Reborn and become a Great Scientist

Chapter 85 3323 Years Like a Dream

The reason why human beings suffer is because their abilities and desires do not match.

Worrying things, if you just think about it but never act, you will never succeed.

So Chen Muwu simply didn't think about the things that made him feel bad, and put this problem that he was not able to solve right now to the back of his mind.

Take one step at a time, and make yourself bigger and stronger in a down-to-earth manner, which is the top priority now.

Chen Muwu has returned to the peaceful Cambridge vacation life of the past: occasionally watching a cricket match with old Thomson, writing papers every morning, and going to the Cam River in the afternoon when the weather is hottest, to find the club's bass Especially they swim.

Whether you don't have goggles or your swimsuit is uncomfortable, these are trivial problems.

Chen Muwu's physical fitness, muscles, and technical movements that are 100 years ahead of the present are the killer weapons for him to swim in the water.

In the Kang River, he only needs to exert all seven of his strengths, and Chen Muwu will be able to stand out among the swimmers, so that others can only look at the splash of water from his feet and sigh in awe.

Best also measured a distance of [-] yards in a certain section of the straight river, and asked Chen Muwu to measure the speed.

Without jumping into the water and turning around the wall, Chen Muwu, who did not have all his strength, still easily entered within 58 seconds, which was nearly a second faster than the championship result in the Cambridge-Oxford Joint Games.

And the better Chen Muwu performed in the water, the more regretful Best felt in his heart.

He blamed himself for not being more persistent and flexible at the beginning, even if he tried every means, he should have lulled Chen Muwu into the club.

If that's the case, Best won't have to face the ugly smiling faces of the winners of the Oxford Swimming Club in the past sports meet.

In other words, it should be Cambridge University who put on that mocking face after the game.

……

Not only did Chen Muwu have no rivals in Kanghe's swimming track, he was also far ahead in the theory of light particles.

After receiving the letter at the Eagle Bar, the thesis that Chen Muwu sent to Germany appeared on a desk at the Humboldt University of Berlin a few days later.

Opening the envelope and seeing the title of Chen Muwu's thesis, Planck was a little dumbfounded.

Because on the top of this piece of paper is a line of type left by a typewriter, "Derivation of Planck's Law from First Principles".

Seeing my name on someone else's thesis title is still very subtle.

And this topic did attract Planck's interest, because this problem has troubled him for more than 20 years.

Black body radiation has always been one of the research hotspots of German physicists.

In the mid-nineteenth century, Kirchhoff, a German physicist born in Konigsberg who was born in the Seven Bridges Problem, got inspiration while watching blacksmiths forging iron.

From this common life phenomenon, he extracted an abstract concept of physics, the black body.

Just like the "spherical chicken in a vacuum", the black body is also an idealized material, no matter what frequency of thermal radiation it is, it can be completely absorbed by it without any reflection.

At the same time, the black body can also achieve thermal equilibrium with the environment in which it is located through its own thermal radiation, that is, maintain the same temperature.

The external heat radiation intensity of the black body is only related to frequency and temperature, but has nothing to do with the material of the black body itself.

So as long as a temperature is given, the radiation intensity of black body radiation at each frequency is constant, so a universal "radiation intensity-frequency" curve can be drawn in the coordinate system.

In the decades after Kirchhoff raised this question, German physicists have always regarded black body radiation as an important subject for research.

In 1893, Wilhelm Wien of Humboldt University in Berlin summed up an empirical formula based on experiments, which could well fit the experimental data obtained at that time.

A few years later, Kirchhoff's student, Planck, who had just taken over the teacher's teaching position at the Humboldt University of Berlin, was only forty years old, and the hair on the top of his head had not completely fallen out.

He gave Wien's empirical formula a thermodynamic theoretical explanation, so this formula was called "Wien-Planck's law" within a certain period of time.

In 1899, Planck even boasted at a meeting of the German Physical Society that the law named after him and Professor Wien was actually equivalent to the second law of thermodynamics.

If there is a problem with the Vi-P law, then the entire thermodynamic system will also be in big trouble.

But Planck's big talk didn't last even a year.

One day in October of the following year, Heinrich Rubens of the Technical University of Berlin visited Planck's home. As an experimental physicist, he revealed to Planck that they had put the black body radiation experiment into The far-infrared band with a lower frequency has been reached, but the obtained data are quite different from the results predicted by the Viper-Purple law.

After hearing what Rubens said, Planck felt that the matter was serious. He went into his study and studied the new data brought by Rubens all night, and then found that it was actually a matter of A slight modification in the mathematical form of the Vie-P law can fit this new experimental curve very well.

But this is not the key point. The key point is that Planck has uttered his big words. Now he has modified this law that he once believed to be unbreakable, which means that there is a problem with the building of thermodynamics.

A few days later, at another meeting of the German Physical Society, Rubens announced the experimental data that deviates from the V-P law.

That forced Plank to stand up at the meeting and apologize, saying what he had said earlier might not have been accurate.

Then he changed the subject, and showed his colleagues in the physics field present the new formula he had obtained in the study that night, and this time it corresponded almost seamlessly with the experimental data.

Because it was still an era when experiments were king, and this new formula was too perfect, the physicists present did not worry about whether Planck's new formula had a theoretical basis or where it came from.

Since then, this new formula has been changed to "Planck's law", and the previous Vien-Perp's law has been quietly changed back to the original name of "Wien's formula", as if everything that happened before is consistent with Planck has nothing to do with it.

But Planck, who considered himself a theorist, was very dissatisfied with the process by which he got this formula.

Because he guessed the conclusion after inferring, fitting, and piecing together the known experimental results, which is completely a kind of cheating.

After another few months of thinking, Planck finally came up with an at least mathematical derivation.

He stipulated an energy minimum (ε=hν) that is only proportional to the frequency ν for black body radiation, and called this energy minimum "energy quantum".

But what exactly is this energy quantum ε, Planck himself failed to find a theoretical explanation.

Knowing what happened and not knowing why, it made him feel very hopeless.

In 1931, when evaluating his own derivation of Planck's law, Planck said that it was "a desperate move... I took the quantum hypothesis as a purely formal hypothesis, thinking about nothing else, just thinking: I must Get a positive outcome, whatever the circumstances and whatever the cost."

Later generations always honor Planck as the "father of quantum mechanics" and a revolutionist of new physics because he first proposed the concept of quantum.

But it is estimated that Planck himself does not want this title that was forced on him. He may be more reluctant than Song Taizu who was added to the yellow robe in Chenqiaoyi.

Incidentally, Wien won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1900, even though his formula was proven to be somewhat wrong as early as 1911.

However, Planck won the award based on his Planck's law, but he had to wait eight years later in 1919. He was nominated by Einstein, and then was reissued the 1918 Nobel Prize in Physics by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

Four days after Planck published Planck's law, Ferdinand Kuhlbaum calculated a value of h=6.55×10J·s and called it Planck's constant.

A few years later, a small employee of the Patent Office in Bern, Switzerland, used Planck's constant again in a paper, and proposed a shocking light quantum hypothesis.

Einstein was of course also interested in how to derive Planck's laws.

In fact, since Planck proposed this law that fits perfectly with the experimental results, not only him and Einstein, but every physicist is trying to figure out how to derive Planck's law from theory. Gram law.

Einstein first derived Planck's laws in his 1917 radiation paper.

But his derivation process is not complete, in which Bohr's atomic model was used, and he succeeded through the thermal balance of the radiator and the radiation field.

If we only consider the radiation field without relying on the atoms on the cavity wall of the radiating body, we should be able to derive Planck's law.

Einstein introduced his own light quantum theory into this radiation field, and regarded the radiation in the cavity of the radiator no longer as a continuous segment of electromagnetic waves, but as photons of different frequencies.

Because there is no interaction between photons, he converted this black body radiation problem into an ideal gas system more familiar to physicists, and it should be easy to deduce its state by statistical means.

It was so easy that Einstein tried it, as did Baron Rayleigh, and others.

However, no one was able to derive Planck's law. Instead, everyone got the similar Wien's law, that is, the one that was killed by Planck at the meeting of the German Physical Society in 1900.

How to derive Planck's law from the first principles has become a major problem recognized by the physics community.

Now, 23 years after Planck proposed Planck's law, such a paper is finally placed in front of Planck.

(End of this chapter)