Iron Sonata of World War II

The improvement plan proposed by Helena to the German magnetic induction torpedo fuze is mainly from the perspective of improving the logic circuit, and the purpose is to eliminate the interference of the environmental background noise on the fuze as much as possible.If the target ship is imagined as a bar magnet, based on junior high school physics knowledge, it is not difficult to infer that: when the torpedo track first approaches the target ship, then intersects with the target ship, and finally moves away from the target ship, the sensor coil produces The electrical signal should be a double-pulse signal similar to a sine wave, but whether the positive pulse is in front of the negative pulse or vice versa depends on the direction of the magnetic pole of the target battleship, so it cannot be determined in advance, but this distinctive waveform feature is enough for Helena Take advantage of it.

The specific method is that when the induction coil inputs the electrical signal into the amplifier, let the amplifier generate a signal with the same waveform but with a proper delay while amplifying the signal, so that the original double-pulse signal is converted into a three-pulse signal.The pulse counter and starter connected behind the amplifier form the first starting combination, and the starting condition is set to start the combination when the pulse counter detects the second positive pulse signal.In this way, if the input signal is the positive pulse before the negative pulse, when the amplifier inputs the delayed signal to the pulse counter, the pulse counter will detect the second positive pulse, and the starter will detonate the torpedo immediately.

At this time, someone may ask: What if the electrical signal generated in the induction coil is negative pulse before and positive pulse after?At this time, the output of the amplifier is two consecutive negative pulses.In this regard, Helena said that she also has the second starting combination: the amplified signal and the delayed signal output by the amplifier will be input into an inverter at the same time, and the phase of the signal will be shifted by 180 degrees in the inverter, thereby converting the negative pulse signal In this way, the signal output from the inverter still has two consecutive positive pulses, and the pulse counter will still command the starter to work and detonate the torpedo when receiving the second positive pulse signal.

Although this brand-new logic circuit is much more complicated than the original design, it can minimize the interference of environmental noise on the fuze work, because its detonation time depends entirely on the torpedo in the process of approaching the enemy ship. The position where the peak/trough of the electric signal arrives is completely determined by the magnetic field of the target warship itself.In the original logic circuit, the signal strength received by the starter actually depends on the superposition of the magnetic field strength of the target warship and the local environmental magnetic field strength.

After eliminating the interference of the environmental magnetic field to the greatest extent, the problem of frequent premature detonation of torpedoes using magnetic induction fuzes in Germany in high latitude areas with high geomagnetic strength in history should be greatly alleviated. Combining this magnetic induction proximity fuze with piezoelectric The composite fuze formed by combining the trigger fuze will be more superior than the historical Pi-1942 composite fuze which was put into service in Germany at the end of 2.Although it may be far from perfect, for example, if the enemy ship has done a good degaussing work, the effectiveness of the fuze can still be reduced, but at least the submarine-launched torpedoes on this plane are unlikely to be used by the ace captain like the previous plane. Günter Prien complained about "a weapon like wood", which is also a long-term concern for Helena. After all, submarine warfare is the top priority of naval strategy in the future, and torpedoes are the most important weapon of submarines. .

Chapter 288 Construction Ideas

Although the early exposure of the torpedo fuze problem caused German submarines to temporarily have no suitable torpedoes available, the German Navy did not slow down the pace of building submarine forces. After ordering two batches of 12 Type II offshore submarines, this The little guy with an underwater displacement of only 420 tons is obviously unable to meet the needs of the submarine force for ocean-going operations.Therefore, since the signing of the "British-German Naval Agreement" last year, the German Navy, which has finally been able to study submarine technology openly, has been seeking to build a medium-sized submarine with a larger displacement than a Type II submarine and a certain degree of open sea combat capability. The speed of development of multiple subsystems led to several delays in the plan, but it is gratifying that this new submarine finally officially entered construction on January 1936, 1. The German Navy named this medium-sized submarine a Type VII submarine.

Helena has always maintained the highest level of attention to the design and construction of this Type VII submarine.According to the historical experience of the last plane, the German submarine force built the largest number of boats with the most fruitful results, not the small and exquisite Type II offshore submarines, nor the burly Type IX ocean-going submarines, but precisely as medium-sized submarines Type VII.The production cycle of this medium-sized submarine with an underwater displacement of about 800 tons was from 1936 until the end of World War II. The total output reached a jaw-dropping 709, almost equal to the sum of the number of submarines built by all participating countries except Germany. Most of the merchant ships and surface warships lost in the attack were the "masterpieces" of Type VII submarines.

However, Helena's emphasis on the new submarine is not only due to the infamous reputation of the Type VII submarine as the main force of the German underwater wolf pack in history.It is because of the guiding ideology established by Helena for the construction of German naval equipment on this plane, this VII submarine has an indisputable core position.You read that right here!Although poor General Goering has always believed that naval aviation is the core combat force of the future German Navy, in Helena's eyes the submarine force is the core of the German Navy's construction, and this Type VII submarine will be the core of the future German Navy submarine force pillar.

As for the composition of other naval forces such as conventional surface ships, carrier-based aviation, and shore-based aviation, the status in Helena's mind is far from being comparable to that of the submarine force.To put it even more extreme, the most important task of the German surface fleet and naval aviation in the future is to ensure that more submarines can successfully enter the Atlantic Ocean by continuously attacking and consuming the British anti-submarine blockade in the North Sea.From this perspective, all ships of Germany's future surface fleet, from destroyers to battleships and aircraft carriers, can be collectively referred to as submarine escorts.

Germany’s naval construction ideas centered on ensuring submarines break diplomatic relations have distinctive characteristics in the world. Looking at the naval construction ideas of other countries during this period, they can be roughly divided into two factions:

One of them is the control-oriented naval construction idea represented by the Royal Navy of the United Kingdom and the US Navy. The fundamental purpose of these countries to build their navies is to place important maritime trade routes under their own control by competing for the key nodes of the sea line of communication. .The "control" here has two connotations: it includes always ensuring its own right to use the trade channel, and it also includes depriving the opponent of the right to use the trade channel in times of war.Those who adhere to this school of naval construction ideas are mainly countries that already have maritime superiority. The idea of ​​​​naval construction with the purpose of consolidating the control of the sea and realizing its own strategic goals is in line with the discussion of geopolitical scientist Mahan in his book "On Sea Power".

The other school is the idea of ​​building an offensive navy represented by the Japanese Combined Fleet. The main focus of building a navy in this type of country is to build a main fleet that defeats the enemy in a decisive battle. As for how to use the victory to gain benefits after defeating the opponent, then It is a question that needs to be considered in the future.Those who uphold this idea of ​​naval construction are often latecomers in the struggle for sea power, so the naval construction of these countries is often very targeted. This is very typical in the Japanese combined fleet, which is built in various countries. There are clear opponents in the time period: from the Beiyang Navy to the Tsarist Russian Navy, to the maritime power of the United Kingdom and the United States in the Asia-Pacific region, and Japan's leading idea of ​​​​building its navy is to defeat the main fleet of these opponents.

However, the establishment of the idea of ​​​​naval construction is not a completely subjective choice. The economic power of the country's geographical environment is an objective constraint on the choice of naval construction ideas.The reason why Helena chose to build a submarine-centered navy is that she has no other options at all, because the above two naval construction ideas are not suitable for the current German navy.For example, even if Germany wants to develop a controlled navy like the United Kingdom, it must first solve the problem of the main fleet of the Royal Navy stationed in Scapa Flow blocking the door, so this option can be ignored directly.

As for building an attacking navy like Japan’s, it’s also not a good idea. Although the German navy on this plane, with the blessing of Helena, not only obtained more abundant development resources, but also obtained more reasonably designed weapons and equipment, but compared to The British Royal Navy, which still ranks first in the world on paper, and the overall strength of the German Navy are still at an absolute disadvantage, and this gap is even larger than the gap at the beginning of the last world war.

This is not only because the time left for the reconstruction of the German navy is too short, but also because for Germany, which is surrounded by strong neighbors on land, the priority of rebuilding the navy is always lower than that of the army. Even the "British-German Navy" signed last year According to the Agreement, the German Navy can legally own a 35% share of the total tonnage of the British Royal Navy, and the German Navy does not have the ability to fill it in a short time.Moreover, the pace of war is still approaching.

As a result, if the German navy wanted to take the offensive naval route, it would have to go through one or more head-on confrontations to defeat the British Royal Navy fleet, which was at least three times its size.Under such circumstances, the German navy can only win but not lose every battle, and every main warship can only live but not die. Under such requirements, no matter who is in command of the battle, it cannot be fought.Even if the German navy on this plane has some advantages in single-ship performance, it is impossible to achieve zero mistakes in every battle.If building an offensive navy is used as the guiding ideology, the entire naval strategy will collapse as long as one mistake is made.

That's why Helena regards submarines as the core of the German navy's construction on this plane, and there is actually no choice to build a more efficient break-through navy around it. When you exclude all the answers that are definitely wrong, the remaining Even if the next one doesn't look like the correct answer anymore, it has a high probability of being correct.Although Raeder always advocated rebuilding a large fleet with balanced combat capabilities, Helena knew that the German Navy did not have so much time.Therefore, the significance of starting construction of Type VII submarines at this time is even more significant than building more battleships and aircraft carriers.

Chapter 289 Structural Alignment

Compared with the product of the same name in the previous plane, the Type VII submarine in this plane has a very significant evolution in the hull structure. It does not directly hang the ballast water tank on the outside like the Type VII submarine in history. The side of the pressure shell forms the so-called "half-shell structure", but a complete layer of non-pressure shell is built on the outside of the pressure shell, and then the pressure water tank and some equipment are arranged on two floors In the space between the shells, a true "double shell structure" is formed.

The application of this "double hull structure" on Type VII submarines.It is another major innovation in the field of submarine structure design following the adoption of the "single-hull structure" of Type II submarines on this plane. It marks that the two most common structures on submarines in later generations have appeared on this plane.In the last plane, these two structures appeared in Nazi Germany at the end of World War II. Among them, the "single-hull structure" first appeared on the Type XIII submarine, and the "double-hull structure" first appeared. Appeared on Type XXI submarines.

Helena adopts a double-hull structure on the Type VII submarine on the original plane, mainly to control the diameter of the pressure hull while meeting the performance requirements. Although the diameter of the pressure hull of the Type VII submarine on the original plane has changed from 3.88 The meter has been greatly increased to 4.9 meters, but the space in the pressure hull has not become loose. In order to obtain a stronger continuous combat capability than the Type II submarine, the Type VII submarine needs to carry more spare torpedoes and more fuel. Reserves, more mechanical equipment, these all make the space inside the pressure hull of the Type VII submarine more and more stretched.

Directly expanding the diameter of the pressure hull is a simple and crude way to increase the internal space, but the choice of the diameter of the submarine pressure hull is not a decision made by the designer, because the designer must first determine the diameter of the submarine pressure hull. Prepare to have several decks inside the pressure hull.For example, the diameter of the pressure hull of a Type II submarine on this plane is 3.88 meters, and only one deck can be installed inside the pressure hull. However, if the diameter of the pressure hull of a Type VII submarine on this plane is about 5 meters, its resistance The space within the pressure hull usually allows the arrangement of two decks.

That is to say, the optimal diameter of the submarine pressure hull is closely related to the number of deck layers to be arranged inside. If the two are not well matched, the utilization rate of the internal space of the pressure hull will be hindered.According to the conclusions calculated by the engineers, when two decks are arranged inside, the space utilization rate is the best when the diameter of the pressure hull of the submarine is about 5 meters.If the diameter of the pressure hull is only slightly increased without increasing the number of deck layers, the benefits obtained will be relatively limited.However, if you want to increase the deck in the pressure hull to three layers, the diameter of the pressure hull must be increased to at least 7 meters to accommodate it, and the difficulty of manufacturing a 7-meter-level pressure hull is a challenge to the processing level of this era. It's quite a challenge.

So how to pack enough weapons, fuel and equipment into the submarine without greatly increasing the diameter of the pressure hull?It is a good idea to adopt a double shell structure.The ballast water tanks of submarines with a single-hull structure are arranged inside the pressure hull. Now the ballast water tanks are moved outside the pressure hull and placed in the space formed between the pressure hull and the non-pressure hull. , so that the space in the pressure shell will be greatly liberated.In addition, there are also those devices that can directly withstand the pressure of seawater, which can also be placed in this space without worrying about damaging the submarine's underwater alignment.

The construction number of the first Type VII submarines remained at six.However, the segmented construction method previously used on Type II submarines was not followed, because the larger diameter pressure hull poses challenges to the precision and welding process of segmented manufacturing, although segmented construction can shorten The occupancy time of the dock or berth, but the bidder shipyard said that with their current technical capabilities, they still face many known and unknown technical challenges to ensure the smooth closing of the 5-meter-level pressure hull.And Helena also believes that there are already many new technologies used in Type VII submarines, and there is really no need to add additional technical risks to the first batch of submarines, so the first batch of six Type VII submarines still adopt the most traditional horizontal construction method .

Thanks to the successful application of the cigar-shaped linear shape on Type II submarines, when designing Type VII submarines this time, the designer still adopted this linear design that has low underwater navigation resistance and can partially take into account surface navigation capabilities. .The maximum width of the Type VII submarine in this plane is 5.9 meters, which is very similar to the model of the same name in the previous plane, but its length is only 52.5 meters, which is much shorter than the historical Type VII submarine length of 67.1 meters. 14.6 meters.

If only from the above data, it seems that the Type VII submarine in this plane should be smaller than the Type VII submarine in history, but the fact is that regardless of the surface displacement or underwater displacement, the Type VII submarine in this plane is smaller than the previous Type VII submarine. The plane should be bigger.For example, the surface displacement of Type VII submarines in this plane is 960 tons, while the surface displacement of Type VIIC submarines in history is only 769 tons; the underwater displacement of Type VII submarines in this plane is 1180 tons, while the underwater displacement of Type VIIC submarines in history The displacement is only 871 tons.This is because the shape of Type VII submarines in this plane is relatively round, while the shape of Type VII submarines in history was designed in a ship shape. Except for the relatively round middle section with the external ballast water tanks, the lines of the bow and stern parts are very sharp. thin.

This reflects the additional benefits brought about by the structural innovation and linear optimization of Type VII submarines on the original plane, because under the same circumstances, a shorter hull means a smaller projected area and a shorter radius of gyration, which will give Submarines bring better concealment and stronger underwater maneuverability.In addition, the reserve buoyancy of Type VII submarines in this plane has increased from 13% in the previous plane to 23%, which is also beneficial to improving the submarine's anti-strike capability.

2 Chapter Ninety Armament Upgrade

Because the underwater displacement of the Type VII submarine on this plane is 2.8 times that of the Type II submarine built before, it is naturally possible to carry more powerful weapons and equipment.Although the Type II submarine on this plane has four 550mm torpedo tubes, it is not designed to carry spare torpedoes, so it does not have any ability to reload torpedoes at sea, that is to say, the total torpedo carrying capacity of this type of submarine Only the four in the launch tube are waiting to be fired.Although four torpedoes are basically enough for Type II submarines, which are designed to focus on offshore operations, in fact, it is difficult to find so many attack opportunities in the limited self-sustaining period of offshore submarines, and the torpedoes are exhausted. It is not very far away to return to the base for supplementary rest.

Helena can happily accept that Type II submarines in this plane carry only four torpedoes. You must know that the Type XXIII offshore submarine developed by Nazi Germany at the end of the war in the previous plane only had two mines, but the Type VII medium-sized submarine as Helen Na is the backbone of the future submarine force planned by the German Navy. If the number of torpedoes carried is too small, she will definitely not accept it.After all, during the war, it would be risky for Type VII submarines to pass through the British anti-submarine blockade and take them out. This risk must have sufficient income compensation to be considered economical.In the case where the self-sustaining force of the submarine allows, increasing the number of torpedo launch tubes and increasing the torpedo carrying capacity is an effective way to increase the average income of a single submarine dispatch.Because the former can increase the number of single torpedo salvos, while the latter can increase the number of attacks.

The Type VII submarine on this plane is equipped with six 550 mm torpedo tubes at the bow. These torpedo tubes are arranged in two layers in the form of two above and four below.In addition to the six ready-to-launch torpedoes in the launch tube, the Type VII submarine on this plane can carry up to 13 spare torpedoes, of which 12 are placed on the torpedo storage rack in two layers, and one is located in the delivery tank of the loading mechanism This makes the maximum carrying capacity of this type of submarine a considerable 19 torpedoes.These data have obviously exceeded the firepower of the five torpedo tubes and the maximum load of 14 torpedoes of the Type VII submarine in the previous plane.

When the torpedo in the launch tube is launched, it needs to be reloaded. The loading mechanism on the Type VII submarine in this plane can perform semi-automatic fast reloading. The specific steps are: the crew first controls the crane above the torpedo storage rack to move the storage rack The torpedo on the boat is hoisted and placed in the delivery tank, and then the watertight hatch at the tail of the torpedo tube is opened. At this time, the delivery tank will automatically align with the tail of the launch tube. After the crew confirms that the alignment is correct, the hydraulic device will move the torpedo on the delivery tank. Slowly push into the launch tube, and finally the crew closes the tail hatch of the torpedo tube and confirms that after the locking is completed, one torpedo will be loaded.It takes 10 minutes to install all six torpedoes like this, which means that the Type VII submarine in this plane can fire 20 torpedoes in 18 minutes at the fastest.

Unlike the VII submarine in the previous plane, which had four torpedo tubes facing forward and one torpedo tube facing backward, the Type VII submarine in this plane has no rear-facing torpedo tubes.Although the rear-facing torpedo tube was a relatively common design on submarines in World War II on the previous plane, Helena decided to give up using the rear-facing torpedo tube on Type VII submarines after careful consideration, mainly because the rear There is a serious space conflict between the torpedo launch tube and the submarine's power cabin, and in Helena's eyes, the benefits of the backward torpedo launch tube cannot offset this disadvantage.

The use of rear-facing torpedo tubes on early submarines was mainly based on two purposes.First of all, it can be used to make up the knife: if the submarine is not satisfied with the strike effect after completing the forward torpedo salvo, it can continue to drive forward until it intersects with the target course, and then use the rear torpedo tube to make up fire.The second is for self-defense: if the submarine is chased by enemy surface ships and it is difficult to escape, you can try to force the opponent to turn by launching a backward torpedo. If you are lucky enough, you may be able to directly counter-kill the opponent, although this probability It looks really slim.

In Helena's opinion, the effect of installing backward torpedoes on submarines may be more psychologically comforting than practical, because there are usually only one and two backward torpedo launch tubes on submarines, and it is impossible to form an effective torpedo attack fan. The probability of accurately hitting the opponent in this situation is tantamount to winning the jackpot.We must know that the German submarine operation manual in history emphasized the value of salvo to increase the probability of hitting: "It is necessary to make the best use of the rare opportunity to attack the enemy fleet, and use all the torpedoes at all costs— — even with the strongest escort."

And the experience of World War II in the previous plane seems to support Helena's judgment: There are very few cases where submarines successfully use backward torpedoes to kill opponents. It's not as obvious as the effect of honestly improving the underwater mobility of the submarine.Moreover, the Type 21 and Type 23 submarines developed by Nazi Germany at the end of World War II in the last plane were not equipped with rear-facing torpedo launch tubes, which is enough to prove that the practical effect of such equipment on submarine combat effectiveness is actually very limited. It is not surprising that the aft-facing torpedo tubes were removed from Type VII submarines in a "good manner".

Chapter 291 Dual Shaft Drive

Helena did not continue the single-shaft drive mode of the Type II submarine on the Type VII submarine, but adopted the same dual-shaft drive mode as most medium-sized submarines of the same period.Although Helena knew that single-shaft drive was a major trend in post-war submarine development, choosing the relatively conservative drive mode of dual-shaft drive on the Type VII submarine was indeed a technology that Helena and the designers determined after repeated weighing. plan.There are two specific considerations for adopting the dual-shaft drive scheme on Type VII submarines.

First of all, compared with the offshore operations carried out by Type II submarines, the ocean-going operations carried out by Type VII submarines put forward higher requirements for the reliability of the submarine transmission system, and the reliability of double-shaft transmission is natural compared to single-shaft transmission. Has the advantage of redundancy.Although this advantage will become less and less obvious with the advancement of technology, at least before the end of World War II on the last plane, mechanical failures are still an important reason for the loss of submarines of participating countries. Of the 830 submarines lost during the period, 719 were confirmed to have been sunk by the Allied forces, and a considerable proportion of the 111 submarines lost for other reasons were due to mechanical failures.

Secondly, unguided direct torpedoes will still be the most mainstream form of submarine-launched torpedoes for a long time to come. To use this kind of torpedoes well requires very high requirements for the launch positions of submarines.The steering of the submarine with single-shaft transmission is mainly controlled by the deflection of the rudder surface. The weakness of this control method is that: when the submarine is in a low-speed state, the control efficiency of the rudder surface will decrease significantly, and the turning radius of the submarine under water will also increase significantly. It is very unfavorable for submarines in a low-speed concealed state to quickly occupy the torpedo launch position.

In contrast, the steering of a submarine with two-shaft transmission can not only rely on the control of the rudder surface, but also rely on the speed difference of the drive shafts on both sides to provide additional steering torque. If necessary, the propeller on one side can be reversed to further reduce the turning radius. It is not difficult for the transmission system driven by electricity, and it can be realized only by changing the direction and magnitude of the current input to the motors on both sides.Therefore, submarines driven by two shafts generally have better maneuverability than submarines driven by single shafts at low speeds. The advantages of shaft drive submarines in low-speed maneuverability will continue to be diluted, but at least it is not the time to ignore this advantage of dual shaft drive.

The previous Type II submarines were very compact due to their size, so even if a single-shaft transmission was used, the radius of gyration at low speeds would not be very large.Moreover, the designers also installed a small motor-driven side thruster near the bow of the Type II submarine. This device not only facilitates the berthing of the submarine, but also improves the low-speed maneuverability of the submarine.However, for the larger Type VII submarines, it is difficult to achieve the ideal low-speed maneuverability by continuing to use single-axis drive, which is likely to cause the submarine to lose many attack opportunities because it cannot occupy the attack position in time in combat.

Based on the above two considerations, it seems logical for Helena to choose dual-shaft drive for the Type VII submarine.Although the use of dual-axis drive eventually makes the design of the Type VII submarine on this plane less modern, Helena clearly knows that the most successful weapon design should be based on the existing technology base and integrate the most suitable for its life. Cycles use works on demand.The evolution of the mainstream driving method of submarines from biaxial to single shaft is behind the improvement of the overall mechanical manufacturing level and the advancement of torpedo guidance technology. It is meaningless to discuss the advantages of single shaft drive and dual shaft drive without this point.

The Type VII submarine in this plane still uses an electric indirect transmission system similar to the Type II submarine. When the submarine is sailing on the water surface and the snorkel is sailing, the power developed by two Mann companies is 1600 horsepower V-shaped 12-cylinder four-stroke Driven by a high-speed diesel engine, this engine and the 800-horsepower in-line 6-cylinder diesel engine used in Type II submarines are serialized development models, and they belong to the diesel engine series specially developed by Mann Company for submarines.These two diesel engines each drive a generator, and the electricity generated can be used to drive the main electric motor to propel the submarine forward, and can also be used to charge the batteries on the submarine.When the diesel engine uses all the power to drive the submarine forward, the maximum surface speed of the Type VII submarine can reach more than 15 knots.

Since the VII in this plane adopts the electric indirect transmission mode, the main engine is not directly connected to the drive shaft, and the drive shafts on both sides are directly driven by two main motors with a maximum power of 2000 horsepower and two cruisers with a maximum power of 125 horsepower. electric motor.The propshafts on each side are driven in series by a main electric motor and a cruise electric motor.

When the submarine sails on the surface or through the snorkel, it is only driven by the main engine. At this time, the speed of the submarine is determined by the power supply of the main engine. When the submarine needs to sail at full speed underwater, it is driven by the main motor and the cruise motor. At this time, the type VII submarine The maximum underwater speed can reach more than 18 knots; when the submarine needs to sail at a low speed underwater, it only relies on the cruise motor to drive. At this time, the maximum cruise speed of the submarine can reach more than 7 knots, but in order to better save the power in the battery, Usually the cruising speed is set at a level of about 5 knots.At this economic speed, the electric power in the storage battery can provide the submarine with continuous underwater navigation of more than 320 kilometers.

Although the closed-cycle diesel engine AIP system under development has not been installed on the first batch of six Type VII submarines due to the requirement of controlling technical risks, the closed-cycle diesel engine has begun to mature after years of exploration by Helena, so the German Navy has decided to use it In addition to the first six Type VII submarines, two improved Type VII submarines equipped with closed-cycle diesel engines were ordered for technical tests.If the results of the test are satisfactory by then, the closed-cycle diesel engine technology will be applied on a larger scale in the German submarine force.The middle part of this improved test submarine is added with a middle section with a length of 5.4 meters, which is specially used to place the gas circulation system of the closed-cycle diesel engine. In addition, the test submarine above the pressure hull and the non-pressure The space between the shells is stuffed with two liquid oxygen storage tanks with a length of 12 meters, which also makes the back of the submarine slightly raised into the shape of a turtle's back. At first glance, it looks a bit like the Soviet strategic missile nuclear submarine of later generations. flavor.

Chapter 292 New Improvements

The size and displacement of Type VII submarines in this plane far exceeds that of Type II submarines. In addition to having more powerful weapon configurations and more powerful drive systems, the submarine's fuel reserves have also been greatly enhanced to meet the requirements of future open sea operations.The Type VII submarine in this plane can sail continuously for 10 nautical miles at a speed of 9800 knots on the surface of the water, while the Type II submarine can only travel a mere 8 nautical miles at a speed of 3900 knots, so the Type II submarine can only be used in Europe. The seas around the continental shelf wander.

The maximum voyage data of the Type VII submarine in this plane is 9800 nautical miles/10 knots. Although it has not yet reached the 13850 nautical miles/10 knots endurance level of the Type IXC ocean-going submarine built by Germany for operations near the east coast of the United States in history, it has already Sufficient to support the long-term activities of Type VII submarines in the hinterland of the Atlantic Ocean.Moreover, in Helena's plan for the future German submarine force sequence, there is also the existence of the Type XIV supply submarine nicknamed "Cow" in history. If fuel and cargo supplies can be obtained at sea in the future, the Type VII in this plane will There is hope that the range of activities of submarines will continue to expand.

When Helena built the Type II submarine in Germany, the concealment of the submarine was placed in an extremely important position, so the noisy mechanical equipment of the Type II submarine was installed on the wire rope damping base, and the later practice It also shows that the noise reduction effect of this approach is very significant.Therefore, when designing the Type VII submarine on this plane, the inspired designers took new steps on the road of improving the silent characteristics of the submarine according to Helena's guidance.

Although the mechanical equipment of Type VII submarines, including diesel engines, are still installed on wire rope damping bases, their wire rope damping bases are not rigidly connected to the pressure hull of the submarine like Type II submarines, but It is first installed in a polygonal cage with an outer diameter slightly smaller than the inner diameter of the submarine pressure hull.Then this polygonal cage is connected to the pressure-resistant shell of the submarine through the surrounding steel wire rope shock absorbers, thus forming a double-layer damping raft structure, and the ability to filter the mechanical noise of the submarine itself is naturally better than the single-layer raft used before. The Type II submarine is even better. This is also due to the fact that the Type VII submarine has a larger pressure hull diameter than the Type II submarine and can use more complex noise reduction measures.

The designer still used the ducted five-bladed propeller and cross-shaped rudder similar to the Type II submarine in the Type VII submarine, but the number of propellers was increased to two due to the number of two-axis drives, which was inherited from the Type II submarine. The excellent paddle shape design makes the noise produced by the propeller of the Type VII submarine at a relatively low level in the same period.In addition, because the pressure hull of the Type VII submarine is also stronger than that of the Type II submarine, the limit diving depth of the Type VII submarine on this plane has also increased from 180 meters of the Type II submarine to 220 meters, which means that the submarine can hide in deeper water avoid enemy detection and attack.

The exterior of the hull of the VII submarine is also equipped with a rubber layer with a thickness of several millimeters like that of the Type II submarine. This measure can further reduce the noise of the Type VII submarine on this plane by weakening the reflection echo of the enemy's active sonar and suppressing the leakage of the submarine's own noise. detectability.As for the above-mentioned passive underwater acoustic countermeasures, the Type VII submarine also continued the active countermeasures of the Type II submarine, that is, it can interfere with the detection of the enemy's sonar by launching "air curtain bombs" to both sides.Through the comprehensive use of the above-mentioned measures, although the underwater displacement of the Type VII submarine is nearly three times that of the Type II submarine, it still retains a low detectability similar to that of the Type II submarine.

In fact, at this time, under Helena's local tyrant's krypton gold, the German designer has developed a real anechoic tile. Farben, which presided over the development of the project, named this anechoic tile "Ali Beric". , which is the name of an invisible man who guards the treasure in opera legend.The anechoic tile made of butyl synthetic rubber has a total thickness of about 30 mm and is covered with an array of cylindrical cavities ranging in diameter from 2 mm to 5 mm.Although the test results show that this type of anechoic tile with a cavity has better noise reduction and stealth effects than simple rubber coatings, but this scientific research result cannot be used on Type VII submarines for the time being because there is no suitable adhesive. As a result, the anechoic tiles attached to the submarine are very easy to fall off, so the first batch of Type VII submarines that started construction are still only covered with a thin layer of rubber coating.

In fact, the problem of adhesives has also been encountered in Germany in the last plane. Although Germany developed the "Ali Beric" sound-absorbing tile in 1940, it has been troubled by the problem of adhesives for a long time since then. After all, if Large-scale deformation or shedding of the anechoic tiles may not only fail to achieve the expected noise reduction effect, but also cause adverse consequences of increased weight and resistance of the submarine.When the Germans finally solved the adhesive problem, the calendar had turned to 1944, when the war was about to end. As a result, the only submarine that was actually equipped with anechoic tiles and served was the XXIII offshore submarine numbered U-4709.

Although Helena has long noticed the adhesive problem of submarine anechoic tiles, all she can do now is to start related research and development work in advance and invest more research funds on this topic, but there is still time left for the Germans. It is relatively abundant, and I believe that after a few years, satisfactory results can be seen.Taking advantage of continuing to develop new adhesives, Helena also asked researchers to continue to improve the performance of the anechoic tile, and to conduct more in-depth research on factors such as scattering, reflection, resonance, and waveform conversion that affect the actual effect of the anechoic tile. Acoustic tiles will be a major topic that can be studied for decades in the future, and every accumulation in basic research now may be transformed into future technological advantages.

Chapter 293 The time is ripe

Just as the first batch of six Type VII submarines ordered by the German Navy started construction in major shipyards, the time for Helena's long-awaited return to the Rhineland region finally arrived.It turned out that after signing the "French-Italian-Roman Agreement" with Italy early last year, France did not stop seeking alliances in the European continent. This time, France turned its attention to the Soviet Union far in the east.

After all, long before the outbreak of the last world war, France maintained its alliance with Tsarist Russia for a long time in order to compete with the allies headed by Germany and the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and continued to provide Russia with huge loans until the outbreak of the Russian Revolution.So when France once again faced the threat of Germany's rise, it logically thought of continuing its relationship with the Soviet Union.

Although in the following tentative exchanges between diplomats from both sides, the Soviet Union clearly refused to repay the loans that France provided to Tsarist Russia before the revolution, which made France feel very depressed. However, the most imminent threat in the eyes of the French at this time is after all. Therefore, after weighing the pros and cons, France finally decided to shelve the request for a loan from the Soviet Union, and instead signed the "French-Soviet Mutual Assistance Treaty" with representatives of the Soviet Union in Paris on May 5.

According to the provisions of the treaty, when one of France and the Soviet Union is attacked by other European countries, the other country should immediately provide the country with the necessary support and assistance. The treaty will come into effect on February 1936, 2. for 27 years.That is to say, the French House of Representatives needs to vote no later than February 5, 1936 to determine whether the treaty should enter into force.

However, what the French did not know at this time was that although the "French-Soviet Mutual Assistance Treaty" was voted on time in the last plane, the actual effect of this treaty remained on paper forever, because the Soviet Union did not Fulfilling the promises in the treaty, but signed the "Soviet-German Non-Aggression Pact" with Germany a few years later and chose to sit on the sidelines when the Western Front Battle broke out.It may be because the cost of breach of contract in this troubled world is too low, so few of the treaties signed between the two world wars can actually be actually binding.

When different people stand on their own perspectives, they often make diametrically opposite judgments on the impact of the same event. For example, the signing of the "French-Soviet Mutual Assistance Treaty" was regarded by the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs as a major diplomatic victory. The House has been urging for months to vote on the treaty as soon as possible.But in Helena's eyes, if the "French-Soviet Mutual Assistance Treaty" can be passed in the vote of the French House of Representatives, it will become a historical opportunity for Germany to return to the Rhineland region.So as early as last year when the treaty was just signed, Helena advised Hitler to prepare for returning to the Rhineland.

It’s just that the French Parliament had not officially ratified the treaty to take effect at that time, so the German side was very cautious and did not take immediate action. It just strengthened its criticism of the Franco-Soviet alliance on diplomatic occasions, and claimed that the “French-Soviet Mutual Assistance Treaty” was against Germany. If France insists on ratifying the Franco-Soviet Mutual Assistance Treaty, Germany will re-examine whether the European security framework established at the previous Locarno Conference is still valid.This warning is actually a test signal sent by Germany to the international community, because the most important result reached at the Locarno Conference is that countries such as Britain, France and Italy provide Germany with security guarantees, and Germany needs to abide by its commitment to the demilitarization of the Rhineland.

Both Hitler and Helena were very satisfied with the results of this trial, because apart from France's accusation that Germany had ulterior motives for linking the alliance between France and the Soviet Union with the security framework established at the Locarno Conference, the rest of the Locarno Conference All the participating countries remained strangely silent about Germany's temptations, which undoubtedly greatly enhanced Hitler's confidence and determination to recover the Rhineland region, and made him even more convinced that Helena's judgment on this matter was correct.Because if no other country stands firmly with France, the possibility of France daring to take a tough stance on the Rhineland issue at the risk of an all-out war is very low.

As the date of voting on the Franco-Soviet Mutual Assistance Treaty in the French House of Representatives approached, the French could not find an ally who clearly stated that they would stand with them when facing the warning from Germany. There is no bottom up.The French military even suggested on February 2, two days before the treaty came into effect, that the foreign ministry should send the treaty to the House of Representatives for a vote, because they were afraid that Germany would really use this as an excuse to return to the Rhineland region, which they did not respond to at all Be fully prepared, not to mention that there is still a serious war weariness in the French army at this time. The French officers were frightened by the tragedy of the last world war, and they were unwilling to fight to maintain the demilitarization of the Rhineland region. Throw yourself into a war with an uncertain future.

However, if the vote on the "French-Soviet Mutual Assistance Treaty" is postponed at this time, it is undoubtedly politically unacceptable for France. That is equivalent to bluntly telling the world that France's diplomacy is being led by the nose. It seems that it is a fact that France's foreign policy is bound by Germany, but the French will not admit this.In this way, the French Chamber of Deputies finally voted to pass the "French-Soviet Mutual Assistance Treaty" on February 1936, 2, the day when the treaty was about to take effect.After more than half a year of patient waiting, the time has finally come for Germany to march to the Rhineland.

Chapter 294 Returning to the Rhineland

The French House of Representatives had just approved the "French-Soviet Mutual Assistance Treaty" and was strongly criticized by Germany. However, this attitude of the Germans was more of a political pavement for returning to the Rhineland region. In fact, they really disliked the "French-Soviet Mutual Assistance Treaty". "It was not Germany, which shouted the loudest at all, but the traditional allies of the French themselves, including the British who had been in love with France for a long time, as well as the French in Eastern Europe after the end of the last world war. New arrivals from the region: Czechoslovakia, Romania, Yugoslavia and, of course, Poland.

The political logic of Britain's opposition to the "French-Soviet Mutual Assistance Treaty" is easy to understand. Since the end of the First World War, France has spared no effort to build its alliance system on the Central European continent, and has long positioned itself as an "offshore balancer". "The United Kingdom is naturally highly sensitive to the alliance between countries on the European continent, so whenever there is a political alliance on the European continent that can break the balance of power, it will be suppressed or disintegrated by the United Kingdom.

Originally last year, when France adopted the "French-Italian-Rome Agreement" to win over Italy, it had already touched the sensitive nerves of the United Kingdom. Now, with the entry into force of the "French-Soviet Mutual Assistance Agreement", France will let all European powers except Germany In the eyes of the French, what they did was to isolate and surround Germany, but in the eyes of many British politicians, these French actions of recruiting younger brothers and allies may not be Nothing against the UK.After all, France, with its huge army and vast colonies, is still a strong challenger to British supremacy.

Although the United Kingdom and France are still nominally allies, for a country like the United Kingdom that sits on the throne of world hegemony, as long as the United Kingdom feels that you have posed a threat to its hegemony, even if you are a nominal ally of the United Kingdom. It will not make Britain less vigilant towards you, so although Britain still maintains the dignity of the Anglo-French alliance on the bright side, it is difficult for the two sides to keep a consistent pace on many international issues.

For example, on January 1936, 1, taking the opportunity of condolences for the just-deceased British King George V, French Foreign Minister François François sought the British government's opinion on the possible German invasion of the Rhineland at the funeral, but François did not To get the answer he wanted, Sir Anthony Eden, the British Foreign Secretary who had just taken office, claimed that the existence of the Rhine Demilitarized Zone has nothing to do with Britain, it is only a matter for the French themselves.In other words, if there is a conflict between France and Germany over the Rhineland issue in the future, France will not be able to expect substantial support from the United Kingdom, which greatly disappoints the French side.

As for the reasons why Eastern European countries such as Czechoslovakia, Romania, Yugoslavia, and Poland opposed the "French-Soviet Mutual Assistance Treaty" treaty, it is even simpler. France's alliance with these Eastern European countries is of course to contain the re-emergence of Germany, but these Eastern European countries are aligned with France. The purpose is not simply to encircle Germany with France. Preventing the Soviet Union, which is close at hand, is also an important motivation for these Eastern European countries to seek French protection.However, now that the "French-Soviet Mutual Assistance Treaty" has come into effect, these Eastern European countries will naturally question whether France can continue to protect their security when they see their big brother France and their important defense target, the Soviet Union, flirting with each other. Sowed a potential crack in the French alliance system in Eastern Europe.

However, at this time, France has been completely immersed in the fantasy of relying on weaving the alliance system to contain Germany. They can only see that their alliance system is constantly expanding, and they have even completely surrounded their old rival Germany. Those widening rifts in the alliance system, our lovely French people have selectively ignored.When Helena talked about the circle of allies in France with Hitler, she unceremoniously compared it to a sand castle piled on the beach. Although it looked like that after careful carving, it was not at all. Can not stand the test of sea wind and tide.

The test of the French alliance system came soon. The French House of Representatives just passed the "French-Soviet Mutual Assistance Treaty" on February 2. Three days later, on March 27, Hitler made a decision to return to the Rhineland region. Excessive stimulation of France, the first batch of troops planned to station in the Rhineland area only prepared three battalions, which is really insignificant in terms of strength, but what Hitler needs at present is precisely the political significance contained in this matter.So on Saturday, March 3, 1, the first symbolic German detachment cautiously crossed the Rhine and entered the Rhineland Demilitarized Zone.

Although Helena expressed confidence in this return to the Rhineland, Hitler was still very nervous when the first German troops crossed the Rhine. It was like marching to occupy the Ruhr area of ​​Germany.Although the strength of the German army has now expanded from 10 to 30, and it is preparing for a new expansion, there is still a big gap compared with the French Army, which has a total strength of more than 300 million.

Therefore, within 48 hours after the German army entered the Rhineland, Hitler was under great mental pressure, but he couldn't show this pressure in front of his subordinates, because government officials and generals were even more anxious than Hitler. Uneasy.In fact, it was only during a private interview with Helena that the red-eyed moustache dared to express his uneasiness, but Helena did not respond positively after listening carefully to Hitler's concerns, but asked back with a smile: " Dear Mr. Head of State, you may wish to guess how the general manager of France, Mr. Saro, is feeling now? I can’t imagine the pressure and suffering that poor Mr. Saro has been through these days. He must not be able to figure out why he obviously France has so many allies, but in the end none of them were willing to stand up at the critical moment." These words immediately eased Hitler's anxiety a lot.

Regarding the current state of mind of the French government, Helena guessed quite accurately.Although France was not completely unaware that Germany would take risks on the Rhineland issue, when German soldiers actually set foot on Rhineland land, the French were quite at a loss.Although the French general manager Saro called his staff and the army chief of staff Maurice Gustave Gamelin to hold an emergency meeting that day, the meeting continued until late at night, and no feasible solution was produced except for the noise. France does not have the courage to launch military operations against Germany alone without the support of its allies. After all, the last time France ignored the opposition of the international community to occupy the Ruhr area, it directly led to the deterioration of France's own economic situation and the Poincaré cabinet. The serious consequences of the downfall, General Manager Saro does not want his cabinet to follow in the footsteps of Poincaré.

After much deliberation, France still decided to hold an international conference in Paris, and invited the parties to the Locarno Convention to discuss the Rhineland issue, hoping to use the strength of the international community to jointly exert pressure on Germany.This time, the signatories of the "Locarno Convention" still gave France a lot of face. Representatives from all countries were invited to attend the meeting held at the French Ministry of External Rubber on March 3.However, the French soon discovered that the scripts in the hands of various countries seemed to be different from what they expected.

French Foreign Minister Frandin first made a strong statement at the meeting: "If we want peace, we must drive the Germans out of the Rhineland, and we must impose economic, financial and military sanctions on the Germans' adventurous behavior!" However, Frandin Before the words fell, British Foreign Secretary Sir Anthony Eden immediately singled out that Britain opposed France's unilateral actions against Germany.Subsequently, the Belgian Prime Minister Paul van Zielan also expressed his support for the views of the British. Of course, he was mainly afraid that France and Germany would tear each other apart, which would cause Belgium, which was caught between the two countries, to become cannon fodder again.

The British Foreign Secretary and the Belgian Prime Minister's you-singing me and I have already blocked Frandin to the point of cardiopulmonary arrest, but what made Frandin even more angry was Italy, which had just signed the "French-Italian-Roman Agreement" with France last year.During the entire meeting the Italian ambassador was playing dumb, or when he had to speak, he was uttering rhetorical but in fact utterly sterile diplomatic rhetoric, and now Italy's energies are being swallowed up by the Ethiopian quagmire. There is no spare energy to charge for France in European affairs.The funny thing is that because this meeting did not reach a valuable agreement in Paris, France, it was reopened in London, England, but still did not reach any valuable agreement. After all, everyone's differences on the Rhineland issue have been put aside. There, nothing can be changed by changing the conference address.

Chapter 295 Peace and Sincerity

Helena is very able to understand the aggrieved feeling of the French at the moment.Because if you only look at the comparison of book power, in this round of the game around the Rhineland issue, France has an undisputed absolute advantage in all aspects: Compared with France, which has an army of more than 300 million, the German army has just The army, which has increased to more than 30, is quite small. Even if this year's military expansion plan is successfully completed, the total strength of the German army will only reach 50; Allies in the legal sense, and surrounded by French allies.

This dominant situation like a flying dragon riding on the face once made the French full of confidence. They felt that the amount of chips in their hands was like a banker compared to Germany, so any provocative behavior by Germany was tantamount to hitting their heads against an iron wall. You will inevitably have a bruised nose and a swollen face.However, when the three German infantry battalions crossed the Rhine openly without carrying the main weapon, France suddenly and sadly discovered that its original complacent advantages could not be fully utilized in the end.Or it could be said that he obviously has a hand full of good cards, but at the moment there is no card that can be played!

For example, although the total strength of the French army has an overwhelming advantage over the German army, the few German light infantry battalions that entered the Rhineland area this time are not enough to give the French army teeth, so Hitler repeatedly emphasized before this operation If the French army enters the Rhineland area, it must immediately withdraw its troops to the west bank of the Rhine to avoid military conflict with France.However, although Hitler was indeed afraid of a real military conflict with France, the French were no less worried about a military conflict with Germany than Hitler was.The huge economic and political price that France paid when it occupied the Ruhr area back then has already removed the option of using force against Germany from the policy dictionary of previous French general managers.And when France cannot bear the consequences of using force to stop Germany's actions, no matter how great its total force is over Germany, it is just a statistic in Helena's eyes.

Another example is that although France has successfully spread its alliance system throughout Europe, among these allies, only the United Kingdom, Italy, and the Soviet Union have some international influence.Among them, the United Kingdom is putting defense against France in a more important position than containing Germany. At this time, it is a conscience to not help France; Italy is being burned by the war with Ethiopia, and I wish no one in the world would go bother him.You mean the Soviet Union that just signed a mutual assistance treaty with France?Helena said that Comrade Iron and Steel signed this treaty only to improve the international environment of the Soviet Union. As for France, it is absolutely impossible to use the Soviet Union as a weapon.After all, in history, the German army had arrived at the Arc de Triomphe in Paris, and Stalin had not seen Stalin sending reinforcements in accordance with the treaty. At that time, the "French-Soviet Mutual Assistance Treaty" was still valid.So when the old international order is about to collapse, although it is not impossible to sign a treaty, if anyone takes the treaty seriously, it is definitely a sign of arrears in IQ.

If it is said that the military strength is superior but dare not use force, and the alliance system is huge but the allies have their own ulterior motives, it is enough to make France, which should have the advantage, be in a passive situation on the Rhineland issue. It exhausted the last bit of France's international action capability.In fact, in just a little over five years from 1930 to the present, France has changed general managers 16 times, which means that the average general manager needs to be changed three times a year, and the average tenure of each general manager is only four months!This kind of speed of changing the general manager made Helena hardly have the heart to laugh at the "nine prime ministers in ten years" of the later generations of Japan.

Although Helena can understand that under the shadow of the world economic crisis, the French people are desperate for a good general manager to help them get out of the economic predicament, but at least you should give your general manager time to implement policies, right?The way you change the cabinet every four months on average will really paralyze the country's internal affairs and diplomatic capabilities.For example, the current general manager of France, Albert Saro, took over in a hurry on January 1 this year. Unexpectedly, he had to face the trouble of the German army returning to the Rhineland before he had time to straighten out the personnel relationship in the new cabinet.However, with the political situation continuing to be turbulent, the general manager of Salo was simply unable to unify the opinions of France on the Rhineland issue.

Just when the French government was at a loss, all kinds of coquettish operations on the German side kept going.Not long after the three battalions of German troops crossed the Rhine, Germany sent a "sincere" diplomatic note to Britain, France and other countries through diplomatic channels, claiming that in order to maintain the hard-won peace in Europe, the German army was willing to withdraw The Rhineland region, and signed a non-aggression treaty with France and neighboring countries in the East, and invited Britain and Italy to provide guarantees.But the premise is that France must agree to the simultaneous demilitarization of both sides of the French-German border. In order to show Germany's peace sincerity, Germany can sign an arms control treaty with Britain and France aimed at limiting the size of the air force, and wait for an opportunity to return to the reorganized international alliance.

Although the diplomatic note issued by Germany can be described as sincere, but when French Foreign Minister Frandin read the note, he almost exploded in anger.If it wasn't for the consideration of the demeanor in diplomatic occasions, he really wanted to tear this note into pieces on the spot, and then throw all his brains into the face of the smiling German ambassador in front of him.What does it mean in the note to say that both sides of the French-German border are being demilitarized at the same time?This is to require France not only to withdraw the garrisons in Alsace and Lorraine, but also to dismantle most of the Maginot Line that has been built. France has spent billions of francs on the construction of this line of defense. One-tenth of the military expenditure has been invested in the construction of the defense line. Isn't Germany asking for reciprocal demilitarization of the border?

It is certainly impossible for France to agree to withdraw troops from Alsace and Lorraine, let alone to dismantle the Maginot Line.But France's categorical refusal immediately became a new target for German attacks.Hitler declared in his ensuing speech: "Germany has long repeatedly proposed to maintain friendly relations with France in order to maintain peace in Europe, but France has responded to us with an ever-expanding military alliance! But even so, Germany is still working with the greatest sincerity Diplomatic mediation, hoping to sign a non-aggression treaty with France on the basis of equality and mutual trust, but France completely ignores the goodwill of Germany and insists on building its own security on the insecurity of other countries. Who is the defender of world peace now Who is the destroyer of world peace, I believe that all people who do not hold prejudices can give a fair conclusion. In response to the crazy provocations of France, our army has had to return to the Rhineland to ensure the safety of Germany, but we The door to dialogue is always open, and as long as France comes with peace and sincerity and an attitude of equal dialogue, Germany is always ready to sign a non-aggression treaty with France, hoping that the border between the two countries will eventually be undefended.”

Chapter 296 A Big Victory

Although French Foreign Minister Frandin has tried his best on diplomatic occasions, he has not been able to obtain any substantive support from his allies who have ulterior motives, and the cabinet led by French general manager Saro still has no Can come up with any feasible plan: the lessons learned from the previous Ruhr crisis have turned unilateral military action into an act of political suicide in France, and it is even more unacceptable to implement economic sanctions against Germany alone. The industrial scale is almost three times that of France, and there is no special dependence on France in terms of raw materials. In addition, Germany is one of the few countries that can maintain rapid economic growth during the economic crisis. If France wants to impose economic sanctions on Germany alone, it will only make itself vulnerable. The economy was hit again.

So far, France, which has nothing to do, finally decided to stop entanglement with Germany on the Rhineland issue, but this also greatly affected France's international prestige.Because the term "international prestige" refers to the credibility of a country's international deterrence from a certain perspective.At the meeting of the parties to the Locarno Convention held in Paris earlier, French Foreign Minister François François strongly stated that Germany would be expelled from the Rhineland region, and he also demanded comprehensive sanctions against Germany. Rhineland's deterrent remarks, but because France finally chose to back down on the Rhineland issue, this deterrence has become the laughing stock of the world.

Therefore, it is best not to easily make too strong deterrent remarks internationally. Before making deterrent remarks internationally, national decision makers must carefully assess the scope of their own capabilities and ensure that the deterrence issued can be fulfilled.Because for a country, it's not that the tougher your deterrent remarks are, the higher your country's international prestige will be.If there are strong deterrent rhetoric in the air, but these deterrent rhetoric will always fail to be implemented. On the contrary, it will reduce the credibility of the country's deterrence, thereby reducing its own international prestige.Therefore, as a qualified diplomat, you can't just think about yourself, but you must leave room for the country to maneuver on the international stage.

The retreat of the French on the Rhineland issue undoubtedly made Hitler happy. Before that, many German government officials and military generals had been disturbed by Hitler's risky behavior, but in the end not only did what they feared not happen, but things were worse than their worst. Optimistic estimates will go well, and Hitler's calmness and calmness throughout the decision-making process of returning to the Rhineland has greatly improved his prestige in the government, army, and civilians. After these two events, Hitler has begun to be regarded by many Germans as a national hero. Coupled with the dazzling economic achievements in recent years, some Hitler fanatics even publicly declared that Hitler is God. Sent to save Germany.

However, these views of the outside world are not completely in line with the facts, because Hitler is actually far from being as calm and composed as he showed to the outside world. The collapse of the Ruhr crisis was not only the cabinet of Poincaré in France, but also the cabinet of Cournot in Germany.At this time, if the French general manager Albert Saro really used force, it would be political suicide, but the German government led by Hitler would not want to retreat, so Hitler's worries are normal.It's just that seeing that Helena is still acting like a calm and calm expert, Hitler also had to pretend to be as stable as an old dog outside. Fortunately, in this political bet with France, he finally Big win.