young marshal spring and autumn

The "May [-]th Movement" discredited the "Anfu Congress" controlled by Duan Qirui's government and the Anhui faction, and gradually lost its prestige among the people.Looking at the achievements of Zhang Hanqing's "Anxi Army" in the Northwest, Cao Kun and Wu Peifu's eyes became warm.Seeing the current situation, the two believed that there was an opportunity to take advantage of it, so they sent people out of the customs to actively lobby Zhang Zuolin, in order to achieve a situation where the Zhili and Fengzhi attacked the Anhui faction from north to south.

At this time, Fengjun has completed the reorganization of 10 divisions, which is the time when there are enough soldiers and food and talents.The acquisition of Xing'an, Rehe, Chahar, and Mongolia and the achievements of the "Northwest Army" brought the prestige of the Northeast United Province Autonomous Government to a new peak, and also turned the attention of the top officials of the Feng Dynasty to Guanzhong.

However, Zhang Zuolin weighed the pros and cons of the olive branch thrown by the Zhili, but he was still unable to make a decision: on the one hand, he was tempted to enter the customs to gain benefits, and on the other hand, he offended the Japanese who were the supporters behind the Anhui Clan.Although he is a very patriotic warlord in his bones, at this time and here, with his strength and status, he cannot but be concerned about the influence of the Japanese.Wu Junsheng, an important ally in his life, is also unwilling to leave the customs. He insists on closing himself up and waiting for the future. Although Liaodong is small enough to be king, the current priority is to wait and see the situation and hide his clumsiness.

Zhang Hanqing and Sun Liechen were supporters of leaving the customs. Sun Liechen believed that the main forces of the Anhui faction were scattered in various places and could be easily defeated.There is very little resistance for the Feng army to leave the customs. With the power of stabilizing Mongolia and its influence among the people of the country, it is not known whether it may take the opportunity to win the master in the rebellion between Zhiwan and Anhui.But Zhang Hanqing knew the quick victory of the Zhiwan War in history, so of course he strongly advocated sending troops in order to prevent the Zhili from becoming big in the Beiyang government.The Japanese, on the other hand, are still unable to intervene on a large scale due to their fear of Britain and the United States, their lack of domestic economic strength, and the influence of the political climate. They can only express their opposition symbolically, so they have nothing to fear.

Zhang Zuolin was accustomed to Zhang Hanqing's advice, and he readily agreed, and in April, with Wang Naibin as the plenipotentiary, he discussed the conditions for forming an anti-duan alliance with Zhili.The conditions given by Zhang Hanqing are:

1.Form the Beijing government together, and the new government's finance, agriculture and commerce, and transportation chiefs will be appointed by the Feng Department;

2.The Feng faction acquired Zhangyuan, the provincial capital of Chahar (that is, Zhangjiakou, which was currently guarded by the Anhui army);

3.The 2 cities of Tangshan and Qinhuangdao in Zhili surrounded by Rehe were merged into Rehe Special Zone and Rehe Province was established;

4.The Suiyuan Special District, a direct lineage force, was assigned to the Fengline.

5.The two factions of Zhi and Feng jointly attacked Shaanxi in the northwest. The two sides took the Wei River as the boundary. The Northwest People's Army occupied the north, and the Zhi army occupied the south.

6.Tianjin is the demarcation point of the forces of the two sides. Both sides can station troops in Tianjin, but they must not interfere in Tianjin's civil affairs.

7.After the war, the Feng Clan agreed and supported the Zhi Clique to own the Anhui, Shandong, and Zhejiang provinces of the Anhui Clan.

This is an agreement that is generally acceptable to both parties: Shaanxi separates Gansu controlled by the Feng dynasty from Hubei controlled by the Zhili dynasty, and it is fair to divide Shaanxi equally; There is no possibility of perfection in the encirclement of Chahar and Chahar (near Shanxi is the unbreakable sphere of influence of another warlord Yan Xishan); Tianjin is a place where various foreign forces gather, and they are often blamed, and Zhili does not have much interest; Zhili, which is close to Shanhaiguan 2 The city is located in the place where the Feng Dynasty must pass through to connect Tianjin and Rehe, and the Feng army is bound to win, and no negotiation is allowed.The Zhili lineage consolidated the territory in the Yangtze River Basin and the north, and the Feng lineage took over large tracts of land connecting the convenient passages from the northwest to the northeast.It can be said that everyone is happy.

As far back as the beginning of the year, Duan Qirui had a premonition of Zhili's disobedience.He tried his best to prevent Zhili from going north, but finally failed.At the beginning of the new year, it was planned to replace Zhao Ti, the governor of Henan, with Wu Guangxin, a figure from Anhui Province, in order to block Wu Peifu's return to the north (when Wu Peifu's army was fighting against the Guangzhou military government in Hunan).The latter tends to favor the Feng family, but has always opposed the Anhui family's connivance with Japan.However, President Xu Shichang feared that it would lead to great changes, so he refused to publish it.Shi Jin Yunpeng also expressed his opposition in order to gain direct support, so he did not forgive Yu Duan Qirui and almost resigned.

On March 3, Wu Peifu, commander of the 7rd Division of the Zhijun Army stationed in southern Hunan, demanded to withdraw its defense and go north despite the Beijing government's telegrams to stop it. On March 3, Wu Peifu's mixed brigade commanders Wang Chengbin, Xiao Yaonan, and Yan Xiangwen began to withdraw to the north (Guangzhou military government continued to pay 3 yuan for the departure fee, and Qu Tongfeng, Chen Wenyun, Wei Zonghan, Li Jincai, and Liu Liu, commanders of the garrison near Beijing, Inquiry and power on, saying that the barracks are insufficient, and the direct army is refused to move).

On May 5, Duan Qirui held a combat meeting in Tuanhe, and ordered the border guards to concentrate in the Beijing area, and Duan planned to be stationed in Zhengzhou to meet the Wu army.In order to boost morale, on June 17, Duan Qirui and Xu Shuzheng announced to mobilize the crusade against the Southern Army.

On June 6, Feng Jun drove from Duliu Town in Zhili to Langfang via Tianjin.

When Zhiwan was sharpening its sword, the nails of the Anhui faction in Hunan were uprooted. On June 6, Zhang Jingyao, the Hunan governor of the Anhui faction, was expelled from Hunan for all parties. , stay in office temporarily".

On June 6, Wu Peifu brought Wang Chengbin, Xiao Yaonan, and Yan Xiangwen, the brigade commanders of the Zhili Army, from Zhengzhou to Baoding to meet with Cao Kun, the governor of Zhili.

On July 7, Xu Shichang dismissed Xu Shuzheng from his Northwest frontier mission, took Li Yuan as his caretaker, abolished the commander-in-chief of frontier defense, and the army under his jurisdiction was taken over by the Ministry of the Army. On July 4, Ni Si, the governor of Anhui, rushed to Beijing, and Duan Qirui ordered the mobilization of the border guards. On July 7, the border guards dispatched to Changxindian and Langfang.Zhang Zuolin was already ready to beat the dog in the water, but in order to paralyze Duan Qirui, he went to Tuanhe in person to persuade Duan Qirui not to use troops.However, after receiving the "guarantee" from Zhang Zuolin's Fengjun to maintain neutrality, Duan Qirui believed that he had a chance to win, insisted on going to war, and demanded that Wu Peifu be punished.Under such circumstances, Feng Yuxiang, commander of the 5th Direct Mixed Brigade, led his troops to retreat from Taoyuan, Changde, and moved to Chenjiaji, Hankou...

The Zhiwan war was inevitable, but the Zhili only had 1 division and 3 mixed brigades led by Wu Peifu and 2 divisions under Cao Kun.Faced with the Anhui army backed by the Japanese troops stationed in North China, they had to be scruples.At Wu Peifu's suggestion, on July 7, Cao Kun called the Beijing Mission to ask them to pay attention to the fact that Japan secretly assisted Duan.The United States, Britain, and France oppressed the Japanese minister to express their attitude. On the 10th, the Japanese envoy was forced to issue a declaration stating that he would never help Duan.

In order to encourage the Zhili, on July 7, Zhang Zuolin sent a telegram to Cao Kun, saying that he had sent the 11th Division to enter the pass first, and the Fengjun in the pass sent Zhang Jinghui as the commander.He estimated that there were 28 to 8 allied forces in the Guan, which could cope with the war on the east and west fronts.He also assured Cao Kun: "I am a close friend of flesh and blood. At this critical moment of life and death, we must do our best to help."

With the guarantee of the Japanese and the support of the Feng faction, the Zhiwan War began.The Zhigui Department of the West Road Section of the Anhui Army (Jurisdiction No.15 Division Liu Xun, Qu Tongfeng, the First Division of the Frontier Defense Army, and Chen Wenyun, the Third Division) captured Gaobeidian from Zhuozhou (the commander-in-chief of the Zhijun West Road was Wu Peifu, and the commander-in-chief of the Back Road It is Wang Chengbin, the commander-in-chief of the East Road is Cao, and the strength is the 3rd Division and mixed brigades such as Cao Jiao, Wang Chengbin, Xiao Yaonan, Peng Shoushen, etc., with about 3 people. The Ninth, No.13, and No.15 Divisions of the Army, and three mixed brigades, about 6 people).

Zhang Zuolin saw that the main force of the Anhui army had been transferred to the south of Beijing, and the rear was empty, so he was ready to take the opportunity to start an incident.In the name of uncovering the subversive activities of the Anhui faction in the three eastern provinces, he announced Xu Shuzheng's eight major crimes and sent a telegram to the Qing emperor's side.

In order to avoid fighting on two fronts, Duan Qirui asked Xu Shichang to use a presidential decree to request all armies to return to their original defenses. In this way, Fengjun would not be allowed to enter the customs.Zhang Zuolin kept on doing nothing, and contacted Shunzhi Provincial Council, Tianjin General Chamber of Commerce, and Zhili Chamber of Commerce to announce Duan Qirui's three major crimes:

"... regards Donghai (President Xu Shichang) as a puppet, treats fellow officials like slaves, bosses around, and is very hot. Although Jin Yunpeng is a student, since he is the prime minister, the system should be above supervision. It is Duan Qirui who has a relationship with the academy. The letters are all personally approved with the words "Jiaoyuan" and "Jiaobubu". Those subordinates who are ordered to convey to the academy department will directly write the words "follow the supervisor to handle the decree, hand over to the prime minister and the general manager for handling, etc., just like the head of state. Today, the head of state has been stamped without authorization. This is the first major crime. Trust Cao Lu and borrow [-] million yuan in Japanese money to hand over the rights to forest minerals in the three eastern provinces and the Manchurian-Mongolian-Rehe Railway. The Japanese also signed contracts with Japan on the Jiaoji, Gaoxu, Shunji and other railways, so that Shandong would also be the continuation of the three eastern provinces. Even a military agreement was signed, and the Japanese army invaded North Manchuria, under the guise of participating in the war training, and the Japanese military officers Take over our military power. As for agreeing to sign a German treaty and advocating direct negotiations, all of them are for the purpose of flattering foreigners and destroying their own country. It is not true that he instigated rebellion against the upper officials. Unexpectedly, since he came to power, he has intensified his efforts....Using money extensively and uniting the armies of various provinces to strengthen himself, so that the number of troops is growing and the resources are exhausted. This is the third major crime.”

At the end of the telegram, it accused Duan Qirui of not being as clean as most people said. It pointed out: "The house in Tianjin Free Concession was purchased by Xu Shuzheng in Hanyang in the first year of the Republic of China. The Anfu party fund was used to build houses for the four seasons of spring, summer, autumn and winter for Duan Xing; the remaining 13 million yuan from the restoration and rebellion was put into private pockets; Duan has 200 million yuan in shares in China-Japan Exchange Bank.”

If you want to add a crime, why do you have no excuses?What's more, the evidence is certain?Zhang Zuolin's long-prepared battle plan was quickly communicated to all ministries: Ji Jinchun's 28th Division went out of Shanhaiguan along the Beijing-Fengfeng Line to attack Tangshan and Tianjin; Zhang Jinghui led the 16th Division out of Chifeng, attacked Duolun, Guyuan, and Chicheng, and pushed Zhangjiakou.

Before Zhang Zuolin announced on July 7 that he would send troops into the customs, Duan was very confident in the battle of "seeking straight". He once boasted that Baoding could be captured in only five days after the war started. The army will not help the straight army.Because he believed that although Zhang Zuolin was at odds with Xu Shuzheng, Zhang also had great conflicts with Cao Kun and Li Chun, his direct relatives. Therefore, Duan estimated that Zhang Zuolin must be sitting outside the pass and watching success or failure, and would not easily bet on the conflict between Zhiwan and Anhui.In other words, Zhang Zuolin will remain neutral.Duan believed that as long as Zhang Zuolin remained neutral, he would be sure to defeat Zhijun.How did you know that on the 13th, you received a military report that the 13th and 16th Divisions of the Fengjun Army had entered the pass, and then learned that the Fengjun Army had deployed defenses on Jingfeng Road, Jinpu Road, Machang, and Junliang City? It really freaked him out.

Originally, since July 7, there have been small-scale conflicts on the front lines of the Zhiwan and Anhui armies.The sound of cannons has been heard in Beijing.Legend has it that the frontier guards and Liu Xun's No.11 Division expressed their reluctance to fight, and retreated whenever they came into contact with the direct army.When Feng's army entered the customs, the Anfu Department really panicked, so Cao Rulin and Fu Liangzuo went to pay a visit to Xu Shichang and asked for a truce.

Duan Xi was in a hurry. On the one hand, he oppressed Xu Shichang to issue a truce order. On the other hand, he felt that the current situation must fight quickly, otherwise the morale of the army would not be easy to maintain. Therefore, on the afternoon of July 7, he called a special military meeting and decided to issue a general attack order immediately. In order to boost morale, he sent a special message to the whole country to crusade against the direct army.

On July 7, the two armies of Zhi and Anhui fought in Zhuozhou, Gaobeidian, and Liulihe along the Beijing-Tianjin Railway on the east and west sides of Beijing and the Beijing-Han Railway.The direct army on the western front was frustrated by the attack of the border guards and withdrew from Gaobeidian.Xu Shuzheng, the frontier defense force on the East Road, attacked Yangcun, which was occupied by the Zhijun army.Feng Jun Tang Yulin's troops were ordered to cross the Chaohe River, go straight into Miyun and Huairou, and threaten the back of the Anhui Army.

On July 7, the Zhiwan and Anhui armies opened fire, and the Guangzhou military government also issued a telegram condemning Duan Qirui.

In Hubei, Wang Zhanyuan of the Zhili lineage suddenly took decisive action when Zhiwan was on the verge of war, and put Wu Guangxin, the governor of Hunan who was living in Hubei, under house arrest.It turned out that after the Beijing government announced that Duan Qirui's relative, Wu Guangxin, was the Governor of Hunan, the Northern Army had completely withdrawn from Hunan. He and the former Governor of Hunan, Zhang Jingyao, conspired to seize Hubei and assist the Zhijun Army. Capture Henan.However, Edu Wang Zhanyuan is not a fool. He did not wait for Wu Zhang to do it, so he acted first. In the name of inviting a banquet, he invited Wu Guangxin to the governor's office for a banquet. After the banquet was over, Wu Guangxin was placed under house arrest. dissolve.Zhang Jingyao was very smart this time, he ran away when he heard the news.