The Four Steps to the Sky

Continuing the Toynbee chapter-

Toynbee was born in London and was sent to a noble boarding school when he was young. He once studied at Winchester College, graduated from Oxford University at the age of 23, specializing in ancient history, and later went to the British Academy of Archeology in Athens, Greece to study. is to be trained as a historian.

His grandfather was Joseph Toynbee, the first ENT specialist in the UK, and a well-known philanthropist who devoted his life to improving the working conditions of industrial workers since the Industrial Revolution.

His mother is a historian, and his mother's interest in history stimulated his desire for knowledge. In his early history learning, he also hated memorizing timetables and birth and death ages of important people just like us, but he was Interested in exploring the unknown world of history.

Emby had worked for British intelligence during World War I, and in 1919 he also became a representative of the Paris peace talks. [

During the Great War, he witnessed the loss of many friends. He found that this kind of suffering has repeatedly appeared since the beginning of human history. This made him want to find knowledge and methods for human beings to know each other from the study of the historical evolution of different civilizations. Concern and compassion for human suffering drove his long-term and tireless research work.

In his later teaching of Greek history, he found that the history of classical Greece and the evolution of modern Western history had something in common, which inspired him to use a broad perspective to regard human history as a research unit based on "civilization".

He gave "Egyptian Civilization", "Syrian Civilization", "Indian Civilization" and "Chinese Civilization", as well as some extinct civilizations. There are a total of 31 civilization models. Using these 31 civilizations as samples to study the evolution and development of history process.

Most of these 31 civilized societies have died, and only Christianity, the Orthodox Church and its offshoots Russia, Islam, India, China and its offshoots, and North Korea.and three other stagnant civilizations.

Except for Christian civilization, the rest are disintegrating.Even Christian civilization is showing signs of decline today.

What is culture?Civilization and culture are often confused by some people. Civilization often refers to the country's architectural, economic and military levels, while culture is the description of the literary mind, the expression of language, and the meaning of philosophy.

In addition, some people often use civilization and culture together. To put it simply: culture or civilization is a tool for human beings to survive and grow.

If civilization cannot accept the challenge, culture cannot keep up with the times.The country is bound to be surpassed by others, or it will be destroyed and another dynasty will replace it. The same is true for the church. If it cannot accept the challenge of the times, it is likely that the church will close down.

Toynbee's historical thought has a strong taste of historical philosophy, and he also understands that there is no invariable and definite historical fact.Even the most faithful historical materials inevitably contain various viewpoints, opinions, and even prejudices.

This is why postmodernism constantly denies the existence of objective history. They emphasize grand narratives and how readers interpret those histories.

Toynbee believes that moderate challenges can not only motivate the challenged to obtain a more successful response, but also help them gain a kind of motivation.This motivation can drive them to take a step forward, from the existing status quo to a new struggle.

He believes that the structure of a civilized society is mainly composed of three levels: politics, economy and culture, among which "culture" is the essence of a civilized society.

"Culture" is a spiritual activity unique to a civilized society.The symbol of this spiritual activity is the "value system" based on religious belief.

Therefore, he pointed out that the real source of vitality for the formation and development of various civilizations is religious belief, especially Christian belief.

Think together.Have the country, society, and church accepted such a challenge?When faced with these challenges, learn to respond positively or just go with the flow.What about going with the contemporary hoops of thought?

You should be at the cutting edge of the times, instead of hiding behind closed doors and building a car behind closed doors, and then keep shouting that you have to face the challenge.

Today we have to face many challenges, such as: ideological leadership, behavioral patterns, transformation of thinking, interpersonal relationships, and the establishment of ethics and morality, all of which need to be faced again. We can’t just hide in it and study, sing hymns, praise, and pray. That's all, what is the contemporary response to the world?

When philosophers of history look at the value of a civilization (or culture), they don't care how much wealth and technology it has created, how much land it has occupied, and how many peoples it has conquered.

From the 31 civilizations, Toynbee drew a brilliant conclusion that religious belief is the navigator of history. Can we also keep this concept in our hearts and continue to carry it forward. [

Baigby pointed out that Tang's definition of civilization is not clear enough, and his theory is based on Western civilization, represented by Athens (the civilization of reason and humanity) and Jerusalem (religious civilization).

It is recognized that a highly rational and humanistic civilization must be built on an unequal social class system, just like the Greek and Roman civilizations.Only religious civilization is the only solution for human society.

It is proposed that the reason why Chinese civilization originated from the Yellow River, the Yellow River is fierce, and the Yangtze River is kind.Divide Chinese civilization into two parts: ancient Chinese civilization—Han Dynasty, and Far Eastern civilization from Wei and Jin Dynasties, but in the end Tang admitted that his division was wrong, realizing that Confucianism, centralized power, agricultural economy, and bureaucratic system of Chinese civilization run through the whole China.

Worried about the development of science and technology, excessive material civilization, and wars caused by u, against nationalism and capitalism.

Adhering to the essence of Western civilization in religion (Christianity) is not science. In modern times, because of being far away from religion, nationalist pan-scientific substances have invaded human civilization.

Humans have indeed conquered nature with technology, but the winner is technology, not humans.

It is expected that world politics will appear in politics, the economy will be a reconciliation of capitalism and socialism, and the spirit will return to religion.

As Tang Enbi got older, he felt more and more that life can only be rewarded, and he should do something that he thinks is worthwhile and can be done well.

So every time he drives by the famous concert hall in London.Seeing many people coming in, the husband and wife were also very envious, but they also knew that there was homework to be done at night when they "come home" (the first verse of the memoir is quoted from the Bible: (go out to work, toil till night).

Toynbee's friends are far more "well-read" than him, and he has even read all the Greek and Roman things in the world, but "with a single thought", he wrote nothing and brought knowledge to the grave.Toynbee wrote a number of books.

Toynbee was anxious about publication. During the long years of writing "Historical Research", I kept hearing nrew mrvell's poems: But behind me, I often heard the winged car of time passing by in a hurry.So, go to him.

Because a person has only one life, how short it is, so make good use of the time and make the best effort. (dead like this)

If history is not used, it is of little value, because all intellectual life is action, but to be able to understand the age of the ancients, you can only do it in your own age.Only then, you yourself live

In the preface written by Toynbee's dialogue, "the mood is near dusk" but full of wisdom.

Toynby used "Mark's Gospel", "If a Matthew gains the gold world, he loses his life."What good is it?What else can a person give in exchange for his life?To respond to Kant's value or dignity.

Toynbee's theme is that the law of human dignity is achieved by man's best skills and can only be measured by ethics (actions of compassion and love).

Toynbee also said in the preface of the book that this kind of spiritual self-transformation is the only effective means to improve society.

Toynbee is so fortunate to have many bosom friends in Japan. The former president of a certain bank in Japan bought the copyright of his "Historical Research" out of kindness.After retirement, I will finish translating it all my life.

Tornbee in "A Historian's View on Religion" (Sichuan people, the title of the book is not translated properly. It is the author's experience and reflection with Christians as an "agnostic" identity).

In the preface to the second edition, Toynbee's wife quoted Toynbee as saying that Romans said: Only following one way can never reach such a great and mysterious center-he wrote in the book: Ultimate reality is a There is more than one path to the mystery.Believers take different paths, but their goals are the same. [

I remember saying that more than a year ago, my personal broadcasts are all about what I want to say at the moment, there is nothing I can’t say, and then I received a few times a message saying that I don’t like to listen to what you say, and I don’t follow you anymore.Just cancel if you don't pay attention, what's the point of coming to tell me?

I met again today, it was a bit funny, they came and went freely!I am free and unrestrained in the world, and I am fighting with the world. If you don't agree, it's your family's business, and it's none of my business! (Same thing should have been said here before)

Excuse me, in fact, it is very easy for a newcomer to write a book to get my leader, you just need to tell me "Brother Long! I read most of the text in your book, and I think my writing skills are better than yours!" Then I will Go and have a look.

You are really better than me, then Xiaomeng must have your book, and then you will!When I am in a good mood, I will give you more than a million alliances (actually, when I am rich, the chance of rewarding me when I have money is much higher than ordinary people, because I have evidence to keep, and the Internet literature world can prove it), because you are worth it , but also because I personally like Chinese characters.

I watched a movie called Pacific Rim Mecha and Monsters at home last night before going to bed. There were only scenes but no content.

I used to say that watching movies is good for entertainment, I think it’s good to watch it, no matter how artistic it is, now I think it should at least have some absorbing and novel content, otherwise watching movies is worse than not watching, it has the same meaning as books and music !

Then when I wanted to continue to read Zhang Ailing’s prose book, I came up with the idea. I fell asleep and had a dream. I forgot in the dream. It hurts, in the dream, it seems that I woke up and felt chest pain, the result of years of smoking!

I can't quit, smoke is my true lover, without her company, my soul is alone, alone!

Watching the NBA game in the morning, the Rockets played against the Toronto Raptors. The main bet is to bet on big points, and the Rockets win by 9 points at home. The combined score of the two teams exceeds 203 points.

After the regular season, luckily it was a tie, with 174 points, and 5 points after 190 points in the overtime. Fortunately, the two teams were still tied, and it was extended again. Finally, the score was 214 points, and the Rockets won by 6 points.

Guess right under Oita, win more than 9 points under Rockets and guess wrong. After adding and subtracting both sides, you won’t lose money, and you will feel happier.After reading it, it was already past noon. Thinking of the company, I thought that I had only slept for an hour and had another dream. I just continued to sleep until I was woken up by a message at four o'clock. After taking a shower, I went out to company.

Take the same route, buy the same coffee and the same cigars, enter the same company, talk about the same job, turn on the computer, go out to buy lottery tickets and scratch cards.

Thinking about not traveling far in November, let's take a look at it first, pointing here. What about December?It's almost Chinese New Year, isn't it?If you have time to think about it, put on your headphones and listen to a few songs!