Xinshun 1730

Chapter 1090 Industrial Revolution ([-])

The iron wheel flying shuttle loom cannot be regarded as a large-scale factory-made machine. It is a standard handicraft industry, and it is a cottage handicraft configuration.

But the production of such handicraft machines was itself part of the Industrial Revolution.

Steam engines can drive larger blowers, larger blowers provide higher smelting temperatures, higher smelting temperatures increase steel production, and more steel production can be used to produce this handicraft machine.

But whether it is the iron and steel industry or the iron-wheel flying shuttle loom, the source of its profits is, after all, those cloths that facilitated immigration in the northeast cold and completely defeated Indian cotton cloth in Southeast Asia.

In fact, according to the original historical technical level, if this kind of cottage industry loom with the technical level of 1800 is popularized throughout the country.

Then, at least at the level of technology at the outbreak of the First World War, machine cloth still has no possibility of winning - not foreign machine cloth, but even local machine cloth produced in the country without tariffs at all.

The industrialization of a country must match the times and its own special circumstances.Instead of fully copying the first-developed countries in history, because the population, per capita land, and rural economy of those first-developed countries cannot be copied.

Behind Nantong's two-foot-eight cloth that has fully occupied the market in the Northeast, what is reflected and hidden behind it is that Dashun's industrial revolution has begun.

The original Asian cotton cannot be spun into cotton yarn with sufficient strength, so it is impossible to weave cloth with a width of two feet eight.

The improvement of cotton seeds in northern Jiangsu solved this problem.

The original local spinning machine is also unable to spin the local yarn that can support a two-foot-eight wide cloth.

Cotton planting in northern Jiangsu combined with the progress of spinning in Songjiang Prefecture solved this problem.Of course, the prerequisite for the improvement of the spinning wheel is the long-staple cotton in northern Jiangsu.

The original amount of iron smelting is simply unable to support the demand for iron wheels of thousands of pedal looms.

The new iron smelting industry developed by the steam engine solved this problem.

Relying on the already fragile Northeast region with a small-scale peasant economy, and relying on the tens of millions of acres of sparsely populated land radiated by Liaohe water and ice transportation, cloth is the ultimate link, driving the profitable cotton spinning, iron smelting, and machinery industries development of.

The most important thing is the emergence of monopoly capital groups, monopolizing Dashun's long-staple cotton.

Whether it is Nanyang or northern Jiangsu's long-staple cotton, they are all monopolized.

Naturally, the long-staple cotton yarn required for broad-width cloth is also monopolized.

At the same time, ordinary families could not afford the cost of pedal looms, and the monopoly of long-staple cotton yarn prevented ordinary people from purchasing it individually, which also made the package purchase system popular in southern and central Jiangsu as a matter of course.

How to minimize the impact of industrialization on small farmers?
That is, iron turbines are contracted to go to the countryside, relying on the Northeast, Nanyang and Japanese markets to realize the upgrading of rural looms in Jiangsu province.

In this way, the contradiction is transformed.

If the upgrading of rural looms in the entire Jiangsu Province can be completed, it should be said that Dashun’s steam loom industry will have no room to survive at least 50 years at the current rate of technological progress.

However, the contradiction has changed from the "impact on the small peasant economy and the counterattack of the small peasant economy" directly to the machinery industry to the contradiction of "the development of cotton cloth production and the insufficient quantity of cotton yarn".

From the original, the small farmers in the entire Huanghuai District and Subei District went bankrupt and launched an uprising against the possibility of development in the new era.

became.

Either continue to expand externally; or after the external expansion reaches its peak, emerging capital groups kidnap the entire population of Jiangsu Province, demand to eat up the domestic market, and disintegrate the small peasant economy in the rest of the country.

Every time an iron turbine is sent to the countryside, it means that the emerging capital group has kidnapped another family of people.

Moreover, this family of people will support the process of capital transforming the whole country, that is, their iron turbines and wide-width cloth will destroy the one-foot cloth of the original small-scale peasant economy.

Of course, when the cottage handicraftsmen in Jiangsu province followed the will of capital to transform the whole country, once they won, it would mean their own demise.

They destroyed the allies in the sense of their own class, so when capital wiped them out in the future, no one would stand up and fight with them.

And the power behind them to control them, when to support external expansion, and when to feel that their wings are hard and want to eat the whole country is the capital group that monopolizes the cotton yarn and long-staple cotton industry hidden behind them.

In other words, it is a visible hand that controls the production and whereabouts of broad cotton cloth, and determines the direction of the impact.

Liu Yu said that it is good to go overseas now.Therefore, under the background of smuggling to Europe, replacing Indian cotton cloth in Southeast Asia, and the British being forced by the smuggling of Dashun to introduce a stricter cotton cloth ban, a new three-year cotton textile depression in Surat, India, was brewed. And the recession has continued into this year.

It seems that the introduction of the iron wheel loom into the family has stabilized the small peasant economy.

In fact, quite the opposite.

On the outside, it looks very similar to the small-scale peasant economy, with men farming and women weaving, but in fact, the small-scale peasant economy in Jiangsu Province has been quietly disintegrated by Liu Yu.

Every family that weaves cotton cloth with an iron wheel is actually an employee of capital, but the workplace is at home instead of in a factory.

The whole process, seemingly free, is actually under strict control.

Cotton from Nanyang and cotton from northern Jiangsu are processed in Nantong or Songjiang Prefecture, such as ginning, seed removal, and rubbing.

Then it enters the spinning workshop, where it is spun into long-staple cotton yarn that can be woven into broad cloth.

Each package buyer needs to order cotton yarn in advance, and then subcontract the cotton yarn to the weavers who weave at home.

When the weavers finish weaving, they get their own wages—they have no right to dispose of the cloth themselves, they can only hand it over to the contractor, and then spend their own money to buy the cloth.

After the bag buyer gets the cloth, he pays the stamp duty.

Tax evasion is very difficult, because the upstream cotton yarn is controlled, and the tax collection department knows how much cloth can be woven.The original cotton and earth yarn cannot be spun into this kind of wide cloth.

Where to sell the cloth seems to be free, but in fact it is not free.

The cut canals, the checkpoints set up in key places after the salt reform, and the cost difference between sea and land transportation all restricted the circulation direction of these cloths.

The logic of production for those families involved in the contract purchase system of iron-wheel looms is no longer to use for themselves and exchange for excess.

Its production logic has become to sell labor force to earn rewards, and then use the sold labor force in exchange for rewards to buy daily necessities.

However, this process of disintegration is minimally invasive and painless, as far as the self-cultivating farmers in Jiangsu Province are concerned.

Unknowingly, their identities have changed from small farmers to special hired labor under the subcontract system.

Who bears these pains?
Under natural disasters and man-made disasters, people in Hebei and Shandong who had to go to the east to survive; people in Huanghuai, Fujian and Guangdong who went to Nanyang with super high death rates; Japanese hemp textile industry was generally bankrupted by cotton cloth; Indian Surat area Cotton Textile Depression.

Whether it is going to the Guandong or going to Nanyang, the process itself is painful.

Including Dashun's entry into the Guandong at this time, the process is more like a colonial company buying indentured slaves and enclosing land there to plant beans, rather than spontaneously fleeing and expanding small farmers.

This is very different from the development of Northeast immigration in history. The peak of Northeast immigration in history was caused by the construction of railways, mining, and industrial and commercial trade under imperialist aggression.

But now, relying on the Liaohe River Basin, the capital-funded profit-oriented planting industry can also be called a soybean plantation or a grain farm.

In fact, the essence still revolves around the cotton industry. The capital in northern Jiangsu wants cheap bean cakes.

Produced by the adsorption of rhizobia and nutrient roots of newly reclaimed land, the fertilizer effect is equivalent to 30% of ammonium nitrate bean cake fertilizer.

Compared with the saltpeter mines in distant South America, bean cakes are cheaper to use as fertilizer.

Cotton cultivation requires both slightly saline soil and extremely high fertility.

Although bean cakes are edible, people who need to eat bean cakes for their livelihood must not have the money to buy them. This is the logic of capital.

The hunger of the people in other places in Dashun has nothing to do with capital.And the capital for growing soybeans in the enclosed land is not because the yield of soybeans is higher than that of wheat at this time, which can increase the grain production of Dashun and save the people from starvation.

It's just because it's easy to grow, easy to store, and easy to sell.

It is also the reason why the soybean planting area in the Liaohe River Basin is soaring at this time, but the rice planting can't even keep up with the Wusuli and Songhua River areas farther north-there can't be shipped there unless the imperial court takes out the tyranny of the Qin Dynasty Build a canal across the watershed, or advance steam locomotive technology, or grow something to eat.

Before the railway was built, the land there was disdained by capital.

As for the sorghum in the northeast of Dashun at this time, most of it is just a by-product of soybean planting, because it needs to be changed to prevent the reduction of production caused by pathogens.

A soybean was planted in the Liaohe River Basin by capital for profit.

Ripens in autumn and is harvested by agricultural laborers.Due to the large-scale investment of capital in enclosing land, horse-drawn harvesters and threshers were popularized.

To plant a grain of millet in the spring and harvest ten thousand seeds in the autumn is basically an exaggerated rhetorical method.

However, compared with the early European agriculture, one harvests five, soybeans can basically achieve eight harvests because of their special self-fixation of nitrogen.

One grain of soybeans turned into eight grains, and then the agricultural capitalists who enclose the land sent people to the grain warehouses in the surrounding counties that developed.

In the grain storehouse in the county seat, the banknotes were exchanged, and then the banknotes were exchanged for cloth, ironware, tea, sugar, etc.

And these eight soybeans are processed into soybean oil and soybean cakes in the county town.

Through the Liaohe River, the soybean oil and bean cake of these eight soybeans were transported to Yingkou.

Ship and ship to Songjiang Prefecture.

The bean cakes were bought by the enclosure capitalists in northern Jiangsu, and piled up in the enclosure and reclamation land in northern Jiangsu, where they were turned into fertilizer and nourished cotton.

Soybean oil was bought by industrial capital in southern Jiangsu and processed into candles, glycerin, and soap.

Then the cotton was transported to Nantong through the canal dug by Liu Bi, the king of Wu who provoked the rebellion of the seven kings of Wu and Chu in the Han Dynasty.

In Nantong, it goes through carding machine to remove seeds, into cotton, packs, and transports to Songjiang Prefecture.

In the factory in Songjiang Prefecture, it is processed into cotton yarn, and then sold to well-capitalized contractors.

These package buyers will distribute them to families in Nantong, and the women in these families will weave them into two-foot-eight-width cloth.

These cloths were then recycled to Songjiang Prefecture, where they were shipped together with candles, glycerin, and soap processed from soybean oil, and transported to Yingkou.

Then go north from Yingkou, come to various counties, cities and towns, and sell them into banknotes.

Then buy more soybeans, bean cakes, soybean oil, flax yarn, tussah silk, sorghum wine, wood tar, sorghum rice, wheat, and rice.

Complete a basic cycle that takes about two years to realize capital appreciation, accumulation and profit.

It should be said that until this time... Dashun was regarded as the emergence of capitalism in the true sense.

It also makes all this can be called the industrial revolution, rather than a variant of the Westernization Movement.

(End of this chapter)