I'm really not doing business

Chapter 459 Ye Li’s Fourteen Rules
Profits tax, a 50% tax is levied on the outflow of silver and brass. Zhu Yijun wants to encourage maritime merchants to go out, but he does not want them to take silver and copper out, so the scope of the profits tax is limited to silver and brass. These two precious metals.

It can be regarded as an ancestral law. After all, there was a very clear ban on gold and silver in the early Ming Dynasty.

Once this regulation is announced, I am afraid it will arouse fierce opposition.

Because in the eyes of the widespread maritime merchants, this was another strong interference from the imperial court, which would make them very uncomfortable. This is to be expected. Because of the distance, the gentry in the south of the Yangtze River did not have any concerns about the invasion of the north. They felt the same, but they were frightened by the Japanese invasion in front of them.

The Songjiang School had a similar view. They believed that the imperial court was deceiving.

For example, in the current crusade against Ban Sheng, in the view of the Songjiang School, the imperial court used the broad concept of Han people to make you, who had nothing to do with this matter, hate the northern barbarians you have never seen and live in the south. What specific connection do you have with Beilu?
Then you have to feel proud and moved by achievements that have nothing to do with you. What's the use of this? It has no use other than to give you something to talk about while drinking, and part of the money for starting the war comes from you, who has nothing to do with it.

The freedom in the eyes of Ming Gong is completely different from the freedom of the Songjiang School.

The freedom of the Songjiang School is a freedom that will not be interfered with at all and is completely centered on self-interest, while the freedom in Minggong's eyes is freedom under reason, freedom with restrictions and abiding by basic rules.

The Treatise on Public and Private Affairs can refute a similar point.

The Ming Dynasty's crusade against Ban Sheng is closely related to the Ming Dynasty. The Ming Dynasty is the largest collective and the largest public of all the Ming Dynasty people.

At that time, the relationship will change from invisible to explicit, and it will really be closely related to the world, and a vicious circle will appear.

Wang Guoguang still shook his head and said: "But this cannot be redeemed as a treasure banknote, which is against the ancestral law. It was established in the eighth year of Hongwu in the early years of the Republic of China that each banknote has the same value, one tael of silver, one thousand copper coins, and they are used in common with copper coins. Counterfeiters He was beheaded, and those who reported the arrest were rewarded with two hundred and fifty taels of silver, and the prisoner was given property, and a banknote exchange law was established. In the 26th year of Hongwu, the banknote exchange law was abolished. "

Will it really be fulfilled? If redeemed.

The problems that Kublai Khan and Zhu Yuanzhang could not solve could not be solved by Zhu Yijun.

Tan Lun, Qi Jiguang and others valued the Great Xianbei Pass so much because they were afraid that the left wing led by Tuman Khan would merge with Dongyi.

The second one is cashing in. The gold and silver prepared by the Ming Dynasty court were accurate, but the reserves were small and corruption was extremely serious. The managers of the official treasury often exchanged the gold and silver for their cronies, or simply used public affairs for personal gain. The generals and ministers only need to privately print treasure banknotes to empty out the entire official treasury. This also leads to the fact that convertible currency has always been non-cashable currency, further exacerbating the problem of devaluation of treasure banknotes.

"If this treasure banknote cannot be redeemed, is it an act of losing the country's great trust?" Zhang Xueyan first raised his concerns. The step was too big, which was not a good thing for the Ming Dynasty. Wang Guoguang and Zhang Xueyan were both traditional conservatives, and they were concerned about the issuance of the treasure. Neither national debt nor borrowing money from the private sector is approved.

Wang Guoguang understood.

Therefore, crusade against Ban Sheng, or safeguarding the interests of Ming Dynasty, the largest collective, is really closely related to everyone.

Xu Jiugao traveled around the world and saw the chaos of colonial currency in many colonies. Stamped silver coins were cut, pearls were woven into strips and treated as money. Even tobacco company receipts and decent-looking stones could be used as currency. Colonial, there is no doubt that the difficult-to-counterfeit Ming Dynasty banknotes will have their own place.

Overseas foreigners are willing to accept the use of treasure banknotes, based on two points. First, they have to use it because there is no better currency to replace it; second, it is a beautiful dream. In a distant place, treasure banknotes can be used in the heavenly kingdom. Cashable currency that can be exchanged for real gold and silver.

The Ming Dynasty treasure banknotes have their own complete system design, including cashing, death of those who print privately, heavy rewards for reporting and exposing people, in addition to giving money, the family property of the prisoner is also searched, and there is even regular banknote exchange.

Baoqian has become a thing of the Ming Dynasty. Everyone does not approve of Baoqian, so printing money and sending it overseas is a good idea.

Wang Guoguang and Zhang Xueyan looked at each other, and after thinking about it, they agreed with His Majesty's idea.

The Ming Dynasty also copied the work of the Yuan Dynasty. During the reign of Kublai Khan, Prime Minister Ye Li Ding's "Ye Li Fourteen Rules" reformed the various shortcomings of treasure banknotes at the end of the Song Dynasty and the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty.

Neither the Zhiyuan Tongxing Baobao nor the Ming Dynasty Baobao can solve the problem of rapid depreciation of banknotes. There are two main problems that cannot be solved by the system.

Qi Jiguang always advocated a decisive battle in the wild, beating the enemy to death, which was the only solution, but Zhang Juzheng knew that he could not do it. This was because Wen, Zhang and Wu Qi had different ways and did not collude with each other.

Zhu Yijun shook his head and said: "In the Ming Dynasty, even a seven-year-old child knew that treasure money was useless."

At present, the Ministry of Industry has more than 120 casting furnaces, coin minters are registered, and more than million coins are minted every year. With the rapid development of Luzon's copper industry, the coin casting of the Ministry of Industry of the Ming Dynasty is also developing rapidly. , and the people of the Ming Dynasty generally recognized Wanli Tongbao, but looked down upon privately cast flying coins. In fact, flying coins are small in weight and contain little copper, are not durable and have little exchange value.

Exchange means exchanging old and new banknotes for use together, and the old and new banknotes are replaced regularly; cashing means that each banknote is exchanged for a full amount of copper and silver, which can be redeemed; the punishment is that the person who secretly printed the money will die, and the person who reports it will be heavily rewarded, and the family property will be confiscated; the gold and silver in the official treasury are equal. The banknote law and the official treasury reserve system ensure that while exchanging the currency, the official treasury must also use gold and silver to purchase treasure banknotes from time to time to ensure that the treasure banknotes will not depreciate; multiple denominations, ranging from five to five cents, are convenient to use; Regarding currency and debt, Xu Heng revealed the basic fact that banknotes are national debt in "Chu Coin Notes"; the wing banknote method is used to make copper coins, which is to cast copper coins and silver ingots to maintain the banknote method from depreciation, etc.

The city built by the grassland people stands on the grassland like a pillar of shame. The left and right wings of the Tatars, Dongyi Jianzhou, Haixi Savage Jurchen, and the Seven Outer Khalkha tribes will all respect the Ming Dynasty from the bottom of their hearts. Doubts arise, and disobedience gradually arises. Eventually, they will come together to attack the Ming Dynasty.

Even the Ming Dynasty knew that treasure notes were worthless, so would the overseas Panyi be willing to accept them? This is something that must be considered.

He said: Seeing the competition for profit, there are private coins every day. Although the death is endless, the money made is too thin and the copper is scarce, so it cannot be piled up.

Therefore, Zhu Yijun never had the idea of ​​​​implementing the banknote method in the Ming Dynasty, so he could only suffer the hardships overseas.

At this time, Zhu Yijun proposed to Wang Guoguang to print a kind of treasure banknote that was difficult to counterfeit but could not be cashed. The intention was really obvious: seigniorage.

"Our Ming Dynasty does not recognize treasure banknotes from top to bottom, so will the overseas Fanyi recognize it?" Zhang Xueyan raised his own doubts.

"Overseas foreigners will recognize it. They will even recognize stones, because they have no better general equivalent to use."

The banknote itself is a kind of debt that relies on the reputation of the court. The banknote is an IOU. Exchanging 1 new banknote for 5 old banknotes will create a new debt of four times to the people on the original basis. This represents cruelty. peel.

The Ming Dynasty implemented the banknote law. Empress Dowager Li's biological father and the emperor's grandfather, Wu Qingbo Li Wei, directly opened the seal. Zhu Yijun should kill or not kill. As an emperor and a political creature, Zhu Yijun could kill Li Wei to establish his authority regardless of Empress Dowager Li's feelings. But he was just and impartial, and the officials in the Ming Dynasty officialdom protected him, could he kill him cleanly?
Money moves people's hearts.

The first one is the private seal. Sometimes, the court receives a report and finds that the private seal is from the emperor, relatives, princes, generals, and ministers. Then the Ministry of Revenue can only deal with the whistleblower, but not the problem, only the person who raised the question. After the emperor's relatives, princes, generals and ministers were reprimanded, they asked the brokers and compradors to hold private seals on their behalf. Should the Ministry of Household Affairs investigate or not? A law without punishment and without enforcement means nothing.

The Fourteenth Article of Ye Li can be said to be a very complete legal regulation for the issuance of banknotes. Kublai Khan issued a total of more than 36.18 million banknotes, which were eventually abolished. Kublai Khan was never able to solve the problem of the devaluation of banknotes. The problem is that in the eighth year of Hongwu, Ming Dynasty Baochao also encountered similar challenges.

"Change the version." Zhu Yijun said with a smile: "Most of the treasure banknotes will not flow back to the Ming Dynasty, which means that most of the treasure banknotes cannot be cashed. By the time Fanyi does not recognize the old banknotes, the old banknotes will have been worn out. Just change the version.”

This is a very cruel method. When changing banknotes, because banknotes will inevitably depreciate, the new banknotes must not be replaced with other denominations. For example, Zhiyuanbao banknotes (new banknotes) are exchanged for Zhongtong banknotes (old banknotes) at a ratio of 1:5. , represents the depreciation of Zhongtong banknotes, and also represents the increase in the issuance amount of new banknotes.

The Ming Dynasty treasure banknotes have a very clear system design. Zhu Yuanzhang did not slap his forehead and start printing money directly.

The seigniorage from stamping silver coins and casting Tongbao is already very generous, but it is definitely not as fast as printing treasure banknotes!

The Ming Dynasty needs to increase its power to resist the captives. To increase its power, it needs money and food. The court needs to increase its exploitation of the people. The meat-eaters who are good at cost shifting will make the most ordinary people bear the tax increase. Ordinary people cannot afford it and cause the people to suffer. Civil chaos and civil unrest further destroyed production and led to more civil unrest. The Ming Dynasty became weaker and more unable to resist the invaders. The weaker Ming Dynasty would make more and more disobedient people outside the Great Wall. Under this vicious cycle, the Ming Dynasty would eventually be destroyed. When the captives entered the pass, all life in the world was in ruins.

The possibility of the Ming Dynasty going out and completely defeating the enemy is very small. The Ming Dynasty failed to defeat the enemies before they completed the merger. On the day when the grassland tribes complete the merger and attack the Ming Dynasty together, even if the Ming Dynasty is undefeated, it will become an invisible line on the Ming Dynasty. The scars on the bottom are constantly bleeding.

The seigniorage tax was called fire consumption in the Ming Dynasty. There was a fire consumption for stamping silver coins and casting Tongbao. This fire consumption was the profit. After subtracting a part of the silver and copper materials, mixed with lead and tin, it was the seigniorage tax.

"The laws established by our ancestors cannot be discarded." Zhu Yijun looked at Wang Guoguang and said with certainty.

If this greatest collective interest cannot be safeguarded, then the private relative to the public, that is, the small collective, cannot guarantee its own interests. This is a truth that even the Jin Party has understood. His Majesty and Zhang Juzheng made it very clear.

Cashable currency is an ancestral law, but it is also an ancestral law that promises to be fulfilled but actually fails to be fulfilled. Hongwu stopped exchanging banknotes after the twenty-sixth year, which is an ancestral law that is no longer redeemable. The ancestors also turned over sesame cakes, which gave future generations A very flexible political and moral bottom line for formulating policies.

Regarding the issue of silver waste, a program of asset enhancement has been formulated, and specific policies have also been piloted. Matters such as profits tax, the number of workers and peasants, and the expansion of Yanxing Building are all centered around this issue.

"Your Majesty, Wang Yushi is here." Feng Bao whispered to His Majesty.

"Xuan."

Wang Qian was greeted by the courtesy, and then sat aside obediently, listening quietly to His Majesty and the two Situ discussing how to solve the problem of idling silver.

The idling of silver means that silver is controlled and circulated in the hands of a few people, which is a problem with barriers. The fundamental reason for idling is that money will only flow to places where there is no shortage of money. If you want money, open the door to the people. , even a small window is extremely difficult.

To solve this problem, the court's investment became a non-solution. Through various means such as national bonds and trading houses, the silver was concentrated in the hands of the court, the investment was completed, and then the silver was returned to the silver in the form of interest and dividends. owners, hoping for a virtuous cycle.

But there is a very fatal problem. At present, the trust between the emperor's court and the borrower is completely based on His Majesty's personal credibility.

This is very dangerous. Once the emperor's personal credibility collapses, or if the emperor has an accident, all the systems built around the emperor's credibility will collapse. The tax bureau, trading houses, national debt, etc. will all have extremely serious consequences for the country and the dynasty. profound influence.

"What did you say, sir?" Zhu Yijun asked Zhang Juzheng what he thought of this deep binding. Wang Guoguang said helplessly: "Yuan Fu said, this is good."

What else can Zhang Juzheng, a die-hard royalist, say? Zhang Juzheng is happy to see this happen. His Majesty is supreme, but he is also a human being in a physical sense and will be in danger. The more interests tied to His Majesty, the more safety he can ensure and his wide support.

Zhang Juzheng placed all his trust in the emperor for the Ming Dynasty's New Deal and the Ming Dynasty's reforms.

Zhang Juzheng has a way, but he won't say it. Besides, he doesn't have any good way.

Wang Guoguang and Zhang Xueyan reported on the compilation of the "Wanli Accounting Records" and chose to leave, while Wang Qian finally survived the serious atmosphere of this meeting.

"We are all discussing important affairs of the country. Please excuse me for coming unexpectedly." Wang Qian took a few hard breaths. The adults were talking about big things, but his trivial matter was really not on the table.

"Yanxinglou Trading House has been left to you. How come Wang Yushi, a busy man, has time to come to my study?" Zhu Yijun asked Wang Qian's purpose.

Wang Qian rolled up his sleeves, bowed five times and kowtowed three times, and said, "I have come to apologize for the pearl incident."

"Daddy asked you to come." Zhu Yijun took a sip of water and said with a smile: "Get up and talk."

"Yes." Wang Qian did not quibble and chose to tell the truth. Lying could not hide the truth from His Majesty.

Zhu Yijun asked: "What do you think you are guilty of?"

"I think I'm right!" Wang Qian answered this question very clearly. Wang Chonggu, an old man, doesn't understand at all. Carnivores also have to survive and eliminate. If he can't even control his own greed, then It's just irrational, let alone Hongyi.

Zhu Yijun waved his hand, shook his head and said, "You, you still don't understand your father's worries. Wang Cifu knew what he was saying, and you couldn't listen to it, so he asked you to come over."

"Wang Cifu is getting older. He is afraid of this and that. It's not that he is corrupt or that he can't accept it. He is worried about you. You are hoarding goods now, and all you want is pearls. Pearls are something that only Zhongmingding Food House can use. , you can do it, but if you lose your basic necessities, you will definitely die."

"Human greed is amplified little by little in the constant pursuit of profit, rationality disappears little by little, and people are controlled by greed. In the end, they are punished and regretted."

Wang Qian was stunned for a moment, sat on a chair, thought for a long time, then bowed his head and said, "Thank you for your teaching, Your Majesty."

There are some words that Wang Chonggu, as a father, would not be able to say openly in front of his son. He was not aware of the transgressions he committed before the second year of Wanli. Every wrong step led to wrong steps, and Wang Chonggu faced The son said that the wrong things he had done in the past had undermined his father's dignity.

Wang Chonggu saw his past self in Wang Qian, so he took the seven-star ring-headed sword to clean up the door.

"Your Majesty, speculation cannot be banned, because speculation comes from people's greed." Wang Qian said why he did not think he was guilty. After the influx of large amounts of silver, speculation will face the powerful power of money. , has become a common practice.

Zhu Yijun thought for a moment and asked: "So you are also a Confucian scholar under Xunzi's sect and believe that human nature is inherently evil?"

"Human nature is... evil!" Wang Qian used a lot of courage to say this sentence. He is a traditional Confucian scholar, the kind who has passed the exam for fame. Originally, the thoughts of the sages of Confucianism that human nature is inherently good are deeply rooted. But in the past few years of serving, he gradually discovered that the classics are not completely correct. Of course there is good in human nature, but there is also evil.

The northern barbarians and the foreign barbarians outside the Great Wall, as well as the foreign barbarians overseas, have no education and are no different from wild beasts. If human nature is good, how can they be the same as wild beasts?

Zhu Yijun looked at Wang Qian, nodded and said, "I can rest assured that I will leave the affairs of Yanxinglou Trading Company to you."

Wang Qian is a dandy, the originator of speculation, and even more of an evil person. Trading is a chasm between human nature and evil. The only way to control it is to hand evil people over to be tortured by evil people, and use evil to control evil.

"Be careful of private trading meetings." Zhu Yijun talked about the specific contents of the trading house. These private trading meetings will become bookmakers, thereby draining all the credibility of the trading house.

"This minister has done this before." Wang Qian said with a slight embarrassment: "In fact, it is easy to find. Speculators like to have private banquets and gather in someone's home. It is not easy to completely ban speculation, but we can We use many means to monitor their speculative actions to see if there will be any risk of spreading downwards. This is the bottom line that needs to be strictly guarded against and adhered to. "

"Your Majesty, from my simple understanding, the main contradiction of the Ming Dynasty's economy is the chaos caused by chaotic currency. Feiqian, salt currency, acceptance bills, Wanli Tongbao, silver coins, and silver are all currencies. In the shortest possible time, A reputable and unified money supply system has been established, and currency values ​​are no longer as volatile as before.”

Wang Qian does not advocate a complete ban on speculation. In his opinion, this is the best way to eliminate meat-eaters. Anyone who loses rationality will lose everything in the trading house. It is also the only way for producers to completely change the class. Perhaps, in Wang Qian's view, the expansion of trading houses is a window that money opens to the poor.

Ship tickets can be held for a long time to obtain dividends and then exchanged for more tickets. This kind of ticket is also a kind of currency and a method of distribution.

Wang Qian put forward his understanding of state affairs for the first time. He felt that the main contradiction of the Ming Dynasty's economy was that trade and the economy were becoming more and more prosperous, and exchanges were accelerating, but the currency that served as a medium was extremely chaotic and could not be supplied in sufficient quantities.

"Da Situ and Young Situ have already talked about this. About five years ago, you had not yet passed the Jinshi exam." Zhu Yijun nodded. The money shortage was terrible. Wang Guoguang had repeatedly explained it five years ago.

It’s not that the Ming Dynasty didn’t want to solve the problem. It opened the sea just for the inflow of silver. It’s not that the two Situ were incompetent. It was because the Ming Dynasty was too big. No matter how many silver coins or copper coins it was, it couldn’t fill this big hole. The Ming Dynasty’s demand for currency was really huge. It was so shocking that Zhu Yijun even suspected that the reason why the Central Plains could not transform from a small peasant economy to a commodity economy was due to the money shortage.

Really short of money.

Ming Dynasty was like a glutton, swallowing up all the silver and brass that flowed into Ming Dynasty, and was greedy.

"I'm being rude." Wang Qian quickly bowed his head and said. It turns out that the officials in the imperial court had known about it for a long time and had reported to His Majesty.

"I am very satisfied with your willingness to share worries for the country." Zhu Yijun encouraged: "You just have to manage the trading business well and practice more. With your intelligence, you may be able to achieve success in the future."

"I sincerely obey His Majesty's holy teachings." Wang Qian said goodbye to His Majesty.

Zhu Yijun has always disapproved of Wang Chonggu's way of training Wang Qian. Wang Chonggu wanted Wang Qian to be a dandy who would eat and die and wait for death. However, Wang Qian, who was proficient in the theory of contradictions, arithmetic, public and private, and class theory, was the top meat of the elected official class. Or, he stands high enough and has a very clear understanding of the basic logic of social operation. It is really a waste of talent to wait for death like this.

Zhu Yijun reminded Wang Qian not to lose his rationality, and it was not empty talk. Yan Song's son, Yan Shifan, was such a smart man. However, in the process of rising step by step, he finally lost his rationality. The complete collapse of the Yan Party was closely related to Yan Shifan's extortion of bribes from the Prince's Palace. Relationship.

Yanxinglou Trading House is preparing to issue two tickets, Suiyuan Chidao and Suiyuan Mining. These two tickets total two million copies, each priced at five silver, and will be issued in three years. They will be used for Suiyuan Chidao. The money required for construction and mining in Suiyuan is very risky. If there is a defeat, natural disaster, or domestic demand is not strong enough, dividends will not be as stable and profitable as national debt and must be repaid. After all, in business, there are profits and losses.

But even so, those speculators and brokers and compradors who are familiar with the risks are beginning to eagerly seek opportunities to make money, because these new tickets are by no means just top-down administration like the Ming Dynasty Baobao, and they also have physical paths. and mineral bottom-up.

These new tickets are safe in their eyes and will not fall significantly. They are issued, circulated, and increased in value in a very stable manner, while the main body of Ming Dynasty is changing at a rapid speed, innovating and innovating.

No one would doubt the solvency of the new notes. Ming's Zhashe households also understood His Majesty's bottom line. The collapse of silk coins was due to the downward allocation of risks and the cutting of the smallest trading unit of silk coins, which triggered His Majesty's thunder. angry.

These people are ready, they are willing and able to provide the silver needed for the development of a trading house.

Zhu Yijun held a memorial in his hand. A conservative group represented by Wang Guoguang was very worried about the expansion of Yanxinglou Trading House. Yanxinglou Trading House has been full of controversy from the first day of its birth. . There are all kinds of people who come to the trading house, including speculators who dream of getting rich one day, investors who are worried about the depreciation of silver caused by silver dams, and bookmakers who maliciously manipulate the market.

Wang Guoguang tried to distinguish these people on the basis of good and evil. For these people participating in the game in the gap between human nature and evil, Wang Guoguang tried to find a limit.

Zhu Yijun held the memorial in his hand, looked at Feng Bao and said: "Da Situ's worry is not unreasonable. The reason why Wang Qian was able to make a lot of money in the pearl case and harvest other people was because he knew exactly that Ting The matter was discussed in parliament, and the time of the discussion was easy to confirm. He remained rational and did not sell after getting the result, but realized profits before the parliamentary meeting. "

"The first thing that Great Situ is worried about is that the Ming Gongs of the Ming Dynasty will use their power to obtain information that only Ming Gong can get and conduct transactions."

"The collusion between officials and businessmen will cause endless harm, Feng Daban, what do you think?"

Feng Bao said helplessly: "Your Majesty, I am just a eunuch. The Ming Dynasty needs to mobilize the sleeping silver to promote the exchange of commodities. The expansion of Yanxinglou Trading House is imperative. Your Majesty, I believe that anyone who colludes will be severely punished." To get the effect of intimidation, you can neither give up eating because of choking nor turn a deaf ear. "

"If they collude together, it will inevitably cause panic. The court should also have an official treasury to deal with this situation. Someone must be responsible for this, so as not to lose the country's trust."

For many years, Feng Bao has seen a lot of eunuchs as the Chief of Ceremonies. He feels that problems are not terrible. Solving one conflict will inevitably lead to two contradictions. If a problem occurs, but you do not solve it or cannot face the problem, no one will be responsible for it. The most terrible national loss.

The worries of conservatives are not empty talk, but the test that Ming Dynasty will inevitably face in the future.

"You're right." Zhu Yijun reviewed Wang Guoguang's memorial and gave specific instructions. At that time, the Ming Dynasty had a very suitable person to do it, and that was Hai Rui. As the first anti-corruption person in the Ming Dynasty, he took this matter It would be most appropriate to leave it to Hai Rui.

In this chasm between human nature and evil, finding the boundary between good people and bad people is a long-term task. Zhu Yijun expected the difficulty of this matter.

Zhu Yijun next chapter, the governor of Songjiang and the governor of Yingtian, the next chapter, the five major shipping departments, and the three major overseas shipping departments asked the city shipping envoys about their opinions on the profits tax. Before the profits tax is officially implemented, the court also needs to confirm that all parties have a clear understanding of the profits. Regarding specific tax ideas, internal opinions must first be unified before the executive order can be formally implemented.

The two governors responded quickly to the court's news. Shen Shixing's opinion was to completely ban the outflow of silver and brass. This was his practical experience. In his opinion, 50% was too little. As a bridgehead for opening up the sea, , Shen Shixing met many such people, and his opinions were quite radical. He also suggested issuing tickets for overseas development to raise sufficient funds for overseas development and also reduce the risks of the court.

(End of this chapter)