My system is not decent

Chapter 1940
Khan’s tombs unearthed in Nanhu Lake, according to the age of the excavation reports of the tombs, and the basic characteristics of the lacquerware produced, are probably bounded by the edict "Correct Shuo, Yifu Color" issued by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty in the first year of Taichu (104 BC). , can be divided into two periods.

There are eight tombs belonging to the early Western Han Dynasty, and many lacquerware were unearthed.

其中湖沙国丞相、第一代轪侯利苍及家族墓，马王堆2号汉墓出土漆器200多件，马王堆3号汉墓出土完整漆器316件，马王堆1号汉墓出土完整和带铭文漆器184件。

More than 500 pieces of complete lacquerware and a large number of crushed lacquerware fragments of more than 4000 pieces were unearthed from the Yuyang tomb of Queen Wu of Changsha in Husha Xianjiahu Wangchengpo.

In Husha Shazitang No. 1 Husha royal tomb, 7 complete lacquerware and a large number of lacquerware fragments were unearthed.

A large number of crushed lacquer and wood fragments, about 296 pieces, were unearthed from the tomb of Wu Yang, the first generation of Yuanling Marquis in Huxi Mountain, Yuanling.

From the tomb of King Wuzhu of Changsha, Xianjiahu, Xiangbizui, Husha, 3 complete lacquer ware were unearthed, and a large number of crushed lacquer ware fragments were unearthed.

Hundreds of lacquer wares were unearthed from the tomb of Empress Cao of Changsha in Xianjiahu Steep Mountain in Husha.

This batch of lacquerware is not only numerous in number and beautifully decorated, but also rich in types and well preserved, reflecting the real situation of the development of lacquerware in the early Han Dynasty.

There are 6 tombs belonging to the late Western Han Dynasty, including the tomb of Queen Changsha at No. 1 Fengpengling, Wangcheng, Changsha.

Fragments of decayed lacquerware were unearthed from the tomb of Liu, a member of the Quanlinghou family in Yaoziling, Yongzhou.

Several remnants of lacquerware were unearthed from the third-generation Quanlinghou Tomb at No. 1 Yaoziling, Yongzhou.

2 pieces of lacquered vessels with inscriptions were unearthed from the tomb of Mrs. Quanling Hou at No. 12 Yaoziling, Yongzhou.

Fragments of lacquerware with inscriptions were unearthed from the tomb of the Changsha royal family of the Liu family in Yangjiashan, Husha

A remnant lacquer box was unearthed from the tomb of a senior nobleman at No. 304 Yangjiashan, Husha.

This batch of lacquerware does not win by quantity, but is known for its difficult craftsmanship, which reflects the increasingly sophisticated craftsmanship of lacquerware in the late Western Han Dynasty.

The Qin Dynasty and the early Han Dynasty were an extremely important turning period in the history of our country.

A large number of lacquerware materials quoted above are mainly from Nanhu Lake in the old land of Chu.

It was not ruled by the Qin Central Dynasty for a long time. Even in the early Han Dynasty, the influence of the original Chu culture on early Han lacquerware was perhaps stronger than that of other regions.

However, this is still a good material for interpreting the development of lacquerware in the early Han Dynasty.

Due to the specific historical and geographical environment of the Husha Kingdom, the lacquerware of the tombs of the high-ranking nobles of the Western Han Dynasty in Nanhu not only inherits the heritage of the pre-Qin period, but also has variability due to external factors such as social structure and changes in concepts and consciousness in the early Han Dynasty.

This cultural phenomenon is consistent with Thomas Harding's theory of cultural evolution.

Specifically, the inheritance and variation embodied in its lacquer craftsmanship are manifested in two aspects: function and craftsmanship.

When discussing the inheritance and variation of the function of lacquerware in the tombs of high-ranking nobles of the Western Han Dynasty in Nanhu, we will examine the two factors that best reflect the function of lacquerware: the type and shape of the lacquerware.

From this, it can be concluded that the meaning of etiquette retreats and the practical function gradually strengthens.

There are also many reasons for this. First, the category and quantity of lacquer ritual vessels in the early Han Dynasty dropped sharply, while practical vessels increased day by day.

The biggest feature of the utensil system in the pre-Qin period is that people have to follow the rules of the etiquette system, and special ritual utensils are stipulated, such as the system of using tripods, according to the ritual system of the Western Zhou Dynasty.

For example, "Ritual sacrifices: nine tripods for the son of heaven, seven princes, five ministers, and three yuan scholars."

In the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the patriarchal system declined, and the feudal lords had already surpassed the system of using the emperor.

Up to the early Han Dynasty, the utensils represented by the tripod were still inherited to varying degrees from the legacy of the pre-Qin period.

Seven lacquer tripods were unearthed from Mawangdui Tomb No. 1, and six lacquer tripods were unearthed from Tomb No. 7.

The lacquer (pottery) tripod system is recorded in Mawangdui Tomb No. 1, which still follows the pre-Qin Shangqing ceremony.

This shows that in the early Han Dynasty, the upper class nobles still partially retained the old etiquette system.

However, the number of tripods used in the records of the dispatch policy is nine, seven, and three prisons.

There are also 3 sets of accompanying tripods, and 7 lacquered tripods for the funerary objects, which shows that the dispatch plan is recorded as a practical ritual vessel during the great sacrifice, and it is only used for sacrifices and not for burial.

The funerary tripod reflects the hierarchical status of the owner of the tomb, and reflects the early Han Dynasty Ming ware system.

This shows that while the Han Dynasty inherited the ritual system of the pre-Qin period, there were variations.

After Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, fundamental changes took place in the category of lacquerware, and there was no lacquer tripod in the tombs of the late Western Han Dynasty.

The combination of lacquerware in the early Han Dynasty still has a certain ritual meaning.

For example, lacquer and pan come out together, which shows that they have completely inherited the ritual of Wo wash in the pre-Qin period.

Each chapter of "Rituals" has rituals such as washing, washing, and offering sacrifices, and washing is an important ritual.

The watering device from the top is a 匜, and the water receiving device below is a plate.

Therefore, in the tombs of the pre-Qin period, Zhongpan and Yi were often unearthed in sets.

A total of two lacquer pieces were unearthed from the east chamber and the north chamber of Han Tomb No. 1 in Mawangdui.

Two flat plates were also unearthed from the east chamber, and a lacquer plate was unearthed from the north chamber.

The lacquer plate and lacquer pot in the tomb of Yuanling Hou and Han came from the same source, which shows that at least in the early Han Dynasty, the ritual of pre-Qin Wo wash was still used.

In the late Western Han Dynasty, this washing method was simplified, and the pan and pan were not the same.

For example, in the late Western Han Dynasty, only lacquer plates were produced from the tomb of Marquis of Quanling, but not lacquer pots.

Another example is the tombs of nobles in the pre-Qin period, where a few sticks are common.

Usually it is set on the side of the seat to lean on the body, and the stick is used to lean on the body.

These two things are both ritual vessels, so "Several Rituals" is often used in conjunction with "a few sticks".

"Book of Rites · Qu Li": "If a doctor is seventy and does something, if he doesn't thank you, he will give you a few sticks."

Several sticks from the north chamber of Mawangdui Tomb No. 1, and several sticks from Han Tomb No. 1 on Wangchengpo and No. 1 Han Tomb on Doubi Mountain.

It shows that the situation of several sticks coming out of the tomb in the early Han Dynasty is indeed inherited from the legacy of the pre-Qin period.

However, in the tombs of the late Western Han Dynasty, there is no longer the phenomenon of several sticks coming out at the same time.

In addition, the bed is a kind of funeral utensil commonly used in Chu tombs. Chu people believe that it has the function of auspiciousness and evil.

By the early Han Dynasty, people still used this concept and custom.

For example, on the inner coffin floors of No. 1 Shazitang Han Tomb and No. 1 Doubishan Han Tomb, there are carved lacquer beds.

The patterns on these bottom plates seem to be "Xiangyun Gongbi" after restoration, which is very similar to the lacquer bed of the Hushachu tomb.

The above-mentioned lacquerware unearthed in the tombs of high-ranking nobles in the early Han Dynasty shows that the deep-rooted pre-Qin ritual system has remained unchanged after the baptism of blood and fire.

Judging from the overall situation of lacquerware products from these tombs, it is in sharp contrast to the pre-Qin period when lacquerware was mainly ritual vessels.

The difference is that its lacquerware category has jumped out of the circle of ritual vessels and is used in all aspects of life.

The lacquer ritual utensils such as Jin, Zu and Dou, which were common in pre-Qin tombs, have disappeared, and new types of living utensils continue to emerge.

Eating utensils include tripods, boxes, plates, bowls, bells, franciums, pots, ear cups, plates, goblets, cup boxes, spoons, daggers, and bean-shaped utensils.

Washing utensils include basins, pans, and washbasins; toiletry items include double-layer dressings, boxes, boxes, combs, grates, and hairpins.

Daily utensils include screens, tables, tables, sticks, pans, skips, tigers, utensil bases, and inkstones.

Entertainment products include Qin, Se, Zhu, Panxiao, Yu, Yulu, Qing, Drum, Liubo, dice, and chips.

(End of this chapter)