young marshal spring and autumn

After the Feng faction forces took hold of the center, "no one else was allowed to sleep soundly next to the couch", and they had long aimed at Shanxi, which was unwilling to surrender.However, Yan Xishan was a hero who participated in the Revolution of 1912. When Sun Yat-sen inspected Taiyuan in September 9, he said: "Last year, the Wuchang Uprising succeeded within a short time. If it hadn’t been for the Shanxi uprising that cut off the communication between the north and the south, the affairs of the world would be unknown.” Yan Xishan was the only one in China who would ascend to the throne of the governor and receive such an evaluation.It is against public opinion to use a sword against him.Therefore, Zhang Zuolin hesitated for a while, unable to make a conclusion.Although he has now become the most influential figure in China, after Cao Kun bribed the election, he has some fear of the nothingness of "public opinion", and his actions are far less vigorous than in the past.

Zhang Hanqing has a different understanding of "public opinion". He believes that in almost all countries, whether democratic or autocratic, public opinion is a powerful weapon for the ruler to control and attack the enemy.Before World War II, citizens of all countries in the world were in a situation of being "propagandized", like Germany.Public opinion can be controlled, shifted and deceived--he doesn't want to emphasize how noble and democratic he is--a country in turmoil cannot demand so-called democracy, especially when China lacks a strong central government When the government was in power, the so-called democracy was the harbinger of warlord separatism.

The country has gone through a long period of war, and the people are right to think about it, but they still have a soft spot for reunification.Like the Northern Expedition in history, didn't it get quite a lot of support? "Public opinion" is basically on the side of the National Revolutionary Army who took the initiative to provoke the war years.Therefore, war does not necessarily lose popular support.

But the war against Yan must not be defeated, and the bystanders must not be taken advantage of, causing both losers and giving others an opportunity to take advantage of.He still admires Yan Xishan.

Yan Xishan has been in charge of Shanxi for many years, and his position is solid.He strategically pursues the "three nos, two things" principle, that is, "do not join the party, do not engage in foreign affairs, do not use troops for personal rights, obey the orders of the central government, and safeguard local public security."Later, he summed it up as "protecting the environment and the people", and asked "to communicate with neighboring provinces so that they will not be troubled by us, or they will be happy and cooperate with neighbors, so that they can be used by us and resist insults on our behalf."Until 1924, he repeatedly refused to participate in the melee of warlords, which made Shanxi maintain peace and stability for several years.

Internally, Yan regards promoting the advantages and eliminating the disadvantages as the main policy. In October 1917, he published the "Declaration of the Six Policies" and established the "Six Policies Assessment Office" to promote water conservancy, sericulture, tree planting and smoking ban, natural feet, and hair cutting (men cut their braids). , and later added cotton planting, afforestation, and animal husbandry, collectively known as "six politics and three affairs". After April 10, Yan also promoted the "politics of using the people" to actively play the role of the people, advocating the development of people's morality, people's wisdom and people's wealth.Yan believes that the foundation of administration lies in the village, and promotes "village-based politics".He reorganized the village system, set up neighbors with 1918 households as neighbors, 4 households with village chiefs, and village chiefs who acted as police officers and strengthened administrative management. The feudal ethics and morality as the central content; also organize the village administration, promulgate the "Village Prohibition Agreement", set up village offices, litigation committees, supervisory committees, people's meetings and other institutions, to deal with drug trafficking and smoking, nesting, gambling, stealing, fighting Probation, education and punishment for bad people such as idleness, disobedience, and disobedience; a "guard group" was established to conduct military training for young and middle-aged people.For a while, Shanxi experienced relatively stable society and improved production. A large number of disaster victims from neighboring provinces such as Henan, Shandong, and Hebei flooded into Shanxi, seeking a place to live and work in peace.Shanxi was awarded the title of "Model Province".

Economically, he took advantage of the Shanxi "Shanxi Merchants" tradition to establish the Shanxi Provincial Business Commune, reorganize the Shanxi Provincial Bank, build new banks such as the Railway, Salt Industry, and Reclamation Banks, and set up physical preparations for the "Four Bank Accounts". Ku, formed a huge bureaucratic capital system in Shanxi, with assets reaching 1 million silver dollars.Its large scale, low investment, fast speed and high efficiency rank among the best in China.

In terms of military affairs, Yan Xishan kept a low profile on the surface, but was secretly expanding his army and preparing for war.He built an arsenal capable of manufacturing rifles, machine guns, cannons and ammunition in large quantities, and expanded the army from 4 brigades in the early Republic of China to 17 divisions.By July 1923, under the intervention of the general office Shang Zhen, the Taiyuan Arsenal had increased to more than 7 employees and 1840 machines, and built three new branch factories for smokeless medicine, acid making, and shell making. The equipment of this factory was ordered by Yali Trading Co., Ltd. in Germany and put into production successively in September of the same year.Although Shang Zhen has been promoted to the commander of the Jin army, he still pays attention to the construction of the arsenal.During this period, the technology practice factory continued to develop, with the number of employees increasing to 320, the number of equipment increased to 9, and the monthly production of more than 11000 artillery pieces, 2300 submachine guns, 10 machine guns, and more than 900 bombs, initially forming a large-scale production.

The various advantages of Shanxi have aroused the coveting of Feng Yuxiang's subordinates.Sun Yat-sen did not want to leave the mountain, and the Feng faction completely took over the political power. The generals of the Feng faction did not expect it, and the status of their "National Revolutionary Army" suddenly became embarrassing.The dragons have no leader, and if there is no suitable site and target, this large army will soon be scattered.Looking at the northern provinces, except for Shanxi, they are already in the hands of the Fengjun/People's Army. Zhang Zuolin has long been eyeing his power. How could he easily give up a piece of land for them to develop?To develop, only Shanxi can survive.When Feng was here, he could still look at the overall situation and restrain them.Now, Feng Yuxiang is gone?

According to Zhang Hanqing's strategy, Feng Jun, who was fighting for the right to survive, and Jin Jun, who was trying to protect themselves through coercion and inducement, confronted each other, and no matter who won or lost, they would all be weakened.Of course, when a war breaks out and lives are devastated, the central government can naturally control the situation in the name of "public opinion" and break it down one by one.

Zhang Zuolin was overjoyed and thought it was feasible, so he stepped up the pressure on Feng's officers according to his plan: for a while, in the name of unifying the finances, he had to make overall arrangements for the military salaries of each department----Hu Jingyi couldn't support it because of this and led to the dissolution of the gang; for a while, he demanded a unified reduction Soldiers, the state no longer supports redundant personnel, making it impossible for them to hide soldiers in private.Zhang Hanqing also sent someone to inform Lu Zhonglin: "Shanxi Yan Xishan is independent from the central government, and has long intended to punish him. If the National Army can expel Yan Xishan, the central government will appoint your ministry to be stationed in Shanxi and appoint you as the governor of Shanxi."

Under such circumstances, in order to preserve its strength, the Feng Family National Army, which had grown rapidly after the Beijing coup, had to plot to develop into Shanxi that summer.Shanxi was completely surrounded by the Nationalist First, Second, and Third Armies (newly added), and the materials used in the arsenal could not be brought in, facing a serious threat. In April, the main force of Feng's national army left Beijing, and the troops were divided into two groups. The East Route Army was stationed in Nankou and Duolun with Lu Zhonglin as the commander-in-chief; .In order to prepare to fight directly with the national army, Yan Xishan dispatched troops to deploy in the Datong area.Shang Zhen was urgently transferred back from Shijiazhuang to serve as the former commander-in-chief of the enemy, stationed in command of operations. On April 4, the West Route Army of the National Army launched an attack from Deshengkou and Shahukou.Shang Zhen commanded all the units of the Jin army to fight hard. The fierce battle lasted for seven or eight days and nights.

Zhang Zuolin was overjoyed by Feng Yan's battle.No matter who wins or who loses, the fisherman's profit is settled.Yan Xishan also realized that this kind of consumption would worsen the current situation when Feng was strong and Jin was weak.He believes that the attack on Juyongguan from the south entrance will cause heavy casualties and cannot be attacked.The Jin army must be withdrawn, marched to the front line of Yanmen Pass, prepared fortifications, and took a defensive position.The other army has no backup, cannot last long, and will be defeated in the long run.Then Shang Zhen was ordered to "temporarily withdraw to the line of Yanmen Pass, gather troops, take the defensive position first, and wait for an attack." The Great Wall builds a position and waits for an attack.

Lu Zhonglin also had insight into Zhang Zuolin's conspiracy, but the situation was already in dire straits.As a last resort, he ordered the North Route Army to march northward and return to Sui, intending to rely on the land of Suiyuan, and Xu Tu gradually advanced.This move annoyed Zhang Hanqing—Guisui, Baotou and other places are important raw material bases for him to develop northern industries. How can they be occupied by the National Army?He issued a telegram through Zhang Zuolin, reprimanding Lu Zhonglin: "Let the soldiers and bandits disrupt the place and disturb the stability of Suiyuan." He also ordered the People's Army to "encircle and suppress" him. In late April, the people's army garrison troops were ordered to capture Duolun; in the middle of April, under the pressure of the Fengzhi coalition forces, the national army withdrew from Nankou.

At the same time, the Jin army turned from defense to offense, and the National Army fell into a passive state and began to withdraw troops from northern Shanxi. On April 4, "there is no trace of the enemy in Jin Province".During this period, Han Fuju, Shi Yousan, and Zheng Zesheng, the defeated generals of the National Army, led their troops to vote in Jin under Shang Zhen's persuasion.

Lu Zhonglin had no choice but to declare a truce, how could Zhang Zuolin give him a chance?Force him to go to the field in exchange for peace.At that time, public opinion also overwhelmingly favored the establishment of a unified central government.So Lu Zhonglin also went abroad and accompanied his old boss Feng Yuxiang to the Soviet Union to "continue" investigation.

The coaches Feng Yuxiang and Lu Zhonglin were forced to go abroad one after another, and the national soldiers were in a daze.Zhang Hanqing showed his generosity, announcing that "no matter what kind of party or army, as long as they are unified under the premise of one China and under the jurisdiction of the 'National Defense Commission', they are all part of China's national defense forces, and the central government is fully responsible for their expenditures." Zhang Hanqing also hand-picked the generals under Feng's command, and later promoted Song Zheyuan, Liu Ruming, Sun Liangcheng, Sun Lianzhong, who were famous in the War of Resistance Against Japan, and the little-known Ji Hongchang and others, and promoted them to reuse.In addition to organizing a part of the army into local armed police forces, the rest were scattered and randomly organized into new armies in the Jinan Military Region.

In this way, with the help of force, the Feng family was resolved, and the Jin family was also weakened, killing two birds with one stone.