Iron Sonata of World War II

Chapter 33 Fujimoto Kaikai

The mouse that Helena takes a fancy to is none other than Kikuo Fujimoto, a famous Japanese ship designer.

When it comes to the history of Japanese naval construction in the 20s and 30s, we have to mention the competition between Joe Hiraga and Kikuo Fujimoto.Although people in later generations always talk about the tit-for-tat design of these two enemies, ranging from battleships and aircraft carriers, to destroyers and mine boats.However, the two were not inseparable from the beginning. In fact, during the design process of the "Nagato-class" battleship, the two had a relatively close cooperation.

Since then, the signing of the "Washington Treaty" brought the vigorous battleship construction competition among various countries to an abrupt end at the climax.The situation in Japan is similar. After the completion of the "Nagato" class, Hiraga Joe and Fujimoto Kikuo turned their main energy to the design of cruisers and destroyers.At this time, the differences in the design styles of the two gradually emerged.

Hiraga Rang is not lacking in innovative designs, but relatively conservative in specific technical applications.It became famous as the "Yubari" class light cruiser. The "Yubari" class swept away the old World War I style of the previous light cruiser. With a standard displacement of less than 3000 tons, it achieved the firepower of six 6mm main guns and a speed of more than 140 knots. The speed became the pioneering work of Japanese cruisers in the future.

Compared with Hiraga Joe, Fujimoto Kikuo is obviously more radical in terms of design ideas, and Fujimoto dares to boldly adopt those new technologies that are not very mature.In fact, this is to a large extent forced by the military's excessive design requirements. Compared with the stubborn Hiraga Ryo who dares to argue with reason, the relatively weak Fujimoto is almost responsive to the military's requirements. Naturally, he often needs to use Some unconventional designs and immature technology.

But for Helena, Kikuo Fujimoto's traits are just right for her.

At this time, Fujimoto was sitting in front of the drawing board and scratching his hair anxiously. His usually slicked-off mid-parted hair had almost turned into a bird’s nest that had been hit by a storm. Sketches of a generation of destroyers.

It turned out that in order to make up for its weak position in the field of battleships relative to the United States, Japan desperately strengthened the performance of destroyers and cruisers, hoping to rely on the advantages of single-ship performance to make up for its quantitative disadvantage.This time, the Japanese Navy asked Fujimoto to design a special-type destroyer with a speed of no less than 1850 knots, equipped with at least eight 38mm guns and eight 8mm torpedo tubes within a displacement of 127 tons.This requirement is even more excessive than the previous plane!

……

In the last plane, Kikuo Fujimoto also presided over the design of Japan's so-called "special destroyer", which was later the "Fubuki" class. The "Fubuki" class installed six 1680mm main ships with a standard displacement of only 6 tons. Cannon and three triple-mounted 127mm heavy-duty torpedo tubes, and also has a high speed of 610-38 knots!It can be said that the "Fubuki" class laid the design paradigm for Japanese lightning destroyers in the future.

Fujimoto in the previous plane had a great moment with the design of the "Fubuki" class, and later participated in the design of the "Mogami" class light cruiser (later changed to a heavy cruiser).But everything has a price. It is not easy to achieve high speed and heavy armament on a small ship. In order to meet the design requirements of the military, Fujimoto did not hesitate to sacrifice the GM value of the ship (that is, steady M to The distance between the centers of gravity G), and the structural redundancy of the ship is reduced, and at the same time, a large area of ​​welding technology that is very immature for Japan is used.

The overly aggressive design soon ushered in a backlash. In March 1934 in the last plane, the third ship "Tomozuru" (more than 3 tons) of the over-armed "Chidori" class mine ship designed by Fujimoto The standard displacement is equipped with three 500mm main guns, plus two double-mounted 3mm torpedo tubes, just ask if you are afraid!) Capsized in the wind and waves (voiceover: expected), resulting in 127 deaths.As a designer, Fujimoto Kikuo naturally couldn't shake the pot, and soon died of depression.

But the matter is not over yet. In September 1935, when Japan’s Fourth Fleet was conducting exercises in a typhoon, many warships suffered structural damage in the storm. The special-type destroyer adhering to Fujimoto’s design ideas was the hardest hit, and even the entire destroyer appeared. The accident where the bow was torn off, so the dead Fujimoto lay down again...

Since then, all the battleships designed by Fujimoto were taken back to the shipyard for structural reinforcement. The design ideas of Fujimoto's school became notorious and were abandoned by the Japanese Navy.

……

Fujimoto repeatedly calculated the weight of the battleship. Although he had tried his best to reduce the structural strength and superstructure weight of the ship, the GM value was still terribly low. When it was lightly loaded, it was almost possible to capsize without wind or waves!

As the saying goes, when you are sleepy, someone will give you a pillow, and the savior will soon appear in front of the helpless Fujimoto on colorful auspicious clouds. The Germans sent warmth to Kikuo Fujimoto under the banner of technical exchanges through the company established in Hiroshima before.

Kikuo Fujimoto, who was racking his brains to reduce the weight of the ship, could not hold on to the new technological achievements that the Germans showed to the ship administration headquarters. In his opinion, what kind of electric welding technology and what kind of supercharged boiler are just tailor-made for himself. built!Even more exciting is that Germany also demonstrated a high-strength aluminum alloy that can be used for bridge structures.It can greatly reduce the weight of the warship superstructure.

The shipbuilding officials at the Ship Administration Headquarters shouted to buy it, as if not buying it would be a traitor to the country.So Japan decided to spend a lot of money to be a guinea pig again, ah, no, it was spending a lot of money to introduce technology to Germany.

The design of the special-type destroyer has come to an end. Kikuo Fujimoto is in a good mood, even walking with the wind. The only thing that makes Fujimoto unhappy is probably his senior, Mr. Hiraga, nagging every day in the ship administration headquarters: the booster boiler is not good enough. What about good maintenance?What if the welding process is not up to standard?What should I do if the aluminum alloy bridge catches fire?

……

Germany thousands of miles away:

Helena laughed from ear to ear when she thought that she had just cheated the Japanese of money with the super-hard aluminum alloy that should have been developed by Igarashi in Japan in the previous plane.And what Helena did was to give a little capital investment and direction to the German metallurgist W. Sander who developed the S-type aluminum alloy (the ESD superhard aluminum alloy used in the Zero fighter jet in Japan was actually developed by the British). The E alloy invented by the Germans and the S alloy invented by the Germans are based on the addition of a small amount of chromium, manganese, and molybdenum).

If you thought that Helena was just using Japanese inventions to cheat Japanese money, then you still underestimated Helena's black belly.What Helena thought further was actually: If Fujimoto really used super duralumin on the bridge, it would be interesting to think about the "Sheffield" that was hit by the "Exocet missile" in the previous plane!No, it might be even more spectacular than "Sheffield". After all, there are two quadruple 610mm heavy torpedoes on the front and rear bridges of the new Japanese destroyer.

Oxygen torpedoes and aluminum alloy bridges are a perfect match for fireworks!Helena silently lit a stick of incense in her heart for the officers and soldiers on the Japanese destroyer.

The author has something to say: Please comment in a civilized manner in the book review area. Discussions and even criticisms are welcome, but don't label or involve personal attacks, otherwise they will be deleted.

In addition, in order to respond to everyone's concerns, let me say a few more words:

I personally think that it is inevitable for German nationalist forces to come to power in a short period of time, but Mustache and the extreme nationalism he represents will not and should not exist on the post-war historical stage.

The reason why German nationalism has developed in an extreme direction is not unrelated to the sharp class contradictions in Germany besides the excessive oppression of the victorious countries. Nationalism is to a certain extent a fig leaf for class contradictions in Germany.Therefore, the protagonist believes that in order to turn Germany into a country that is truly conducive to world peace, the Junker landlord class and the big capitalist class should be weakened or eliminated, but this has to be done slowly. ;

Chapter 34 Unintentional

At the end of 1926, at a remote weapons testing ground in Germany, an anti-aircraft gun bidding activity was being held. The bidders were two heavyweights: Rheinmetall's 59-caliber 75mm anti-aircraft gun and Krupp's 60-caliber 75mm anti-aircraft gun .

Both the Army and the Navy attached great importance to this bidding. Sektor and Behnke, the two leading figures in the Army and Navy, also visited the site. Of course, Helena was also present.

Not long ago, Helena just made another historical butterfly flapping its wings. After learning that General Seekert planned to invite the former German Crown Prince to review the army, Helena immediately tried to stop her father from doing so.Because in the last plane, General Sektor was attacked by the republicans because of this, and was dismissed by President Hindenburg as a result.

Although President Hindenburg, like Seekert, was secretly a royalist.However, General Seekert's practice of inviting the former Crown Prince to a military parade without the consent of President Hindenburg is too lacking in political sensitivity.If you do this, anyone will suspect that you want to win over the former crown prince to restore it through a military coup!But you are not ready to really carry out a restoration coup, and you have given the republicans a talk and an excuse...

What drove Helena crazy was that General Sektor rejected Helena's dissuasion. In his view, Helena's obstruction was a child's unreasonable trouble.Extremely speechless, Helena could only crazily complain in her heart that her father was a conservative and stubborn old Schleswig Junker!

In order to prevent her father, who is quite talented in army building, from returning home early and sitting on the bench, Helena did the most despised thing in her previous life-secretly reported to the teacher, ah no, to the president.Helena stabbed Sektor's plan directly to President Hindenburg. Unsurprisingly, General Sektor was called to the presidential palace by President Hindenburg to scold him. Fortunately, he was not dismissed like in the previous plane. .

……

Let's go back to the weapons proving ground.

Although Rheinmetall's 59-fold 75mm anti-aircraft gun and Krupp's 60-fold 75mm anti-aircraft gun may not be particularly famous among military fans.Although Helena knew that according to the experience of the previous plane, the domestic and foreign orders for these two cannons would not be many.But Helena will never underestimate these two types of anti-aircraft guns because of this.

why?Because Helena knew that these two guys who were born a little earlier than the previous plane were definitely not ordinary people.They may not be famous in themselves, but the fact that the father is not famous does not mean that the son is not famous!

上一个位面中，莱茵金属的59倍径75mm高射炮是苏联M1931型76.2mm高射炮的原型！克虏伯的60倍径75mm高射炮更牛，这货是后来德军88mm炮的母型！就问你怕不怕？

A number of comparative tests are being carried out gradually, and the competition is very fierce.

The scene of the anti-aircraft artillery firing live ammunition was still very shocking. The slender barrel pointed directly at the sky. Every time the barrel retreated, there was a deafening sound of cannonballs, and the shells exploded into black clouds of smoke in midair.After a few rounds, a long towed target pulled by a small aircraft was blasted to pieces in the air.Helena, who seldom saw live ammunition being fired, watched with gusto.

Although the bidding time was a little earlier, the inertia of history is still great, and the overall performance of Rheinmetall's works is still slightly inferior (in fact, the barrel performance of the Rheinmetall gun is quite good, but Krupp's anti-aircraft gun mount The design is more reasonable), and finally Krupp's 60 times diameter 75mm anti-aircraft gun won the bidding.However, if the history remains the same, Germany did not buy a few of Krupp's guns in the end (there are 88mm anti-aircraft guns in the front, who can see the 75mm anti-aircraft guns that are too high or low), and finally Krupp Those that were made had to be thrown to Spain.

It is said that Krupp at this time can be said to be proud of the spring breeze. Before that, Krupp had just acquired 600 million shares of Bofors in Sweden, accounting for about one-third of the total shares of Bofors. Extensive cooperation in research and development.However, in the last plane, soon after, the cooperation between Krupp and Bofors would break down due to differences in antiaircraft gun design concepts, and eventually the two companies parted ways.Later, Krupp and Bofors designed the two most famous anti-aircraft guns in World War II according to their own air defense ideas: Krupp's 88mm anti-aircraft gun and Bofors' 40mm anti-aircraft gun

Helena couldn't help slandering: Krupp is really a stickler, there is no dispute whether the anti-aircraft gun needs a large caliber or a medium caliber, of course they want all of them.At that time, we must remember to beat Krupp to let Krupp continue the cooperation with Bofors, Helena thought to herself.

Although Rheinmetall failed, Helena still stepped forward and awarded the "consolation prize" to Rheinmetall's works. Helena even hinted that Rheinmetall: If it can polish the barrel of the anti-aircraft gun, make a The 60mm cannon with a diameter of 75 times may not have a chance to come back in the new bidding in the future.

If it was said by ordinary people, Rheinmetall might really just regard it as a simple word of comfort, but when these words came from Helena, Rheinmetall had to take them seriously.After all, although Helena is not very old, she has a strong sense of presence in the field of military technology over the years, and basically makes big news every few months.Now that Helena proposes the idea of ​​changing antiaircraft artillery to cannon, it may be the future needs of the army!

Thinking of this, Rheinmetall technicians lowered their voices and asked Helena what she planned to use this cannon army for.

"What is it for? Of course it is used to repair the water tank." Helena replied solemnly.

Rheinmetall experts...

Chapter 35 Series Development

"Repair, repair the water tank?" The experts from Rheinmetall were stunned.After a long time, someone tentatively asked: "Water tank? Tank? You mean a tank?"

"That's right, is there any question?" Helena answered with the presence of God.

It turned out that in order to break through the trenches of the Germans in World War I, Britain decided to develop a "land battleship", which was the predecessor of the tank. At that time, in order to deceive people, Churchill named it "tank" (Chinese "tank" is also its transliteration. ), and the English original meaning of "tank" is "water tank".However, the Germans generally use "panzer" to refer to tanks, which originally meant "armor".

"No, no, this is too wasteful! Miss Helena" Rheinmetall's designers expressed disapproval. "It's like hitting a walnut with a sledgehammer!" one of the designers compared.

It is no surprise that Helena has such perceptions of Rheinmetall's designers.After all, anti-tank guns and tank armor always compete with each other and promote each other.If you want to ask why Rheinmetall's designers think that 60x 75mm guns are a waste of tanks, just look at the level of protection of tanks in the world in the 20s.

要问20年代世界上最著名的坦克是啥？当然是英国维克斯设计的6吨级轻型坦克——维克斯MK.E。这款装有一门47mm榴弹炮的轻型坦克战斗全重只有6-8吨，正面装甲只有区区13mm，而且用的还是不怎么牢靠的铆接。

The protection of the Vickers MK.E basically represents the general level of tanks of this era. The riveted frontal armor of more than ten millimeters can basically only block machine guns and shell fragments.Developing anti-tank guns on the basis of heavyweight weapons such as 75mm anti-aircraft guns is simply using anti-aircraft guns to fight mosquitoes!

In order to dispel Rheinmetall's concerns, Helena had no choice but to quietly pull several Rheinmetall executives aside and whispered: "If I tell you that the French are developing a heavy tank with amazing protection, you still think the heavy anti Are tank guns superfluous?"

"The French are developing heavy tanks?" Rheinmetall executives were taken aback: "Is the news reliable?"

"This tank may have a 60mm front armor inclined at 45 degrees!" Helena said straightly: "The information obtained through special channels is absolutely reliable! You should keep your mouths shut." What Helena said is actually history The B1 heavy tank in France, according to the progress of the previous plane, the B1 should be in service in four or five years.

Rheinmetall's executives nodded their heads one by one.While nodding, they were still brainstorming: the military leaked future exam questions to Rheinmetall in advance through the informal channel of Helena. It must be that the military did not want the Krupp family to dominate. Krupp is weaker, but if he grasps this project well, he may not be able to sit on an equal footing with Krupp in the future!

The crazy Rheinmetall executives are now planning to make the new anti-tank project an overriding scientific research task after returning home.They didn't know that the reason why Helena leaked the question to Rheinmetall was purely because Krupp already had a lot of research and development tasks at hand, and Helena didn't want the marriage between Krupp and Bofors to break down.

You know, in order to focus on the development of 88mm anti-aircraft guns, Krupp in the last plane stopped the original anti-aircraft artillery cooperation project with Bofors, Sweden. As a result, in the early days of World War II, Germany did not have a medium-caliber anti-aircraft gun. available.

The result is: the medium-caliber anti-aircraft gun used on the battleship Bismarck is a 3.7cm SK C/30 that was sharpened before the battle.You read that right, the ammunition needs to be stuffed into the barrel one by one with the shells held by the loader!The only advantage of this mind-blowing hand-held cannon is that it has a super-long diameter of 30 times and a super-high muzzle velocity of 83 m/s. It is probably a good choice for anti-tank, but unfortunately there are no tanks on the sea for Bismarck. beat……

It is worth mentioning that the "Prince Eugen" heavy cruiser that went to sea with Bismarck but slipped back by chance later threw away the SK C/30 hand pull artifact and installed the one that was abandoned by Krupp. Bofors 40mm classic anti-aircraft gun.Sure enough, the essence of human beings is "Wang Jingze's Law"!The sigh of true fragrance is the same throughout the ages.

……

Pulling away again, let's go back to the anti-aircraft artillery testing ground.

"I think the anti-tank gun designed on the basis of the 75mm anti-aircraft gun can be further subdivided into three sub-models." Helena then said to Rheinmetall's designers.

"Three sub-models? Can you tell me in detail?" The executives of Rheinmetall became more interested when they heard this, and the order seemed bigger than they imagined!

"On the basis of common use of ammunition, a towed gun and two types of vehicle-mounted guns have been developed through different multiple diameters and anti-recoil devices." Helena replied.

"Mounted guns? But we don't have tanks..."

"There will be in the future, don't interrupt my train of thought!" Helena said viciously ("vicious" is just Helena's self-feeling, in fact, her small face looks like a puffer fish, which makes Rheinmetall executives want to rub it , but considering that General Seekert was not far away, Rheinmetall executives still gave up).

在海伦娜看来，上个位面的历史上，德国的75mm系列火炮发展树可谓相当混乱。为了长话短说，就只谈大量装备的几种反坦克炮吧。上个位面，德国的75mm反坦克炮主要有三种：Pak40型46倍径牵引炮、KwK40型43/48倍径坦克炮、KwK42型70倍径坦克炮。

Now let's talk about the problems with these guns.

The first is poor versatility, three types of artillery, three types of gun mounts, three sets of shell systems, and four types of barrel diameters.It can be said that except for the same caliber, there is no universality.Simply providing these guns with the correct accessories and ammunition can save a logistics officer 20 years of his life!

第二是寿命浪费，以46倍径的Pak40为例，这门炮的寿命可以达到6000发！而二战中根本没有任何一门反坦克炮能发射6000发炮弹！你看看苏联的T-34-85上的那门经典的52倍径85mm炮，寿命也就1600发左右，也不存在寿命不足的情况（实际上身管寿命更短的长管57mm苏联都一直在用呢）。

Helena deeply suspected that the Germans in the last plane were not making cannons at all, but making family heirlooms, the kind that could be used as town houses for future generations!In Helena's view, the Germans should either increase the amount of ammunition propelled and increase the power of the artillery through moderate drug use; or simplify the production process, which will not only reduce production costs, but may also reduce the consumption of non-ferrous metals.Building a bunch of artillery with excess life during the war is not an honor at all, but a shame!

The third is the unreasonable multi-caliber setting, especially the KwK42 70-caliber tank gun, which is very unfriendly to the productivity. In the last plane, this directly restricted the output of the Panther tank (even assembled tank body and other guns).As mentioned above, with the increase of the barrel diameter, the difficulty of processing rises sharply, but the increase in power that can be obtained is decreasing.In Helena's view, with Germany's technical level in metal processing, 60 times the diameter is basically the upper limit for Germany to maintain the balance between artillery power and productivity.

……

"My suggestion is that the 75mm anti-tank gun should be developed in series, and the three sub-models share a set of ammunition. There are two types of multiple diameters and two types of recoil travel to meet different needs." After adjusting her thinking, Helena continued.

Chapter 36 Artillery Family

Everyone knows the benefits of generalization of ammunition and serialization of artillery.However, it took Helena a lot of thought to implement it. The biggest resistance came from the mutual dismantling of the two artillery giants, Rheinmetall and Krupp!

In the last plane, everyone complained that the Third Reich had created a bunch of artillery with the same caliber, similar diameter, and similar power, but the accessories and ammunition were completely incompatible, and then tossed the logistics officers to death.

The reason for this situation, on the one hand, is of course that the German Ordnance Department lacks an overall thinking in weapon planning and has not done a good job in top-level planning.But there is another deep-seated reason that cannot be ignored. This is the mutual dismantling of Rheinmetall and Krupp for their own interests. care!

Take the German anti-aircraft guns during World War I as an example. Since Rheinmetall displayed a 1906-caliber 30mm anti-aircraft gun at the Berlin Motor Show in 50 (this is also the first professional anti-aircraft gun in history), Rheinmetall and Krupp's " The anti-aircraft artillery battle" kicked off.

在此之后的十几年里，莱茵金属和克虏伯又玩出了多少种口径呢？仅仅统计一战期间德国研制的60mm-90mm的中口径高射炮，就有65mm、71mm、75mm、77mm、80mm、88mm六种！基本上是一方研制一种，另一方马上研制一种口径相近但不相同的型号（因为不希望对方能使用自己的弹药和配件，从而挤占自己的市场份额）。

But this is not the worst, the worst thing is these calibers that make people dizzy at a glance. The German army in World War I actually purchased a batch of almost every kind!Sometimes the army doesn’t want it, and the lobbying teams of Rheinmetall and Krupp will shuttle between the German states, seek out various relationships, find backers, talk about friendship, give kickbacks, and insist on stuffing their own products into the procurement plan.

The logistics officer said: You guys talk first, I'm going out to die, please burn paper if you need anything...

As the saying goes, you can see the whole leopard from a glance. This is true for a small anti-aircraft gun, and other weapons are naturally not as good.If the generalization level of German weapons during World War II was a tragedy, then the generalization level of German weapons during World War I was simply the scene of a large-scale car accident!

Although the versatility of the weapons of the Third Reich in the previous plane is still unbearable to look at, objectively speaking, during World War II in the previous plane, the versatility of German weapons has improved compared to that of World War I. The main reason is that during World War II, the German army was no longer owned by the monarchs of various states like the Second Reich, and the procurement of weapons was much more concentrated than during World War I.

……

The lack of overall thinking in Germany's weapons planning has made great progress compared to the previous plane under the strong promotion of Helena.

In particular, the several joint tenders between the Army and the Navy allowed both sides to taste the sweetness. Coupled with the realistic need of "reporting to the regiment for warmth", the cooperation between the Army and the Navy has become closer, and reducing procurement costs through sharing technical standards has become an important task for the Army and the Navy. Navy consensus.Now, under Helena's suggestion, the Navy's Technology Development Department has established a joint office with the Wehrmacht Ordnance Department to discuss a unified "German National Military Standard", and I believe that the results will be seen soon.

To be able to do this, Helena would also like to thank the German army and navy for not being as deep as Japan, and they can still sit down and cooperate when encountering things that are beneficial to both parties.

However, cooperation belongs to cooperation. Many middle and high-level officers of the National Defense Forces still look down on the "upstarts" of the navy deep in their hearts. The army with a longer history in the German state has an indescribably wonderful sense of superiority!Although Helena couldn't understand this sense of superiority, she was relieved to think that the navy and air force of the Bald Eagles in later generations also looked down on the "third-class" army.Military prejudice really doesn't distinguish between eras and countries. As long as it doesn't hinder the country's overall military strategy, Helena doesn't care about the love and killing in the middle.

Helena can solve the problems at the level of weapon planning by coordinating the joint tendering of the army and the navy, formulating unified military standards, and serializing the design of weapons families.But Helena finds it very difficult to deal with the issue of different military industrial groups beggar-thy-neighbor.The reason is very simple, touching interests is more difficult than touching souls!

Let the army and navy coordinate military standards, although it also involves the distribution of interests among the services, but overall, the army and navy win-win.So as long as the coordination between the army and the navy is done well, there will be no additional resistance.Helena has the advantage of being a traverser, and the heads of the army and navy, General Sektor and Behnke, are both masters of coordination, so the progress in this aspect is basically smooth.

In contrast, the issue of internal friction between military-industrial groups for their own interests is more difficult, because the game between military-industrial groups is essentially a zero-sum game.There are only so many defense orders in total, if you eat more, I will eat less.In the case of zero-sum game, vicious competition and internal friction are inevitable.

In fact, it is not only Germany that is troubled by this problem. The internal friction of military enterprises for defense orders occurs in the military production of almost all military powers.This problem cannot be eradicated as long as there are competing groups in the military industry!Unless you engage in "big pot rice", but then the blow to the creativity of designers will be devastating.

Don't think that only the German military industry is engaged in internal friction!Don't think that only the military industries of capitalist countries engage in internal friction!The failure of the Soviet Union to land on the moon, in addition to the insufficient level of basic industry and the overall investment is not as good as the United States, Korolev's OKB-1 design bureau, Yanger's OKB-586 design bureau, Chelomei's OKB-52 design bureau dismantled each other It is also one of the reasons (especially Korolev's N-1 rocket and Chelomei's UR-700 compete for resources), which further disperses the already limited space resources of the Soviet Union.

Although the internal conflicts of different military enterprises cannot be eradicated, Helena said that if the goal is lowered a bit, the intensity of internal conflicts and its harm can be reduced, there is still hope to achieve it with hard work.

Helena's main approach is to:

[-]. Every time a large-scale national defense project is called for bidding, only one of the proposals of each bidder can win the bid.

[-]. The provider of the winning bid becomes the "prime contractor", and the "prime contractor" will receive a preference for scientific research resources.

[-]. If the order is relatively large, the "principal contractor" is not allowed to monopolize the order, but must hand over part of the order to other competitors through authorized production, and he can charge a prescribed percentage of authorization fees.

The advantage of doing this is that while maintaining the R&D enthusiasm of each competitor to the greatest extent, it increases their cost of being beggar-thy-neighbor.

Because of this, each competitor not only needs to produce orders for its own products, but also accepts orders for some other products.If you are beggar-thy-neighbor and stand on your own feet, then either you give up taking orders from others, which will lose a considerable part of the market share; or you will create two different systems within your own group, which will increase your own production costs .

Helena's method draws on the successful experience of many later countries in managing the production of military industrial enterprises. Judging from the current results, the effect is still good. The level is much higher than before.This is why Helena chose to further promote the serialization of artillery at this time.