 128 Come on, Old Xue