young marshal spring and autumn

However, Japan was not willing to fail, and actively lobbied the governments of various countries to impose an arms embargo on China, and asked China to respond to the Washington Treaty and implement disarmament in order to suppress China's development in terms of military power.

The Zhangs and his sons were very clear about the evil intentions of the Japanese: the country was torn apart, and the army was not enough to defend the country with this little army, and it would be absurd if they had to be abolished.However, in response to public opinion, Zhang Hanqing said: The People's Army will no longer add new army divisions, and maintain the current designation of the 12 divisions.But in private, all the infantry brigades under the division were expanded into mixed brigades (that is, each brigade added an artillery regiment and a cavalry regiment, and if there were no artillery and horses, the infantry would first be used to fill the number), so that the original division could be composed of 3 soldiers. The number of people changed and expanded to 4, forming an army establishment.Zhang Zuolin also followed suit, and also established a large-scale coastal defense fleet in the Liaodong Bay in the name of assisting the central government.Because it was the boss who paid the money, the Liaodong Bay Coastal Defense Fleet, from the commander to the soldiers, was all officers and soldiers of the Bong Army, becoming the de facto Bong Fleet Navy.This was formed by Zhang Zuolin at a large price. He purchased 6 ships from the United States, built 10 destroyers with a displacement of 1200 tons at Huludao Port, more than 10 gunboats, and 2 minelayers. They were organized into two formations.In addition, it governs the 3 seaplane squadrons that have already been established, with Tianjin, Qinhuangdao, and Huludao as bases respectively.

Peace has become the mainstream, and unification is expected by all parties. Zhang Hanqing's idea of ​​unifying China by force seems unrealistic.Under the voice of public opinion, the Zhili and Bong families began negotiations on the formation of a new government.

Wu Peifu insisted on "nationalizing the military."In his view, the People's Army under the control of the People's Party of the Fengist Party is also a manifestation of local power, which is inconsistent with the principle of one government.Therefore, the condition for the formation of a new government is that all parties hand over their troops, and then democratically elect the president of the country through partisan competition, form a government, and unify military orders and government orders.This statement has been advocated by many enlightened people who have been influenced by Britain and the United States.He deliberately advocated democracy, but because of the current situation, the difference in strength between the Zhifeng and Fenggong armies is too great.The Fengjun from the north, and the People's Army from the northwest and south have surrounded the Zhili. From a military point of view, the Zhili is no longer the opponent of the Fengjun. The only feasible way is to "nationalize the army."Everyone handed over the army at hand to the country, and then competed for the head of state together. With their strength in operating in Beijing for many years, at least they were not inferior to Zhang Zuolin politically.His wishful thinking was based on the assumption that Zhang Zuolin would definitely not agree to this, so the moral advantage fell to his side.

Under the huge influence of the Feng faction, which occupies the right time and place, they suddenly want to hand over military power to participate in some uncertain "presidential elections". The veterans of Fengjun expressed their difficulty in agreeing.There are two kinds of ideas within the Fengjun: one is "fighting": the Fengjun and the People's Army already have an absolute advantage in military strength, and the defeat of the Zhili Clan is a sure thing. The Fengjun directly controls the Beijing government and Zhang Zuolin personally forms a cabinet.Some senior military and political officials even had the idea of ​​sitting in the world and encouraged Zhang Zuolin to unify China by force.This part of the people is the old Northeast generals, headed by Wu Junsheng, Ma Longtan, Yu Zhen, Xing Shilian and others.

Another way of thinking is to "delay": to defeat the enemy without fighting, and as the strengths of both Fengzhi and Fengzhi decline each other, given time, they will definitely be able to drag down Zhili with a big advantage.As for Sun Yat-sen, because his territory has been lost, he is basically not considered as a political opponent.This is a method that is bloodless, peaceful, and relatively stable. There are many people in the Feng family who agree with it, mainly including Zhang Zuoxiang, Jiang Dengxuan, Ji Jinchun, Zhang Jinghui, Li Jinglin and others.In this way, Zhang Zuolin is none other than Zhang Zuolin, and the people in charge of China's political situation are still members of the Feng family.This is the state-building model in the minds of most Fengren.

Fortunately and wisely, Zhang Zuolin still chose to ask about Zhang Hanqing's attitude.In his heart, this eldest son is not only his future successor, but also the "Zhuge" in his heart.After years of experience in leading troops and governing, Zhang Hanqing has an extraordinary strategic view and a strong ability to grasp the overall situation.In the official history, the two schools of Zhi and Feng fought very happily for this, and there was also the defeat of the Feng family in the first war of Zhi and Feng.

At this time, Sun Yat-sen went to Shanghai to avoid disaster, so the Southern Nationalist Government no longer existed in fact.Historically, Sun Yat-sen will not come back until next year with the help of the Guangxi faction and other forces, but Zhang Hanqing has subdued Guangdong in advance, fundamentally cutting off the possibility of Sun Yat-sen's comeback.

It was under such circumstances that Zhang Hanqing lost no time in proposing: take advantage of this opportunity to advocate peace talks between the North and the South, and establish a coalition government consisting of warlords from the Zhi, Feng, Anhui, and Southwest factions, as well as Sun Yat-sen, at least formally completing China’s Unification, and then relying on their own strengths, they compete for various positions in the central government - originally a hot topic for the northern government, because of this incident, it became feasible.

After receiving the opinion of the young marshal, only Sun Liechen and Guo Songling turned to support Zhang Hanqing.

With his understanding of history and his personal practice in the past few years, Zhang Hanqing already has a clear understanding of the general trend.On the 8th, 9th, and 10th, he sent out secret telegrams to express his opinions: "At the beginning, Yuan Shikai's power was so powerful that even Mr. Sun Yat-sen had to bow down. However, he made a wrong move. He ignored or underestimated one thing. So the prosperity is also vigorous, and the death is also sudden. This matter is the popularity of the people.

Since the founding of the Republic of China, European and American civilization trends have surged in, democracy has flourished, and the power of public opinion has reached the highest level in history, and this is just the beginning.This kind of people's power, like a flood, can only be lured and lured, but not against the world. The 'May [-]th Movement' thoroughly demonstrated the enormous influence of workers and students.Only Mr. Sun saw this trend, so he was able to mobilize the masses and create the Kuomintang with no defense, and gained continuous support from the people.The current situation is that Sun Yat-sen's Kuomintang, the Zhili, and the Fengli are three pillars of confrontation. We have the right time, we share the geographical advantages with the Zhili, and Sun Yat-sen has harmony among people.

Not long ago, Mr. Sun Yat-sen was forced to resign and retreat to Shanghai. This is a good time for us to take advantage of it.As long as the banner of Sun Yat-sen is erected and the solid foundation of Northeast China is established, it will not be difficult to defeat Zhili and gain control of Beijing.Although Mr. Sun has no soldiers, no money and no power, he is the target of all parties vying to win him over.The People's Army and the People's Party took the "Three People's Principles" as their slogans, and in just a few years they conquered large areas in Northwest China, Central China, and South China and all parties joined them. This shows that the banner he raised has won the hearts of the army and the people.

Although the direct lineage is temporarily weak, it is not vulnerable.Zhizhi and Henan provinces each have 3000 million people, and there is sufficient stamina for mobilizing troops.Cao has worked hard for many years, and Wu Peifu is even more of a hero. In a life-and-death struggle, it is inevitable that he will kill [-] enemies and lose [-] himself.The People's Army has just calmed down the situation in the south, and all industries are waiting to be flourished. To fully own it, the Northeast still needs to support it in terms of funds, technology, and equipment.In addition, it is necessary to guard against a sudden attack by the Japanese. It is really inappropriate to start a big war at this time.

For the current plan, Mr. Sun should be invited to go north to discuss the strategy of "peaceful reunification".The father's first righteousness must first win the hearts of the people, and I understand that the immediate family cannot refuse.When Mr. Sun arrived in Beijing, he was naturally unwilling to be controlled by others. All he could rely on was our family.When it comes time for the congressional elections, with Mr. Sun's reputation, the president of the Republic of China is well-deserved. There should be no suspense in his election, and his father is undoubtedly the best candidate for the cabinet prime minister. Only in this way can the power of the government and the opposition be balanced.And if the Zhili is unwilling to fail and resists with force, it will be a dishonor to the world, and we will be famous by example.

As for the people in Fengtian who were worried that Sun Yat-sen would shake hands with the Zhili lineage to make peace, this is unfounded worry.Mr. Sun cares about the world, and he will not want to cause any more disputes and damage the vitality of the country.Moreover, in recent years, the central government's finances have always been supported by the Feng family, and the military's finances have all been local expenditures. Even if Mr. Sun wants to seize military power, he still cannot mobilize so many troops without money. "

Zhang Hanqing is telling the truth. In the past two years, the central finance has mainly relied on the Feng Department to operate.Since the Feng faction entered Beijing in 1920, more than 40% of the central finance was borne by the Feng faction provinces. By 1921, it accounted for 55%. After the financial crisis in 1922, it accounted for 80%. The central bank and the Bank of China were also controlled by the Feng faction. Almost 1/2.Without the support of the Feng faction, no one who came to power could ignore the existence of the Feng faction. No wonder the Jin cabinet was called the "shadow cabinet" of the Feng faction.

By the end of 1922, as the leading iron and steel industry, with the joining of Baotou Iron and Steel Company and Maanshan Iron and Steel Company, the output of pig iron exceeded the 300 million tons mark, reaching a record 303 million tons, and the steel output reached 64 tons.Steel production alone is more than the total steel production of the Republic of China in mainland China over the years in official history.

In the second month after acquiring Suiyuan, Zhang Hanqing planned to build a steel company in Baiyun Obo, so as to produce nearby steel for laying the railway tracks from Zhangyuan to Guisui and military steel for the Lanzhou Ordnance Factory to manufacture weapons.Originally, people in the industry in the Feng dynasty were still anxious about the source of raw materials. Zhang Hanqing pointed out firmly that Baiyun Obo is a large mineral deposit. As a result, it was called "Baiyun Bogdu" in Mongolian, which means "rich holy mountain". "Discovered" rich iron, rare earth, niobium and other metal symbiotic ores.

Originally, the Baiyun Obo Iron Mine was discovered by geologist Ding Daoheng in 1925. In 1934, He Zuolin, a famous geologist and rock mineralogist, discovered two new rare earth element minerals in Baiyun Obo Mine, named Baiyun Ore and Obo Mine.So far, Baiyun Obo Mine has attracted the attention of the world.Zhang Hanqing has incomparable "foresight and insight" and "found" the mine five years in advance.

Relying on Baotou's abundant iron ore resources, the Suiyuan Provincial Government established Baotou Iron and Steel Company in Baotou with the support of the Northeast Autonomous Government.Because of the current lack of talents in rare earth smelting, Zhang Hanqing was afraid of destroying the world's largest Baiyun Obo rare earth mine in history, so he did not dare to make a big deal. After forming an annual output of 30 tons of steel, he wisely rejected the call to expand production.

The iron ore production areas in East China are mainly Aoshan, Nanshan, Gushan, Taochong, Meishan, Fenghuangshan and other mines from Wuhu, Anhui Province to Nanjing, Jiangsu. Zhang Hanqing established a steel company in Ma'anshan after pacifying Anhui. , 20 tons of iron was produced that year, which played a vital role in the historical record of China's iron output exceeding 1922 million tons at the end of 300.

Because the Hanyeping Coal and Iron Company is completely controlled by the Feng Dynasty, the steel plants built in Tangshan and Lanzhou have gradually forced the scale of the Northeast, so 91% of China's iron production and 92% of the steel production are concentrated in the provinces under the Feng Dynasty's control. .

By the end of 1922, the total mileage of the railways under Feng's administration was about 8000 kilometers, and it had mastered all the railways except the Jinghan Railway, Jinpu Railway, and Jiaoji Railway.Financially, tax revenue has reached as much as 8 million yuan, which is 3% of that of Japan in the same period.Administratively, 65 provinces including Feng, Ji, Hei, Xing, Mongolia, Re, Sui, Cha, Gan, Shan, Ning, Qing, Hubei, Anhui, Hunan, Jiangxi, and Guangdong have been occupied, and they are still in nominal control Xinjiang and Tianjin actually occupy two places, accounting for more than 17% of the country's population.

As the Central China People's Army entered Shandong, the Feng faction also opened a channel connecting the north and the south via the Jinpu line.