Reborn and become a Great Scientist

Chapter 86 34 A College Entrance Examination Error-prone Question
After reading the title of the thesis with his own name, Planck looked at the thickness of the paper in his hand, only a few thin pages.

This made him curious again. Could it be that Chinese geniuses have easily resolved the difficult problems that he, Einstein and countless physicists spent more than 20 years of time and effort on solving?

Planck adjusted the position of the glasses on his nose, and began to read Chen Muwu's paper seriously.

Leibniz, yes, the one who invented calculus, was a philosopher as well as a mathematician.

He once put forward a philosophical point of view, saying that there are no two identical leaves in the world.

It means that in the macroscopic world, there are no exactly the same things. Even if they look exactly the same, there is always a way to distinguish them.

The solution given by classical mechanics is that even two identical particles will not have the same trajectory.

The position and velocity of the two particles at a given moment can be determined simply by tracing their trajectories.

Therefore, in Einstein's derivation, he also naturally believed that each photon obeys the laws of the macroscopic world and is unique.

Even if there are only two photons in a system, photon A and photon B, if these two photons are exchanged, photon B and photon A are obtained.

Because each photon is unique, this two-photon system can also be seen as two different states in the system before and after swapping places.

Here, Chen Muwu puts forward a new and different point of view.

He believes that in the microscopic world, [photons are indistinguishable identical particles].

Because photons have no mass, as long as two photons have the same frequency, they will be exactly the same photon, and there will be no difference between photon A and photon B.

In such a two-photon system composed of "photon and photon", after exchanging positions, it is still a "photon and photon" system.

In other words, nothing has changed in this exchange, and the state of the system remains consistent.

It’s just that he chose the latter on the issue of whether photons are distinguishable or indistinguishable, and then using the method of ideal gas, Chen Muwu easily deduced the expression of Planck’s law, instead of choosing Like other physicists in the former, what we get is another Wien's law that can only be seen from a distance but not played with.

Chen Muwu's thesis came to an abrupt end.

In fact, he could have continued from this, but because he just received this letter from Planck from Blackett in the Eagle Bar when the paper was written here, so he simply ended here. , does not affect the integrity, it can still be regarded as a good paper.

As for the other content that he wanted to expand, Chen Muwu left it in the next paper.

After reading the paper by Chen Muwu in his hand, Planck frowned.

He seemed to understand it, but he didn't fully understand it. He always felt that the Chinese genius had a big problem in terms of statistics this time.

There is a classic probability question, ask two identical coins toss each time, what is the probability that the national emblem faces up at the same time?
Because there will be four situations of "Huihui", "Huizi", "Zihui" and "Zizi", the probability of two coins facing up at the same time should be [-]/[-].

And Chen Muwu's paper gave Planck the feeling that when he calculated the probability, he regarded "Huizi" and "Zihui" as the same situation, thinking that only "two emblems", "two characters" and "One emblem, one character" these three situations.

So according to his algorithm, the probability of two coins facing up at the same time becomes one-third.

This is a test site where it is easy to make mistakes in the college entrance examination. If Chen Muwu fills in one-third of the answer on the test paper, then he will definitely be deducted all points for this question.

But in this paper in the hands of Planck, Chen Muwu adopted a new statistical method, which allowed him to obtain the correct Planck's law simply and simply.

And Planck's law is the most appropriate formula obtained from the results of a large number of black body radiation experiments, and physics is a science based on experiments.

Therefore, the macroscopic statistical method is not applicable in the microcosmic world. In fact, is the new statistical method written by Chen Muwu the closest to the truth and the most correct one?

Planck thought for a long time, although he didn't want to understand it, he finally decided to publish this paper.

As for whether the content of this paper is correct or not, as usual, just leave it to the readers to judge.

……

More than a week later, Planck received a second paper from Chen Muwu from Cambridge University.

This is the second half that he originally wanted to write in the last paper, but because he was temporarily interrupted, he chose it separately.

This time, Chen Muwu solved another problem that has troubled physicists for a long time.

That is, according to the calculation of classical statistical mechanics, when the temperature of an ideal gas is infinitely close to absolute zero, its entropy will not become zero, and this just violates the third law of thermodynamics.

In this regard, some physicists have found a self-deceiving explanation, that is, the reason why an ideal gas is called an "ideal" gas is because it only exists in idealized conditions, but it does not appear in real life.

So whether an ideal model violates the third law of thermodynamics, it will also not affect reality.

Other physicists are worried about this, fearing that the thermodynamic edifice will collapse again.

But whether it is self-deception or worry, no one has been able to give a reasonable explanation for this phenomenon.

In this paper, Chen Muwu once again used the new statistical method he proposed.

He regards ideal gas molecules as identical particles like photons.

Then, the miracle happened again.

As the temperature approaches absolute zero, an ideal gas undergoes a peculiar phase transition: a large number of ideal gas molecules "condense" together and no longer exist as individual molecules.

This is a peculiar fourth phase different from the three phases of "solid, liquid, and gas". When the temperature finally reaches absolute zero, all ideal gas molecules will become this fourth phase, and there is no longer any interaction between them. any discrepancies.

As we all know, entropy is a physical quantity that describes the degree of chaos in a system. Since everyone is exactly the same with each other and there is no difference, the entropy will naturally become zero.

In this way, when the ideal gas tends to absolute zero, its entropy fully meets the requirements of the third law of thermodynamics.

Chen Muwu once again saved Thermodynamics.

After reading his second paper, Planck finally believed in the correctness of the statistical method proposed by Chen Muwu.

So he decided to retrieve the "Physical Yearbook" that had been sorted and ready to be printed, and asked the typesetting workers to re-typeset, in order to allow the two papers of Chen Muwu to be published at the same time.

……

In fact, in the original time and space, the first paper written by Chen Muwu was a letter received by Einstein in 1924.

The letter was sent from the University of Calcutta, India, by a man named Satyendra Bose.

When Bose gave a lecture to the students again, he miscalculated the probability problem above, and then calculated the correct Planck's law with the wrong probability.

Bose, who got this result, was ecstatic. He didn't care about finding a correct theoretical explanation for this wrong calculation, so he directly compiled the process into a paper, and prepared to submit it to the European Journal of Physics, so that he could also Make a name for yourself once in a while.

As a noble Kayasta, a loyal subject of the King's Empire, Bose's first choice for submissions is naturally the British physics journals.

You love Daiguo, but does Daiguo love you?
Like Chen Muwu, Bose also sent this paper to the British Journal of Philosophy.

Then, he encountered the same problem as Chen Muwu, that is, the editors did not pay attention to Indian papers at all, and would not even take a look at them.

In terms of attitude towards submitted papers, Bose, an Indian with the number one colony, is still a bit nobler than Chen Muwu, a Chinese.

Because at least their master returned a letter to him, although it was just a rejection notice that had been printed in batches a long time ago.

But unlike Chen Muwu, Bose does not have a nobleman named Eddington.

Frustrated in England, he tried to forward his thesis to Germany, only to discover that he did not speak German.

In the end, Bose, who had nowhere to go, sent this paper to Einstein, the most famous physicist in the world at that time, and also attached a text message, making two slightly rude requests: because he Bose does not know German, so please Einstein can translate this paper into German, and then publish it in a German physics journal.

Fortunately, Einstein, who had been troubled by the problem of "how to correctly derive Planck's law" for a long time, was very interested in the content of this paper, so he automatically ignored Bose's rudeness, and not only asked someone to translate the paper , and personally sent it to the editorial department of the "Journal of Physics", yes, this journal is the competitor of the "Annals of Physics".

With Einstein's endorsement, Bose's paper was published quickly.

Einstein was able to show such sincerity to a foreigner who had only sent a letter and had never even met him.

This is why Chen Muwu thought that he had encountered a great opportunity when he saw the news that Einstein was going to give lectures in Ghaihai published in the newspaper.

Because he was convinced at the time that as long as he could come up with a paper that was enough to impress Einstein, then the latter could definitely have this paper published in any top journal in the European physics circle by virtue of his reputation and prestige superior.

A series of subsequent developments proved that Chen Muwu's move was correct.

The new statistical method proposed by Chen Muwu in his first paper is called "Bose-Einstein statistics" in the original space-time.

The condensed state proposed in the second paper that is independent of the three phases of "solid, liquid, and gas" is called "Bose-Einstein condensate", although this condensate is completely independent of Einstein. found.

Even with "Bose" in the name, he just stumbled across the derivation of Planck's law when he made a mistake, and he didn't even know why.

It was Einstein who single-handedly came up with the idea that the photon is an identical particle and developed it into a great theory.

If we use the analogy of Newton, the pioneer of physics, then Bose is the skull that was hit by an apple that accidentally fell from the apple tree.

And Einstein is the brain of the genius who thought and summed up the law of universal gravitation from it.

This is why the research on "Bose-Einstein Condensation" won several Nobel Prizes in Physics, but Bose himself has never been involved in this highest honor in physics.

This has nothing to do with racial discrimination. After all, Raman, Bose's fellow, actually won the Nobel Prize in Physics.

If the "Bose-Einstein condensate" hadn't been confirmed by physicists in the laboratory in 70, more than 1995 years later, maybe Einstein might have won a Nobel Prize in Physics by virtue of this feat. scholarship.

However, there is no need to quarrel with Bose and Einstein now, who has contributed more to this theory.

Because these two papers will be published in the new issue of "Annals of Physics", from now on, these two concepts will be called "Chen statistics" and "Chen condensation".

(End of this chapter)