Iron Sonata of World War II

"If we want to describe the state of a particle on a one-dimensional straight line, we need to use two parameters, one of which is used to describe the position of the point, and the other is used to describe the direction and speed of the point's motion. But at the same time , using the above two parameters, we can calibrate the coordinates of a point on the two-dimensional plane.”

"By analogy, to describe the state of a particle in three-dimensional space, we need to use six parameters, three of which are used to represent the position of the particle in three-dimensional space, and the other three are used to represent the position of the particle in three dimensions. The direction and speed of motion in space. At the same time, the six parameters that specify the position and motion state of the particle in three-dimensional space can be summarized by a coordinate point in six-dimensional space.”

"We know that the position and motion state of all objects in three-dimensional space can be decomposed into the sum of the position and motion state of a series of particles, so the position and state of any system in three-dimensional space, we can use high-dimensional space (Please note that the 'high-dimensional space' here refers to the Hilbert space, not the real high-dimensional space) to describe it by a point or a vector. And this high-dimensional Hilbert How high the dimensionality of the space needs to be depends on the number of particles in the system we want to describe."

"Because the number of particles contained in an electron is very small, the dimensionality of the Hilbert space used to describe it must also be low. We know that the two Hilbert spaces with low dimensionality are not perpendicular to each other. The possibility of intersecting is extremely high (vertical is a special case), that is to say, the two worlds are 'coherent', although they are in the two superimposed worlds, they can still 'perceive' each other. This is That's why electrons interfere with themselves when passing through the double slit."

"Different from describing a single electron, in the system of 'we see the cat dead' or 'we see the cat alive', the radioactive particle no longer exists in isolation, it must have a relationship with the environment, the cat and us in order for us to obtain A complete impression of the cat dead or alive. To fully describe such a huge system, we need a frightening number of particles, and the dimensionality of the Hilbert space used to describe it must be astonishingly high!"

"It is easy to prove mathematically that in an extremely high-dimensional space, two straight lines or two planes must be infinitely close to perpendicular to each other. That is to say, although there are 'we saw the cat died' and 'we Seeing cats alive' These two superimposed worlds, but these two worlds are basically vertical in the Hilbert space, or basically decoherent. So it is basically impossible for us to feel the other world Projection, just like when the X-axis and Y-axis are perpendicular, the particle on the X-axis cannot feel what happens on the Y-axis!"

……

Because Helena's views were too crazy, or too controversial, Lang Zhiwan, the moderator of the Solvay meeting, was forced to extend the meeting by one day for everyone to discuss.During the two days of intense discussions, Helena's point of view was bombarded by Bohr and Einstein.

During these two days, in addition to Bohr and Einstein, Born, Heisenberg, Dirac, Pauli, Schrödinger, Planck, de Broglie and others successively proposed to Helena Helena raised strong doubts, but Helena, who had turned on the secondary mode, was like a stalker with full firepower. After a arduous battle, she finally defeated all the challengers.

When the conference was about to close, Bohr might have been a little confused by Helena's anger, and finally blurted out in front of everyone: "God doesn't make movies! Miss Helena!" "Don't command God! Uncle Bohr! Helena responded calmly, and poor Bohr felt a mouthful of old blood choked in his throat.

However, Helena's next sentence caused Bohr and Einstein to fall almost at the same time. Helena said: "By the way, I forgot to announce something to everyone. I solemnly declare: Uncle Bohr's thrower The God of dice is dead, and so is Uncle Einstein's God who doesn't roll dice! Because in my world, as long as God has a relationship with anything, he will immediately become entangled with the universe and lose his omniscience ability."

Chapter 135 Columnar Grids

On October 1933, 10, the seventh Solvay Physics Conference came to an end one day later than in history.Helena did not stay in Brussels, and boarded the train back to Berlin with Einstein and Schrödinger that day.During the trip, Helena explained to the two great gods the multi-world theory she proposed at the meeting in more detail. This time, the two great gods were much more cautious about the multi-world theory.Since Helena didn't like people puffing on the opposite side of her, the two great gods thoughtfully put away the pipes they never left their hands, and listened to Helena's narration intently.

Time passed quickly during the communication between the three, and the train arrived in Berlin before they knew it.When saying goodbye at the train station, Einstein and Schrödinger told Helena that although they couldn't find the loopholes in the many-worlds theory for a while, they still didn't believe that the universe would enter a superposition state because of a relationship with an elementary particle.However, Lao Ai and Lao Xue immediately said that if they could only choose between the Copenhagen School's theory and Helena's theory, they would be more willing to support Helena.

Helena was not surprised by the attitudes of Einstein and Schrödinger.Although on the surface, the many-worlds theory is more unconstrained than the views of the Copenhagen School, but in terms of the core of thought, the many-worlds theory is more likely to be accepted by "classical" physicists such as Einstein and Schrödinger.After all, compared to the Copenhagen School which grants observers the "privilege" to define the universe, the many-worlds theory strictly adheres to the classic "realism" and "determinism" in physics, but the complete "Reality" exists in the very high-dimensional Hilbert space.

The strong shock waves brought about by the fierce debates at the [-]th Solvay Conference are still spreading around Brussels as the center.Soon, the physics community of the whole world was involved in a great controversy.However, the "culprit" Helena who ignited the fuse of this debate has already jumped out of the arena of physics. After all, in Helena's life creed, heroes don't need to look back at the explosion at all.

……

On December 1933, 12, at the headquarters of the Telefunken company in Berlin's Cross Hill, the corners of Helena's mouth, who was the number one topic in the physics world, raised slightly, showing that she was in a pretty good mood at the moment.Helena's slender fingers were playing with a rather pocket-sized glass tube with great interest.The tube is only as long as a person's little finger and as thick as a ballpoint pen. A slender metal wire protrudes from one end of the tube, and several other metal wires protrude from the other end. Through the transparent tube wall, you can also see the arrangement inside the tube. Rows of columnar metal struts like fences.Don't underestimate this small glass tube. It is the result of the joint research of experts from Telefunken, Loewe and other companies over the years - columnar grid tube.

In essence, the columnar grid tube is actually a direct heating tube, but its structure is very different from ordinary tubes.For ordinary electron tubes, the grid used to control the electric field intensity on the surface of the cathode is mostly in the shape of a fine wire mesh or a helix, while the columnar grid tube, as the name suggests, has a columnar grid.Specifically, the grid of the columnar grid tube is a pair of metal struts without a grid wire.

Due to the greatly simplified structure, compared with traditional tubes, the advantages of columnar grid tubes are very prominent:

The first outstanding advantage of the columnar grid tube is its long life. Generally speaking, the life of an ordinary columnar grid tube can reach about 5000 hours, which is almost ten times the life of ordinary electronic tubes.

The second outstanding advantage of the columnar grid tube is its compact size. The size of an ordinary electron tube is like a small light bulb, but the columnar grid tube can be made two or three centimeters long, or even smaller.

The third outstanding advantage of the columnar grid tube is that it has a strong ability to resist overload shocks. Because there is no grid wire and the volume is small, the structure of the columnar grid tube can be made very strong, even under the impact of a large overload. damage.

The fourth outstanding advantage of the columnar grid tube is low energy consumption and low noise. Unlike ordinary tubes that require a high anode voltage, the columnar grid tube can work at a very low (less than 50 volts) anode voltage, and Because the curtain grid flow of the columnar grid tube is very small, the power consumption and the noise of the tube can be greatly reduced.

The fifth outstanding advantage of the columnar grid tube is that it is simple in structure and easy to assemble. Since there is no grid with filaments as complicated as ordinary electron tubes, the production process of the columnar grid tube is greatly simplified. For skilled workers, it takes a few seconds on average. A pillar-shaped grid tube can be installed.

In the last plane, the columnar grid tube was invented in the 20s by Valentin Avdiv, an outstanding electronic engineering expert and academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union.For this excellent industrial design, Helena actually admires it very much. In Helena's eyes, the columnar grid tube can be regarded as the most amazing design in the history of electronic tube development, bar none!It is well deserved to say that it is the pinnacle of tube design!

However, unfortunately, although the columnar grid tube is quite excellent in terms of industrial design itself, it was born out of time in the last plane because it was invented too late.When the columnar gate tube was invented in the Soviet Union, the production technology of transistor components in Western countries was basically mature at the same time, and transistor appliances even began to enter the homes of ordinary people.For example, in 1953, the first transistor hearing aid was put on the market, and in 1954, the first transistor radio was also put on the market...

To the embarrassment of future generations, when the transistor revolution in Western countries was in full swing, the Soviet Union superstitiously believed that tube devices had better survivability under nuclear electromagnetic pulse (in fact, the problem of transistor resistance to electromagnetic pulse is not impossible. overcome).At this time, the invention of the columnar grid tube just gave a boost to the faction of the Soviet Union that supported the continued development of electron tubes!In the end, the Soviet Union did not choose to turn to transistors in time, but continued along the road of miniaturization of electron tubes opened up by columnar gate tubes, resulting in a wider gap between the field of electronic components and Western countries.

In the last plane, whether the invention of the columnar grid tube was a disaster or a blessing to the development of the Soviet Union's electronics industry, it is estimated that it is difficult for future generations to tell.On the one hand, the Soviet Union relied on columnar grid tubes to create many "tube miracles" that have amazed future generations. The polar tube eventually became a symbol of backwardness in the eyes of military fans.

Although in the last plane, the column grid tube received far more ridicule than praise, but Helena is still ready to give this excellent design a chance to shine in this plane.After all, within ten years, it will be difficult for Helena to come up with cheap and reliable transistor components.

It has to be said that although the production process of the columnar grid tube is not complicated, the design still tests the mathematical skills of the designers. Fortunately, there is no shortage of mathematical talents in Germany.So following the design ideas provided by Helena, after several years of hard work by the designers, there is a sample of the pillar-shaped grid tube that she is playing with now.

In this way, the electron tube ushered in its peak ahead of time under Helena's intervention, and it may also be the end. "The setting sun is infinitely good, but it's almost dusk." Helena sighed in her heart.

Chapter 136 Some Gossip

When the revolution of semiconductor devices replacing electronic tubes came, the Soviet Union, which was superstitious about the miniaturization of electronic tubes, took a detour in the development of the electronic industry.However, Helena believes that military fans of later generations do not need to stand on the standpoint of hindsight and laugh at the decision makers of the Soviet Union for not being able to see clearly the trend of progress of the times, because the old rival of the Soviet Union, the United States, also stumbled in this revolution. , but the position and posture of the United States are somewhat different from those of the Soviet Union.

We know that when used as a logic unit for signal processing, transistors as solid-state semiconductor devices undoubtedly have great advantages over electron tubes.Transistors not only have smaller size, lighter weight, longer life, lower operating voltage, and less energy loss, but also have lower marginal costs than electron tubes in mass production.These advantages make it impossible for even the most advanced tubes to compete with transistors as computer logic units.In the 60s of the last plane, transistors have already beaten electronic tubes in most applications, and the dominance of solid-state semiconductor devices seems unstoppable.

The rapid development of transistors brought great confidence to the Americans. In addition, the United States happened to encounter some insurmountable problems in the development of electronic tubes at that time, so the planners of the US military system at that time aggressively judged that solid-state devices would completely replace electronic tubes. The time has come, so the United States has relaxed the development of vacuum tubes, shifted the focus of investment to solid-state power devices, and believes that a comprehensive breakthrough will be made soon.

Objectively speaking, the American judgment is generally reliable, but there is one area where the Americans have miscalculated, and this area is the high-power transmitters used in radar, communication, and electronic countermeasure equipment.In these fields, solid-state power devices did not replace microwave tubes as quickly as Americans expected.In fact, in these special applications, although solid-state transmitters are the general direction of technological evolution, it is only at the beginning of the 21st century that solid-state transmitters completely replace tube transmitters. The speed of the machine bit.

In the 70s, the impatient U.S. Department of Defense began to re-evaluate the value of electronic tubes, and concluded that in the next few decades, high-power transmitters will still be inseparable from microwave electronic tubes.However, due to insufficient investment in the past ten years, the United States has lost its advantage in the field of electron tubes, and has even been overtaken by the Soviet Union in fields such as millimeter-wave gyrotrons.Therefore, the United States reconvened the microwave tube power conference in 1976, which had been interrupted for more than ten years, and then re-intensified investment in research and development of electron tubes, which gradually got rid of the passive situation.

In short, when the revolution of transistors replacing electron tubes came, both the United States and the Soviet Union in the last plane made serious mistakes. The Soviet Union’s mistake was obsessed with the miniaturization of electronic tubes in logic units, so that they ran too slowly; The mistake of the United States was to try to reach the sky in one step in the field of high-power transmitters, so that it rushed too fast.But we should not criticize the decision makers of the Soviet Union and the United States at that time. After all, they did not travel back from the future.As for why the mistakes of the Soviet Union in the choice of technology trees are widely known, while the mistakes of the United States are less mentioned by the world, this is a very interesting topic.

In Helena's view, the main reason for this situation is that the total amount of economic and scientific research resources that the United States can mobilize is much larger than that of the Soviet Union. However, due to limited resources, the Soviet Union could not concentrate its scientific research efforts on a few key areas in order to achieve breakthroughs.In the case of choosing the right development direction, the scientific research model of the Soviet Union is indeed very efficient, but if you accidentally click the wrong technology tree, the adverse consequences will often be more far-reaching.

In the Cold War on the last plane, although the United States did not have fewer technology trees than the Soviet Union, once the Soviet Union selected the wrong technology tree, it was often difficult to invest a large amount of resources to catch up again, and the result was often hard to return. , so that it lags behind its opponents in a certain field for a long time.

Helena believes that it is precisely because the Soviet Union always pays a higher price than the opponent's similar mistakes every time it makes a mistake in the technology tree. people mentioned, because the United States can always free up enough resources to fill the hole after the mistake is discovered.

As a time traveler, what is Helena's biggest advantage in the field of scientific research?The first is that she roughly knows which direction is correct, and the second is that she roughly knows how far away from the destination.That is to say, on the one hand, she can devote a large amount of scientific research resources to the most critical fields without worrying about the research direction; Too far ahead and stumbled.

For example, in the field of vacuum electron tubes, after Helena lit up the columnar grid tubes, the next step is to focus on magnetrons and klystrons. As for the more complex traveling wave tubes, the development schedule is estimated to be delayed. .Magnetrons, klystrons, and traveling wave tubes are all electronic components necessary for the development of high-power transmitters.

According to the reports of researchers from Loewe and Telefunken, a subsidiary of Siemens, the current development progress of the multi-cavity magnetron conceived by Helena is quite optimistic, and it is expected that the first batch of samples will be produced early next year. This made Helena a little excited again.

"So, wouldn't I be able to use the microwave soon?" Helena was probably overjoyed, she put down the pillar-shaped grid tube that she was playing with before, and suddenly said this sentence unconsciously.Although Helena's mumbling was not loud, the researchers who followed her clearly heard it.

"Microwave oven? What's that?" the accompanying scientific researcher asked suspiciously.

"Uh, the future food culture, I read it from a science fiction novel I found at a local stall not long ago." Realizing that she had slipped the tongue just now, Helena quickly found an excuse to cover it up. After all, there are so many people in the world. The cavity magnetron has not been invented yet, so there is no microwave oven.

Chapter 137

On October 1933, 10, in the Yard Bay on the coast of the North Sea, as the fourth ship of the "Deutschland-class" armored ship "Blücher" slowly slipped into the sea from the berth of the Wilhelmshaven Naval Shipyard, "Washington The 9 large and medium-sized surface warships allowed to be built by Germany under the Naval Treaty have all been launched.According to the estimates of the German Navy, all of these warships will be put into active service by the end of next year.At that time, the main combat ships of the German Navy will include:

Four "Emden" class light cruisers with a standard displacement of 6800 tons: the first ship "Emden", the second ship "Dresden", the third ship "Bremen", and the fourth ship Ship "Lübeck".

There are four "Konigsberg" class light cruisers with a standard displacement of 9600 tons: the first ship "Konigsberg", the second ship "Karlsruhe", the third ship "Cologne", and the fourth ship " Nuremberg".

There are four "Deutschland" class armored ships (pocket battleships) with a standard displacement of 15200 tons: the first ship "Deutschland", the second ship "Admiral Scheer", the third ship "Earl Spey", and the fourth ship The ship "Blücher".

There are 2750 large destroyers with a standard displacement of 24 tons, and the serial number is extended from Z1 to Z24.The principle of naming German destroyers in this plane is the same as that of the previous plane, and they are still named after the commanders of the destroyers who were killed by the German army in World War I. Don't deserve a name?).

The validity period of the "Washington Naval Treaty" will end on December 1936, 12.After entering the 31s, in order to cope with the possible arms race after the expiration of the "Washington Treaty", the navies of various countries began to brew a new round of fleet expansion plans.At this time, although the Weimar German Navy had not completely released from the "Treaty of Versailles", it was secretly formulating its own future shipbuilding plan unwillingly.

In the last plane, William Glenn, who was in charge of the German National Defense Department at the time, made a plan to enrich the size of the German fleet at the Weimar German Navy Conference in 1932, including increasing the number of armored ships to six , and the construction of 6 submarines when political conditions permit, and the construction of these ships is planned to be completed before 16. However, the plan under the command of William Glenn was disrupted by an intelligence from France.

At the end of 1932 in the last plane, France started construction of a new class of warships. This class of warships was the French response to the "Deutschland" class pocket battleships built by Germany, which was later known as the "Dunkirk" class battleships.The Dunkirk-class battleship with a standard displacement of about 26500 tons not only has two quadruple 330mm main guns and a 225mm thick vertical main armor with an angle, but also has a maximum speed of more than 30 knots (it once reached 31 knots during the sea trial. left and right speed).

Since the French "Dunkirk" class battleships have an overwhelming advantage over the German pocket battleships on the previous plane in terms of firepower, protection and speed, once the "Deutschland" class battleships encounter When encountering such an opponent, one will inevitably fall into the tragic situation of being unable to punch through, carrying but unable to carry, and running but unable to escape!

After analyzing the general performance of the French "Dunkirk" class battleships, the German Navy immediately understood that the performance of the "Deutschland" class armored ships could no longer adapt to the new maritime combat environment, and Germany had to redo its naval development plan.Therefore, in the last plane, the German Navy terminated the construction plan of the fourth and fifth ships of the "Deutschland" class, and prepared to build two warships with stronger combat capabilities as replacements. The new warships for the replacement project of No. [-] and No. [-] ships of the first class have been involved in an endless debate since the day the plan was formulated.

The caliber and quantity of the main guns of the new ship are undoubtedly the focus of this debate.In the last plane, Erich Raeder, then commander of the navy, preferred the plan with a displacement of 26500 tons and nine 9mm main guns. In 330, the German Navy even allocated 1933 million marks for the The preliminary development work of the triple-mounted 140mm turret.

However, Germany had not completely shaken off the shackles of the "Treaty of Versailles" at that time. Due to the fear of being opposed by the Allied Powers headed by Britain and France, Germany finally planned to order two 17000-ton ships equipped with two triple-mounted 283mm naval guns. It was just an improved warship of the "Germany" class, which made Raeder very dissatisfied. In December 1933, Hitler rejected the proposal to add a third triple gun turret to the new ship at the Naval Conference, but agreed to relax the displacement limit of the new ship to 12 tons to increase the firepower of the secondary battery. On January 19000, 1934, the German Navy officially placed an order for the shipyard to build two 1-ton "Deutschland" class improvements.

On February 1934, 2, the two ships began to lay the keels on the same day, but then the magical operation came. On June 14, 1934, Hitler couldn't stand Raeder's repeated persuasion, and finally approved the proposal to add a third triple-mounted 6mm main turret to the new ship at a meeting in June 5, but Mustache still opposed it. Increased the caliber of the main guns, as he felt that this might unnecessarily irritate the British and French.

The construction of the two warships, which had been under construction for several months, had to be stopped in order to add a third turret to the new ship.The designer began to scramble to modify the design on the original basis, and the special office set up by the Navy to coordinate the construction of new ships was sweating profusely asking the shipyard and component suppliers to urgently modify the production plan. Half a year later, the construction of the two ships was restarted.

It wasn't until May 1938 and January 5 that the two warships, which had been bumping into each other since the formulation of the plan, finally entered service.These two warships are the two sisters of the "Scharnhorst" class battleships that are familiar to military fans in later generations: the first ship "Scharnhorst" and the second ship "Gleisenau" (please note, Although some later sources refer to the two ships as battlecruisers, Germany itself has always called them battleships).

Although the actual combat performance of the "Scharnhorst" sisters in the previous plane was not bad, the design and construction of this class of warships is simply a negative teaching material for engineering organizations.

The repeated tossing about the caliber and quantity of the artillery not only wasted a lot of precious time and resources, but also left many design flaws for this class of warships due to the hasty modification of the design.For example, the nine 30000mm toothpick naval guns that are extremely disproportionate to the standard displacement of 283 tons, the armor protection system that seems indestructible but full of loopholes, the power system that often loses its temper, and the outrageously low amidships freeboard...

Chapter 138 The Tube Is Too Thin

Helena knew that the fundamental reason why the "Scharnhorst" class battleships in the previous plane had tossed so much about the choice of main gun caliber and quantity was that at this point in time, the navy's combat needs and There are conflicts that are not easy to reconcile between the political needs of the country.Raeder started from the needs of naval operations and hoped to equip warships with artillery capable of penetrating the opponent; while Hitler started from the needs of international politics and did not want to prematurely stimulate the sensitive nerves of the Allied Powers on the issue of the caliber of naval guns.

Although under the influence of Helena, the international restrictions faced by the German navy on this plane are looser than those on the previous plane, the contradiction between the naval combat needs and the country's political needs still exists on this plane.In this context, the battle over the gun caliber of the new ship still inevitably took place.It's just that the protagonist of the debate with Hitler has changed from Raeder in the previous plane to Admiral Paul Bainke in this plane. The 64-year-old general is still vigorously busy for the revival of the German Navy. .

Like Raeder in the previous plane, Admiral Behnke in this plane also uses three triple-mounted 330mm main turrets as the bottom line of the new ship's firepower.As expected by Helena, Ben's suggestion was not approved by Hitler just like Raeder from the previous plane. At this time, Hitler was still relatively cautious in international relations, and he was more inclined to build two "Deutschland" ships. It is an enlarged and improved version of the "Deutschland" class, and maintains the firepower of the main gun at the level of the two triple-mounted 55-fold diameter 283 mm turrets of the "Deutschland" class.

Such a conservative new ship plan is naturally unacceptable to Behnke.In order to get stronger firepower for the new ship, Behnke even played the "emotional card" to Hitler, letting Hitler's old friend, Hermann Göring, who had just been promoted to a navy captain, act as a lobbyist for the navy to persuade Hitler changed his mind.Goering accepted this job very happily. Although he believed that the role of naval aviation in the future would surpass that of traditional battleships, the entire navy has a common interest in striving for more development resources for the military. Being able to become a rising star in the navy is also inseparable from his ability to win resources for the navy from the government.

Goering's lobbying work had a certain effect. After some hesitation, Hitler finally agreed to add a triple-mounted main turret to the new ship. This change of attitude was several months earlier than that of the previous plane. It avoids the embarrassing situation of temporarily modifying the design of the "Scharnhorst" class in the previous plane to accommodate the third turret after the start of construction.However, on the issue of increasing the caliber of the main gun of the new ship, Hitler has been clinging to the 283 mm and has not let go.Since Admiral Behnke was unwilling to compromise on the caliber of the new ship's main gun, the preliminary planning work for the battleship came to a halt.

At the end of December 1933, the day to finally decide on the overall design of the new ship finally arrived. Helena, who had just returned from Belgium, was also invited to attend this important naval equipment meeting.For a long time, Helena did not directly participate in the debate on the choice of the new ship's main gun.To be honest, Helena was quite hesitant about the choice of the main gun caliber for the new ship. After all, from their respective starting points, neither Behnke nor Hitler's opinions could be said to be completely unreasonable.

But at this naval equipment meeting, Helena had no time to hesitate any longer.According to the scheduled plan, the keel of the new ship should be laid in the shipyard in the first half of next year. She doesn't want the new ship in this plane to repeat the mistake of repeatedly modifying the design of the "Scharnhorst" class in the previous plane during the construction process.

"I agree with Admiral Behnke's opinion." Helena stood up and said: "If you build a battleship equipped with three triple-mounted 283mm naval guns, I think it is better to continue building the 'Deutschland' class pocket battleship. Because the former can complete The latter task can almost be completed, and the latter is much cheaper in price, especially when we have already built four ships."

本位面的“德意志”级袖珍战列舰上的283毫米舰炮采用了55倍径的长身管，发射400千克重型穿甲炮弹时，初速高达825米/秒，炮口动能高达136.1兆焦。这个数字已经超过了上位面“德意志”级袖珍战列舰上的那款49.1倍径型号的124.2兆焦，也超过了上个位面“沙恩霍斯特”级战列舰上的那款51.25倍径型号的130.7兆焦。

Although the cruiser-level target does not have any immune zone in front of this 55 times diameter 283mm naval gun on this plane.But if you encounter an opponent of the same level, such as the opponent's cutting-edge battleship, a battleship equipped with a 283mm small water pipe will appear very weak.

The British "George V"-class battleship, which served in the new cutting-edge battleships after the 30s and is relatively weak, is an example. Its side protection is a vertically arranged 374 mm thick surface-hardened armor. If you want to penetrate such a For defense, a battleship equipped with a 283mm naval gun needs to approach within 12 kilometers. If the two ships still have a certain course angle, the penetration distance needs to be further shortened!

You must know that although the power of the 10 356mm naval guns equipped on the "George V" class battleship is the lowest among the "treaty battleships" in the previous plane, there are also about 12mm guns at a distance of 450 kilometers. Vertical penetration!In other words, even if a battleship equipped with 283mm naval guns meets the weakest of the "treaty battleships", it has no chance of winning at all. Hornet's nest.

It is precisely because the 283mm toothpick gun is so weak that the "Scharnhorst" class sister ships equipped with 283mm naval guns on the previous plane basically spend their entire lives bullying merchant ships, cruisers, and aircraft carriers that have lost cover. .Whenever encountering British battleships or even battlecruisers, the "Scharnhorst" class basically had no choice but to flee.

As the saying goes, if you often walk by the river, your shoes will never get wet.Finally, the "Scharnhorst" was unlucky and did not run away, so it was killed by the "Duke of York", the third ship of the "George V" class.Based on this fact, it is not completely dwarfed by someone on the last plane to classify the "Scharnhorst" class as a battlecruiser. After all, even though you say you are a battleship, your nine small water pipes can't handle it at all. Live in the battle line!

Therefore, in Helena's eyes, even if the needs of international politics need to be considered, there is not much need for expensive "pirate ships" such as battleships equipped with nine 283mm naval guns. That's all for the exact same mission as the Pocket Battleship.In fact, in the previous trial voyages, the several "Deutschland" class pocket battleships that have been in service all ran an astonishing speed of more than 36 knots under normal displacement, which was enough to avoid the pursuit of the enemy's high-speed battleships. The mission to bully enemy cruisers and merchant ships is over.

Since the "Deutschland" class pocket battleship has been perfectly designed to bully children, Helena believes that if the German Navy is indeed planning to build a warship with a larger displacement, even if it has to take into account political influence and compromise on the caliber of the main gun, it will be impossible. There must be a little higher-level pursuit, otherwise I will be sorry for the increased displacement.

Chapter 139 Flexible Scheme

"As we all know, due to the signing of the "Washington Naval Treaty", the performance of the warships of today's major naval powers does not show a normal distribution, but there is an increasingly obvious gap in combat effectiveness above the 203-ton heavy cruiser "Helena said: "Under the strict restrictions of the treaty, the displacement of heavy cruisers in the navies of various countries today is basically maintained at [-] tons to a little over [-] tons, and their firepower is generally equipped with six to ten [-] mm caliber main guns. However, as the old battleships of various naval powers have been decommissioned or refitted one after another, among the battleships above the heavy cruisers, even the refitted old ships with the weakest combat effectiveness have mostly caught up in firepower after modernization and upgrading. The level of super dreadnoughts back then."

The "modified old ship" that Helena mentioned here refers to the "Cavour" class battleship that is undergoing modernization in Italy, while the Soviet "Gangut" (later renamed "October Revolution") class battleship was replaced by Helena. Na just ignored it.Due to the loss of external technical support, and the Soviet Union's own naval technical reserves are relatively weak, the Red Navy has been in a difficult state in terms of equipment updates in recent years. upgrade.

The "Cavour" class battleship is an old-fashioned battleship built by Italy on the eve of World War I. It originally had thirteen 46-caliber 305mm main guns (three triple mounts and two double mounts), which were dismantled during the refit. The triple turret in the middle of the hull (in order to expand the power cabin to replace a more powerful power system), and expand the bore of the remaining ten 305mm naval guns.

After a fierce operation by the Italians, the "Cavour" class, an old-fashioned slow battleship with a speed of only 22 knots and equipped with thirteen 46-caliber 305mm main guns, has transformed into a speed of more than 28 knots. A new type of high-speed battleship with 10 43.8mm main guns of 320 times the caliber (the high-speed heavy bullets fired by this gun are very powerful, with a bullet weight of 525 kg and a muzzle velocity of 830 m/s), which can be described as a model of battleship modification in this period!

"If we only use three triple-mounted 283mm naval guns in terms of firepower, our warships will not only be difficult to compete with the cutting-edge battleships built by various countries, but even deal with modernized old ships. In other words, if the new ships If you can’t overcome this performance gap that lies on the treaty-type heavy cruiser, then the increased procurement cost compared to the "Deutschland"-class pocket battleship will be almost worthless." Helena looked at Behnke Admiral, and nodded.

"On this point, I basically agree with Admiral Behnke's suggestion. Considering the opponents that the new ship may face, 330mm is indeed the bottom line of the main gun caliber of the new ship. If the caliber is further reduced, we might as well go back and build As for the 'Deutschland' class, at least its price is much cheaper." Helena said and looked at the mustache with a slightly uneasy expression: "But we can't ignore Mr. General Manager's concerns, after all, if it is only for two warships The problem of artillery caliber will bring unpredictable risks to the diplomatic environment of the entire country, and it cannot be said to be a wise choice."

Hearing Helena's words, Hitler, who was still clouded just now, showed a relieved expression as if he had met a bosom friend.In fact, it was not that Hitler was ignorant of the fact that a single inch of gun can crush people to death in naval battles. Otherwise, the mustache in the previous plane would not have rejected the choice of eight 350mm naval guns in the selection of the main guns of the "Bismarck" class battleships. Plan, insist on using 380 mm naval gun.If it weren't for Hitler's insistence, the "Bismarck" class battleship with a standard displacement of more than 350 tons would probably have to carry ridiculous [-] mm thin pipes in this life.Therefore, in the history of the last plane, Hitler firmly disagreed with the "Scharnhorst" class adopting a larger caliber main gun.

However, what is more ironic is that in the last plane, Germany signed the "British-German Naval Agreement" with the United Kingdom just over a year after Hitler vetoed the expansion of the caliber of the "Scharnhorst" class main gun. The Anglo-German Naval Agreement stipulates that the total tonnage of German naval vessels shall not exceed 35% of the actual total tonnage of the Commonwealth's navies. The "British-German Naval Agreement" completely lifted the political shackles imposed on the German navy by the "Treaty of Versailles". By then, there would naturally be no political obstacles to the issue of the caliber of naval guns.

Although Hitler at this time did not have much confidence in reaching a more relaxed naval agreement with the United Kingdom, Helena who traveled across knew it: as long as this year and a half were fooled, the caliber of the new ship would no longer be a limitation. Yes, and according to the normal shipbuilding progress of this era, after one and a half years, the new ship on the berth basically just has a rough outline, and the turret is most likely not hoisted yet.In other words, as long as room for modification is left in the design stage, and the development and production of the 330mm naval gun continue to be advanced, even temporary replacement of the naval gun will be no problem.

"In view of the conflict between combat power needs and political needs, I think we can adopt a more flexible procurement plan, such as ordering six triple-mounted 283mm turrets and three triple-mounted 330mm turrets. At that time, if political conditions permit, the new The new ship will use three 330mm main guns; if political conditions do not permit, the new ship will use three 283mm main guns." Helena gave her final suggestion: "By the way, no matter which one the new ship finally uses The turret, another kind of turret that has been produced can also be used as a coastal defense gun, which is also useful. What do you think of this idea?"

"However, the seat ring diameters of the triple-mounted 283mm main gun and the triple-mounted 330mm main gun are fundamentally different. How can they be compatible with each other? If we make the triple-mounted 283mm turret too large to accommodate the diameter of the seat ring The British are lenient, won’t they doubt it?” The commander of the Baltic Naval District, Lieutenant General Erich Raeder, asked the question.

"Lieutenant General Raeder's question is very good, but since I made this suggestion, I am sure that the military observers of the Allied Powers will not be suspicious." Helena smiled and replied: "As you know, our The diameter of the seat circle of the triple-mounted 283mm naval gun on the 'Deutschland' class is only 9.6 meters, and to accommodate the triple-mounted 330mm naval gun, the diameter must be expanded to at least 10.4 meters, so we must give the diameter of the turret seat ring The sudden expansion of nearly 1.1 meters is a reasonable explanation, after all, the Allied Powers are still watching us closely."

"We can disclose in some semi-public information that in order to increase the rate of fire of the new 283mm naval gun, our new naval gun will be replaced by a horizontally sliding wedge-shaped breech breech, so that no one will doubt it. It is impossible for international observers In order to verify the authenticity of this statement, I asked to enter the interior of the turret." Helena said leisurely.

On this plane, under the intervention of Helena, the breech bolts of the main guns of the newly built German warships are actually more airtight and lighter partition bolts, so the width of the turret is basically maintained at a relatively normal level.But who stipulates that the Germans cannot restore the "tradition" of sliding wedge latches on new ships?And this time the "reason" of the Germans is very good: for a faster rate of fire and higher dispersion accuracy (the distance between the barrels is a little bit better for dispersion).

In fact, in the last plane, the turret of the "Scharnhorst" class was seriously oversized, and the diameter of the seat ring of the triple-mounted 283mm turret reached 10.2 meters. You must know that the British "Nelson" class The diameter of the seat circle of the triple-mounted 406mm turret is only 11.4 meters.The main reason for the super wide turret of the "Scharnhorst" class on the last plane is that it changed the vertical sliding breech block on the "Deutschland" class to a horizontal sliding breech block.

Such a huge seat ring diameter allows the turret seat ring of the "Scharnhorst" class on the previous plane to install the same ultra-wide SK-C/34 double-mounted 380mm naval gun on the "Bismarck" class. (The diameter of the seat ring is 10 meters) There is still a certain margin.In fact, the "Scharnhorst" sisters in the previous plane did have a plan to change their guns, but it didn't happen in the end.

After all, due to repeated design changes, the "Scharnhorst" on the previous plane was already overweight. If the three triple-mounted 283mm main guns were replaced with three double-mounted 380mm main guns , and an additional weight of nearly 1000 tons will be added. If the bow is not lengthened to increase the reserve buoyancy, the "Scharnhorst", which has insufficient freeboard height, will turn into a semi-submersible ship...

"As for the 330mm naval gun, when it adopts a 55-times-diameter long barrel and moderately strengthens the charge, its armor-piercing power can completely surpass the 42-times-diameter 15-inch (381 mm) naval gun equipped by the British. In the future If conditions permit, we can even equip the new ship with three double-mounted 50-caliber 420mm naval guns!" Helena finally realized that six 420mm cannons were her ultimate goal.Finally, Helena turned to Hitler and said: "Take a step back, even if the international environment does not allow it, we are only temporarily returning to the 283mm naval gun. As long as the 10.5-meter seat diameter of the new ship is placed there, its The mod potential is there, and we designers have nothing to lose, do we?"

Helena's "elastic plan" was finally unanimously approved by the participants including Hitler and Behnke, and the construction policy of the new ship was finally determined in a pleasant atmosphere.This time the new ship should not repeat the mistakes of the previous plane, right?thought Helena.

1 Chapter Forty

After the most critical issue was settled, the subsequent agenda became much easier. At the end of the naval meeting, a busybody asked Helena half-jokingly: "Beautiful Miss Sektor, may I take the liberty to ask you a question? We It turns out that the ultimate goal of the ships you've helped plan so far is to have six main guns. Can you tell us why?"