Beiyang 1917

[Text] Chapter 180 Soviet-Russian Declaration on China

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At the end of November 1917, facing the collapse and chaos in Russia on the Eastern Front, the Allied Powers launched the Battle of Cambrai on the Western Front before the main force of the German and Austrian Eastern Front was transferred to the west. From November 11th to December 1917th, 11, the British and German troops A battle in Cambrai, a city in the northern department of North France, located on the banks of the Scheldt, was also the first tank battle in history.download_load_floor

From November 1917 to 11, 20, the British army used tanks on a large scale for the first time to launch an attack on the German army. According to the campaign intention, the British 29rd Reinforced Army did not prepare for artillery fire. Between the Scheldt River and the Dinor Canal on the front of the Kilometer, a tank assault broke through the defense of the German 3nd Army, occupied Cambrai, and developed an attack on Valenciennes.

为了实施突破，第三集团军编成2个梯队：第一梯队包括步兵第3、第4军6个步兵师和坦克第3军3个坦克旅，每旅辖3个营，共有476辆坦克，第二梯队包括骑兵第3军3个骑兵师。

有1000多门火炮和约1000架飞机对战役实施炮火保障和航空兵保障。在突破地境德国第2集团军有3个步兵师和224门火炮。德军防御全纵深达9公里，由3道各筑有2至3条战壕的阵地构成。

At 11:20 on November 6, under the cover of artillery fire, British tanks, accompanied by infantry, attacked the German positions.The tank group formed a group of 10 vehicles and charged forward in a triangular formation; 3 tank was in front and 1 main tanks were behind, with an interval of 2-100 meters.The tanks carried bundles of firewood for filling German trenches so that the tanks could pass through them.

The infantry followed the main force of the tank platoon and advanced in a three-line formation. The first line was responsible for capturing the trenches, the second line was responsible for blocking the trenches, and the third line was responsible for reinforcements.The sudden onslaught of British tanks and infantry shattered the morale of the German army. At 11:30, the British occupied the first and second German positions; at 16:8 they occupied the third German position.The British army advanced 10-[-] kilometers in depth across the board.

On the first day of the offensive, the British army actually broke through the German defenses, and at the same time captured more than 8000 people, and captured 100 artillery pieces and 350 machine guns.However, due to many shortcomings in organizing the coordination of tanks and infantry, the British army failed to expand the results of the battle.For this reason, the British army put two cavalry divisions into battle on November 2, but no positive results were achieved.

The German army mobilized several new divisions.The battle turned into a protracted one.The Germans made extensive use of vehicle-mounted field guns and anti-aircraft guns directed in critical directions against British tanks. On November 11, the British army stopped advancing.

From November 11th to December 30th, the German army carried out counter-assaults on the enemy's salient consisting of nearly 12 infantry divisions, 6 artillery pieces and more than 12 aircraft.Before the counterattack, a short artillery preparation was carried out.As a result, the German army recovered most of the lost ground, captured about 1700 people, and seized 1000 machine guns, 9000 artillery pieces and 716 tanks.The British army put 148 tanks into battle and was able to stop the enemy's counterattack and advance.

The Battle of Cambrai was the first coordinated battle with tank assault and infantry in the European War. It was also the first time that tanks were intensively used on the main battlefield. The Germans used artillery to stop the British from attacking without tanks. .If the Germans also had tanks, the European War on the Western Front might even end in advance with a German victory.

The Battle of Cambrai between England and Germany once again rang the bell for the Chinese government and the public. Although the participating army expanded rapidly and was established, there is still a huge gap between China's overall strength and military power and that of the great powers.

The British army invested 12 infantry divisions, 1700 cannons, 476 tanks and 1000 aircraft in one battle. Such a battle is impossible for the Chinese participating troops to do all they can. At least all the aircraft now add up to 400 However, the first batch of pilot students only learned to fly for half a year, and the second batch of 500 pilots just entered school.

The second batch of newly arrived aircraft purchased from the UK is still being assembled and tested. China's road to army building has just taken shape.

In fact, in the past six months, the strength of China's model army participating in the war has expanded rapidly to nearly 13 people in 40 reorganized divisions. The 40 people participating in the war have a monthly military expenditure of more than 800 million yuan, not counting fuel and other expenses. Mass consumption of materials.

道奇1吨半卡车的排量是3.5升，平均百公里油耗是15升，而福特tt1吨多用途车的发动机排量是2.9升，平均百公里油耗是7.8-9.4升，福特t型车的排量也是2.9

Because of the light weight of the car, the fuel consumption per 7 kilometers is only a little over [-] liters.

Equipped with thousands of cars and wheeled armored vehicles, the model army with a high degree of mechanization is a typical oil tiger. As for tanks, Wang Geng, the clumsy British tank in World War I, did not like it. On the basis of assembling and producing imported v6v8 engines and assembling domestically produced Zhonghua Fudao cars, China Fudao Company will develop its own research and development in the future.

At the end of November 1917, it was the tense moment after the October Revolution that the little Russian mentor led his Bolsheviks to participate in the Russian Constituent Assembly. The results of the election obviously surprised the Bolsheviks. Like their name, reduced to an electoral minority.

The 4rd and [-]th divisions of the participating army on the western front were sweeping and consolidating Outer Mongolia. The effect of air reconnaissance in the white snow was very good. Countless tsarist Russian bandits even scattered under the swooping and sweeping of the dh[-] reconnaissance bomber. The situation in Meng gradually calmed down with the efforts of Wu Peifu's [-]rd Division (owed to the [-]th Brigade) and Wang Chengbin's [-]th Division in the ice and snow.

On the east front of the participating army, according to President Feng Guozhang's intention, the three divisions would be able to disarm the Tsarist Eastern Provincial Railway Company and the Tsarist Russian army guarding the road in minutes. Wu Peifu's military exploits in regaining Outer Mongolia on the front line made him scream.

Wang Geng did not move. In the end, even Duan Qirui and Xu Shuzheng were a little impatient, and asked Wang Geng when the East Line would be able to take back the Eastern Provincial Railway. However, since 1920 in the previous life, the Chinese government gradually took back the jurisdiction of the dependent areas along the way.

Wang Geng is waiting for the declaration to China from the little mentor of the Soviet Russian government!

Finally, on November 11th in the Russian calendar and December 25th in 1917 in the Gregorian calendar, the results of the Russian Constituent Assembly appeared roughly: the Bolsheviks received 12 votes, and only 7 of the 23.9 seats, far below the Socialist Revolutionary Party 703 votes received.

The final election results of the Russian Constituent Assembly would not be determined until January 1918, but the Bolsheviks became a minority in the Constituent Assembly was a foregone conclusion.Perhaps the final result of the Constituent Assembly has given up hope, and perhaps the little man feels that the Soviet Russian government controlled by the Bolsheviks must rush to make further domestic and diplomatic decisions while the power is still in the hands of the Bolsheviks before the results of the Constituent Assembly come out.

On December 1917, 12, the Soviet Russian government, eager to seek external support, issued the "Declaration to China", announcing the abolition of all secret treaties signed by imperial Russia with China, Japan, and the Allies. In the Northeast and other places, all the land acquired by means of aggression was given up, the consular jurisdiction and concessions of Imperial Russia in China were abolished, the Russian part of the Boxer indemnity was given up, all the privileges of Imperial Russia in the Middle East Railway were given up, and so on.

Waiting for this is it!The Soviet Russian government rushed to throw out a declaration to China before the Constituent Assembly, with the purpose of gaining more external support for itself. Of course, it is also inseparable from the unremitting efforts of Liu Jingren, the Chinese Minister Plenipotentiary in Russia. The Soviet Russian government’s declaration to China The first time it spread all over the world.

On December 1917, 12, China's Foreign Minister Xia Yiting announced on behalf of the government: China accepted and confirmed the Soviet Russian government's declaration to China the day before, announcing that all secret treaties signed between imperial Russia and China would be abolished immediately, and the imperial Russian government would In Northeast China and other places, all the land acquired by means of aggression will be taken back, the consular jurisdiction and concessions of Imperial Russia in China will be abolished, the Russian part of the Boxer indemnity will be abolished, all the privileges of Imperial Russia in the Middle East Railway will be abolished, and so on!

At the end of the Chinese-government statement, the Chinese-government expressed the hope that Russia will maintain a stable situation and believes that the Russian people will make the right choice in the face of history!I believe that China-Russia relations will open a new chapter!