Reborn and become a Great Scientist

Chapter 113 61 Spins Violate Theory of Relativity

"If electrons are considered to have spin, then, I think, the fine structure of the spectrum can be easily explained, as well as the anomalous Zeeman effect."

The Zeeman effect refers to a phenomenon in which the atomic spectrum is divided into three in a magnetic field. It was accidentally discovered in 1896 by Peter Zeeman of the University of Amsterdam in the Netherlands.

Zeeman reported this phenomenon to his teacher Lorenz, who explained it well with theory.

The two shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1902.

But a year after Zeeman discovered the effect named after him, another experimental physicist discovered that sometimes, the spectral line does not divide into three but becomes multiple, and the gap between the spectral lines The intervals also vary.

So later people called the phenomenon that the spectral line is divided into three as the normal Zeeman effect, while other cases are called the abnormal Zeeman effect.

At this time, Lorenz, who was sitting in the C position in the audience, sandwiched between Rutherford and Marie Curie, was very interested in the abnormal Zeeman effect mentioned by Chen Muwu in his words.

Because his theory back then could only explain the normal half, but was powerless to the other half of the abnormal effects.

The theoretical explanation of this phenomenon has puzzled physicists for more than 20 years.

Therefore, even though Lorenz has retired, his attention was still attracted by Chen Muwu, and his thinking followed his speech carefully.

Even when he heard the rise, he raised his hand and asked: "Chen, you said that the electron's rotation, oh no, spin, so it can generate magnetic moment, right?"

"That's right, Professor Lorenz, that's why one spectrum will be split into many in the magnetic field."

"So what is the specific value of this spin, is it one-half?"

"That's right, I think the spin angular momentum of an electron should be plus or minus one-half the reduced Planck's constant. The previous positive-negative relationship satisfies the right-hand rule."

The reason why Lorentz knew that this value is 1921/[-], because as early as [-], Professor Alfred Land from the University of Tübingen in Germany, when studying the abnormal Zeeman effect, believed that the magnetic quantum describing the electronic state The number m should not be an integer, but a half should be added after the integer.

But what exactly this half is, no one can tell.

Now when Chen Muwu mentioned that electrons have spin, spin can also generate magnetic moment, and Lorentz naturally thought of that tangled half.

Lorenz in the audience pondered for a while, and he began to perform a qualitative and semi-quantitative calculation in his mind, and occasionally picked up a pen to write and draw on paper.

After a while, Lorenz said, "Chen, I think you may have made a big mistake on this issue this time."

"Professor, please advise."

Hearing that the spin he proposed was denied by Lorenz, Chen Muwu was not only not surprised, but still full of confidence.

He even knew what Lorenz was going to say next.

"You say that the electron's spin angular momentum is Planck's constant, then it is on the order of 10, and the spin angular momentum is the product of the electron's mass, velocity and radius. The electron's mass is on the order of 10, and the electron's radius is on the order of 10.

"In this way, the electron's 'equator', since you said that the electron rotates like the earth, then I think it also has an equator, and the linear velocity on the equator should be on the order of 10=10, and this speed is already Hundreds of times greater than the speed of light on the order of 10.

"However, according to Einstein's theory of relativity, there is no speed in the world that can exceed the speed of light, so according to the data you gave, we got a wrong answer.

"This also shows that the truth of the matter can only have two situations. One is that the electron does not have a spin, and the other is that even if it has a spin, its value will not be the one you gave, but should be smaller than it. It’s right to go up a lot.”

"But I personally prefer the first one, which means that electrons don't have spin."

After Lorenz finished speaking, the audience in the audience nodded, showing that what the boss said made sense.

No gold is pure, and no one is perfect. Chen Muwu has shocked the physics world for so long, so there must be a time when he made a mistake, right?
Only Rutherford frowned slightly.

Because of getting along with each other for more than a year, especially recently, Chen Muwu personally designed an experiment to prove the electronic wave theory that he originally thought was whimsical.

This made Rutherford acquiesce in his heart, no matter what theory Chen Muwu put forward, it was basically accurate, and he had such a genius-like keen physics intuition.

Moreover, just now when Chen Muwu introduced the property that electrons have spin, he also listed the atomic solar system model he proposed in the past.

When hearing this passage, Rutherford was still a little complacent. It seemed that his model, which had been improved by Bohr, was not useless.

But Lorenz's words negated Chen Muwu's spin hypothesis. One prospers all, one loses all, and his old Lu is also a little bit uncomfortable.

However, the student himself in the stands still didn't change his face and his heart beat. Could it be that he has already thought of the answer to Lorenz's challenge?
Just as Rutherford thought, as soon as Chen Muwu heard Lorentz mentioning that there was a problem with electron spin, he immediately understood where the problem he said was, and gave a solution to the problem.

In fact, in the original space-time, Samuel Goldsmith and George Uhlenbeck, who proposed the spin theory, were only two students at Leiden University in the Netherlands at that time.

Obsessed with the Pauli Exclusion Principle, they came up with the concept of electron spin and submitted a paper of less than a page to their teacher, Paul Ehrenfest.

Ehrenfest asked them to publish the paper in the physics journal "Nature", and at the same time wrote to the respected Lorenz in the Netherlands to introduce the new theory.

Then Lorentz rejected this new theory on the grounds that the linear velocity of electron spin exceeded the speed of light in his reply letter.

After Ehrenfest showed Lorenz's reply to the two students, the two asked their teachers to write to the editorial department of the journal to withdraw the paper.

But it may be that Ehrenfest was lazy at this time, so he persuaded his two students that you are still young, and it is not a big problem to make a mistake in a journal and lose yourself.

It is because of this momentary laziness that this paper finally came out, and the electron spin caused an uproar in the physics world.

Unexpectedly, now that Chen Muwu proposed the concept of electron spin at the Solvay conference, Lorentz was still the first physicist to jump out and oppose electrons having spin on the grounds that the speed of electrons exceeds the speed of light.

In fact, Chen Muwu has many ways to refute Lorentz's objection. For example, spin is actually an intrinsic intrinsic property of particles, and it is not really like the autobiography of the earth.

In other words, the electron should not be regarded as a solid sphere model, but a point particle without size like a photon.

But some of the above answers are too troublesome to answer, and some of the knowledge involved is too advanced.

Quantum mechanics has not really been established yet, whether it is Bohr or Sommerfeld, they are all atomic models constructed in the old quantum theory, that is, using a semi-classical and half-quantum method to deal with problems in the microscopic world .

So Chen Muwu had no choice but to use the Spear of the Son to attack the Shield of the Son. Since Lorentz mentioned the theory of relativity, it would be fine to still use the theory of relativity to fight back.

"Professor Lorentz, since you mentioned the theory of relativity, you also mentioned that if electrons have spin, then their speed will exceed the speed of light.

"It's just that you forgot to consider one point, that is, under high-speed conditions, the mass of electrons will also change. You can no longer use the rest mass m to calculate the mass of electrons, but you should multiply this mass by the Luo named after your surname." The kinetic mass of the electron obtained by the Lenz factor, that is, m=γm is correct.

"As we all know, the greater the velocity, the closer γ is to zero. In this way, under high-speed conditions, the mass of the electron will also increase with the increase of the velocity. At this time, to calculate the velocity of the electron, it is It will be found that it does not exceed the speed of light, and it still conforms to the principle of the constant speed of light in the theory of relativity."

After listening to Chen Muwu's "justification", the physicists on site, including Lorenz, felt that what he said was also very reasonable.

"So, besides the anomalous Zeeman effect, can another experiment be designed to verify that electrons do have the property of spin?"

Someone from the audience asked again.

Without Einstein or Bohr, the audience is basically the leaders of various laboratories.

Although the electron spin proposed by Chen Muwu may well explain the fine structure of the spectrum and the anomalous Zeeman effect, they always want to find another exact experiment that can fully prove that electrons do have spin.

"I'm very sorry, I only thought of the fourth quantum number because I saw that Stoner, a classmate of the Cavendish Laboratory, was doing this experiment, and I only thought of this because of Professor Round's research. One-half, will it be the explanation of electron spin.

"As for how to design a new experiment to verify whether electrons have spin? Sorry, I don't have any specific thoughts and ideas on this issue yet."

After Chen Muwu finished speaking, he said a few concluding remarks on the stage, finally completing his speech at this Solvay Conference.

Although the time far exceeded the 10 minutes stipulated by the conference, no one at the scene cared about it.

After all, he proposed the fourth quantum number, which is already a major progress in the atomic model.

What's more, Chen Muwu kept on talking nonsense again - no one can count how many amazing theories he has put forward in the past year or so.

Amid the applause of everyone, Chen Muwu still returned to his own corner.

He didn't continue to listen to the speeches delivered by the next person, and most of the people in the venue were also absent-minded, thinking in their brains.All just heard electron spin.

A few minutes later, Rutherford, who was smoking a pipe, got up and left the table, looking at the meaning, as if he was going to smoke a bag of cigarettes outside the venue.

When passing by Chen Muwu, Rutherford knocked on the corner of his table inadvertently, signaling Chen Muwu to go outside the venue with him.

(End of this chapter)