Reborn and become a Great Scientist

175 Chapter 123

"Here I announce that because of his theory of relativity and his contribution to the development of quantum theory, the Royal Society has decided to award the 1925 Copley Medal to Professor Albert Einstein after research. "

The Royal Society really loves Einstein deeply.

This Copley Medal is not only the first time since the First World War that the Royal Society has awarded it to a German from the unpopular defeated Germany.

It is also Einstein's first major honor for his theory of relativity.

After all, the Nobel Prize in 1921 was awarded to the photoelectric effect.

Of course, the current physical environment is not the same as it was before.

From Eddington to Campbell, British and American astronomers have confirmed that Einstein's predictions using the theory of relativity are correct in solar eclipse observations.

Even Chen Muwu's quantum mechanics, which was not very recognized by Einstein, indirectly proved the correctness of the theory of relativity.

The fact that electrons have spin provides a theoretical basis for the Chern exclusion principle, which can explain the anomalous Zeeman effect, and can also be confirmed by Stern-Glach in the ground state of the hydrogen atom.

But after all, this is all summed up from experiments, and has not yet been obtained from theoretical derivation.

However, when Chen Muwu combined the special theory of relativity with the wave equation, he obtained the final form of the wave equation.

In that wave equation, Chen Muwu established several things called Chen matrices.

Among these matrices, there are just a few terms describing the spin.

Combining the theory of relativity and the wave equation gives you the spin of the electron.

This shows what?
Of course, as long as the theory of relativity is correct, then electrons must have spin!
Chen Muwu originally set his heart on the bright moon, but the bright moon shines on the ditch!

After reading the poem, let us turn our attention from the ditch to the venue of the Royal Society.

At the awards ceremony the next morning, after the host read the award speech at the beginning of this chapter, there was not even the slightest response from the new winner.

"Professor Einstein, please come to the stage to accept the award."

"Professor Einstein?"

The host on the podium has already called the name three times, and even used German the last two times.

But Einstein, sitting in the VIP position in the middle of the first row of the Royal Society Auditorium, still nodded like a chicken pecking at rice.

Eddington next to him first nudged him with his elbow, and then poked him hard a few times, finally waking Einstein out of his sleep.

"Doctor, it's time for you to go on stage to accept the award."

Only then did Einstein get up in a daze and walked onto the podium. It was obvious that the skin around his eyes was much darker than the rest of his face.

Standing in front of the microphone, Einstein's first words shocked the audience.

"Thanks to the Kaiser Wilhelm Society for awarding me this year's Adolf Harnack Medal, it is a great honor to receive this award..."

Although William II had already stepped down from the position of German emperor after Germany was defeated in World War I, he ran to the Netherlands next door to start an apartment.

But the highest scientific institution in Germany still retains this name.

But this is England, not Germany.

The best research institution in the UK is the Royal Society, not the Kaiser Wilhelm Society in Germany.

The most influential Copley Medal among the medals awarded by the Royal Society is not the Adolph Harnack Medal of the Royal Society of William.

Even though Einstein spoke German, there were still many audiences who could understand him.

As soon as he opened his mouth to say a word, there were already several mistakes.

The one standing on the podium is really the smartest in the world, oh no, is it the second smartest Einstein in the world?

Or was he taken away by someone?

In fact, it was simply because Einstein didn't sleep well last night, or he didn't sleep at all, that caused him to be depressed this morning, his thinking was messed up, his speech was incoherent, and he made a big joke.

The culprit of all this was of course Chen Muwu, who arrived late last night.

……

Last night, when I met Chen Muwu in the restaurant, when Einstein greeted him, the phrase "Someone is here" he shouted was indeed very imposing, but it was limited to this.

In today's physics world, perhaps Einstein's status can really be compared to that of Confucius, but Chen Muwu's level is by no means as simple as a blind musician.

After being discovered, Chen Muwu felt that there was no point in sneaking away, so he simply went straight to their dining table and sat down across from Einstein.

"Professor Einstein, I have been looking forward to seeing you again since we parted in Haihai on New Year's Day two years ago, and today I finally got my wish!"

After several years of experience, Chen Muwu's face is getting thicker and thicker now, and he can't change his face without his heart beating when he utters such a long series of half-ideal words.

At least until more than half a year ago, he always wanted to meet Einstein again.

Because he had to rush back to Cambridge University to defend his doctoral dissertation, Chen Muwu was unable to follow Langevin and the others to meet Einstein in Germany after attending the Solvay conference. He regretted it for a long time.

However, because of the publication of several papers in the summer and autumn of last year, the relationship between him and Einstein gradually became tit-for-tat from the initial "glue-like paint".

It was also from that time on that Chen Muwu's attitude towards Einstein had always been evasive.

"Long time no see, Chen, or I should call you Dr. Chen now, let me first congratulate you on winning the Nobel Prize. When I was still in Haihai, I just regarded you as a young man who is very talented in physics .

"I didn't expect that in less than two years, you proved to me how amazing physical energy is contained in this genius body."

"Doctor, you are amazing. It is actually very easy to calculate how much energy is in my body. My mass is about 310 kilograms, and my body temperature is about [-] Kelvin.

"Because of the existence of organic and inorganic substances such as protein, fat, calcium, iron, zinc and selenium, my specific heat capacity must be smaller than that of water, which is 180 joules per kilogram per Kelvin.

"Multiplying these three data together, it is about 9 kilojoules, and if converted into kilowatt-hours, it is only 25 kilowatt-hours of electricity.

"Recently the electricity price in London has been reduced to two pence a degree. In other words, my whole body is worth less than five shillings."

It may be because after meeting Lao She in the afternoon, Chen Muwu got into the bad habit of being talkative.

So he babbled nonsense in such a way, which made these people in the banquet couldn't help laughing.

"Dr. Chen, what are you talking about! If you are only worth five shillings, then I will definitely pay 250 pounds first, buy a thousand Dr. Chens, and arrange them all to work in the Cambridge University Observatory.

"I don't think it will take three to five years, not to mention all the mysteries of the entire universe, maybe even the space-time train you imagined that can travel back in time can be created by these Dr. Chen! "

Eddington chimed in with a joke.

He mentioned time travel secretly in it, probably to remind the two people sitting face to face at the dining table that they were a pair of year-end friends who had a good relationship back then.

"When the time comes, don't forget to divide our Greenwich Observatory!"

Dyson, who didn't know why, also followed suit.

"I don't think so," Einstein shook his head with a stern face, but the relaxed tone of his words betrayed him, "I don't think a thousand Dr. Chen can live in the same room harmoniously, according to the The principle of incompatibility, two Dr. Chen together, is already the limit.

"So I only need to pay half a pound to buy two Dr. Chens.

"I very much hope to see the anti-Dr. Chen who holds the opposite opinion and believes that causality is correct, and refute this Dr. Chen who is full of probability waves and the principle of uncertainty.

"In other words, that is the real Dr. Chen, and the one sitting next to us is the anti-Dr. Chen."

Einstein's words were hidden in the middle, and finally fell on the theory of attacking Chen Muwu without any accident.

"Doctor, I am not a Dirac-Chen Zi, but a pure Chen Zi. Two me will not be incompatible, and a thousand of me together will only condense more tightly!
"But from your words, I seem to hear some offensive meaning. It seems that you still have a bit of a heart for these theories I put forward."

Einstein mercilessly corrected Chen Muwu's verbal mistakes: "It's not that there are some, but it's very bitter. Chen, I have never understood why you have to abandon the matter of causality?"

"Because it really should be thrown away."

"No, I don't think you're right."

The calm conversation between the two didn't last long, and soon the swords began to rattle.

Eddington once again stood up to smooth things over: "Albert, Chen, after the Royal Society's awards ceremony is over tomorrow, let's discuss some issues about quantum mechanics, how about?"

Einstein didn't appreciate it: "How about tonight, I just ordered a pot of coffee, and after dinner, everyone will go to my room to chat."

Who is a normal person to drink coffee in the middle of the night?

It seems that Einstein is absolutely prepared, he has no intention of letting himself go tonight.

However, within a period of two days, Einstein first went from Berlin, Germany to France, then crossed the English Channel and came to London.

After so many journeys and exhaustion, tonight he plans to fight with himself again.

I don't know if Einstein, a middle-aged man in his 40s, can survive the night with his tired body.

Chen Muwu felt that even if he won the debate tonight, it would be an invincible victory after all.

In the past, there was a rider fighting an eagle to boil an old lady, but now he, Chen Muwu, boils a half-grown old man?
"Doctor, you have just crossed half of the European continent. If you stay up late tonight, don't know if your body can take it?"

"Of course it's okay! On the contrary, I'm still a little worried about you. I've been running outside all afternoon, and I haven't eaten yet, right? Hurry up and order something to fill your stomach. We'll have the main event in the evening!"

……

In fact, the atmosphere of this small discussion after dinner was generally harmonious, and there were no too violent quarrels.

Einstein just cites his first thought experiment, a single-slit diffraction with a shutter.

Suppose the shutter is suddenly opened at a certain moment, and then particles are sent through the slit.

According to the calculation of the radiation pressure, the moment the shutter is opened, there will be momentum transfer between the incident particles and the edge of the shutter.

Because the momentum between the particle and the shutter is conserved, as long as the momentum of the shutter can be calculated, the momentum of the particle can be deduced from it.

And as long as the precision of the slit is high enough, the position of the particle can be measured at the same time, so the momentum-position uncertainty is not established.

This thought experiment is easy to refute. Chen Muwu just crossed the river by feeling Bohr.

He assumed that in the time of Δt, the width of the slit opening is Δx, then the speed of the shutter movement should be v=Δx÷Δt.

And if the momentum transferred between the particle and the shutter is Δp, it must also be accompanied by energy transfer, ΔE≈vΔp.

Because of the energy-time uncertainty, there is ΔEΔt≈h.

So vΔpΔt=ΔpΔx≈h, still follows the principle of momentum-position uncertainty.

Hearing Chen Muwu's answer, Einstein showed a fish-baited expression.

You finally showed your feet and got caught by me!

"That's great Chen, your idea is really wonderful.

"But I'm sorry, this is just deriving the momentum-position uncertainty principle from the energy-time uncertainty principle.

"You are in a closed loop from beginning to end. In my opinion, this is not a real derivation at all."

Unexpectedly, Chen Muwu didn't panic at all: "Doctor, I don't agree with your statement.

"In my opinion, the uncertainty principle, which is a universal fundamental principle, cannot be derived from assumptions other than quantum mechanics. All we can do is to ensure that it remains the same in different experiments. consistency."

After a little explanation, Chen Muwu turned against the general: "Could it be that your principle of relativity is different from the principle of uncertainty, can it be directly derived?"

This last sentence made Einstein shut up.

A principle is the most basic law with universal significance, and its correctness can only be determined by practice.

My own theory of relativity can be based on the principle of relativity, so of course there is no problem with Chen Muwu's quantum mechanics based on his uncertainty principle.

Although Eddington didn't express anything beside him, he secretly gave Chen Muwu a thumbs up in his heart.

Although he hadn't read the "Mathematical Principles of Relativity" written by himself before, this time he finally read his latest popular science book on quantum mechanics.

Isn’t the point of view quoted now written in the book by myself?
Children can be taught!
Now, Einstein reluctantly agreed with Chen Muwu's explanation.

But at the same time, he also found a new attack method, that is, if in the thought experiment, he can find the place where the uncertainty principle is not consistent, can it explain the uncertainty principle, and even establish the foundation of this principle? Is the entire quantum mechanics on the universe inconsistent?
Einstein thought for a while, and charged again: "Chen, you are right. From the perspective of your quantum mechanics, it is indeed impossible to use the same system to determine the position of the particle and at the same time to accurately determine the position of the particle." measure its momentum.

"But what if I use a dual system? Behind the slits, I add another grating with two slits to pass through the interference fringes on the final screen..."

Double slit interference, right?

Can the path be determined, that is, which slit the particles pass through, right?
This is more classic than the single-slit diffraction just now, and Chen Muwu had no trouble answering it. He directly pointed out that if it can be determined which slit the particle passes through, and if it shows [-]% particle nature, then in the end The interference fringes on the screen will disappear.

Einstein thought about it, and it really should be the case.

It seems that this round still failed to find any flaws, and it can still be regarded as a tie.

He planned to launch a third assault on the uncertainty principle, but Eddington became a peacemaker again.

Although he disagrees with Einstein's stubbornness in quantum mechanics, the latter is still one of his best friends.

Just like what Chen Muwu said, after all, Einstein had traveled hundreds of miles, and if he couldn't get a good rest, it must be bad for his health, so Eddington called off tonight's first round showdown.

In this regard, Einstein did not express his objection.

He was even in a good mood, feeling that he had found a very fun game in the two confrontations with Chen Muwu.

As the siege party, he must try to find a design method for thought experiments, and find out the contradictions of the uncertainty principle.

As the defender of the city, Chen Muwu's task is to constantly refute his point of view, and then let him further modify the previous thought experiment on this basis.

Einstein believed that as long as he went through continuous improvement, he would be able to find the experiment that finally overturned the uncertainty principle.

This battle of right and wrong does not lie in the day and night, but in the future.

"Chen, why don't we end our game tonight? Anyway, we have plenty of time, so we can look for opportunities later.

"But I want to remind you, Chen, you must be mentally prepared. That is, one day, I will defeat you in this game!"

In Einstein's request for peace talks, he directly said the word game.

"Of course, Dr. Einstein, if you wish, I will certainly be happy to accompany you."

It seemed that this night was a perfect truce, until Chen Muwu also said his closing words with some vengeance: "Doctor, I also want to express one last point of view to you."

"Please."

"I think quantum mechanics is already a complete theory, and there is no need to make any modifications to its basic mathematical and physical assumptions. So, no matter what, you will never be able to defeat me in this game."

After Chen Muwu finished speaking, he and Eddington got up, said goodbye and left Einstein's room.

But Einstein became angrier the more he thought about his last sentence.

How is your quantum mechanics a complete theory?
I think it is logically, there must still be a big problem!
And the angrier Einstein was, the more he couldn't sleep -- of course, it might be because of the coffee. The more he couldn't sleep, the more he wondered how to refute Chen Muwu's thought experiment.

He stayed up all night for the second half of the night, until the sky was a little bit dim, and Einstein finally lay on the bed and took a little nap.

That's why at today's Royal Society Awards Ceremony, Einstein showed some funny scenes on the podium without rest.

Seeing that Einstein still didn't realize his mistake at all, and planned to continue to "drunk the tourists with the warm wind, turning London into Berlin", the host and English translator beside him hurried to him and whispered in German. reminded him.

"Sorry, I'm really sorry. I didn't have a good rest last night, which caused my brain to react a bit slower today, so I took a nap on the seat. Just after waking up, I heard someone calling me in German, and I subconsciously I thought this was Germany, so I made a few wrong remarks. Sorry, I was really rude."

On the other hand, Chen Muwu, who sat in the audience and had a verbal argument with Einstein for several hours last night, is still very well dressed today.

After all, he still has the Hughes Medal.

Although this medal is not well-known, it still has a prize of [-] pounds.

Add another two hundred pounds to that and you can buy a Lagonda of the same model as Kapitsa.

If you don't add any money, it can be converted into one fortieth of the building of the Institute of Theoretical Physics, or you can buy [-] Dr. Chen at a unit price of [-] shillings.

No matter how small the mosquito legs are, they are still meat!
Einstein, who apologized, continued his acceptance speech: "Thank you to the Royal Society for recognizing me.

"Although this award was awarded to me because of my contributions to the theory of relativity and quantum, recently I have been challenged by the same person both in the theory of relativity and in the quantum field.

"Dr. Chen justified the facts and put forward the expansion model of the universe, which denied my cosmological constant. On this point, it doesn't make any sense to me.

"It's just that Dr. Chen introduced a few fallacies and heresies in the quantum mechanics he created, which I really can't agree with, especially the uncertainty principle.

"Dr. Chen, can I invite you to come to the podium too?

"I had a dream last night." Einstein was embarrassed to say that the reason for his insomnia yesterday was to find a refutation and Chen Muwu's thought experiment. "I did another experiment in the dream. In this experiment, your That quantum mechanics seems to be untenable."

(End of this chapter)