young marshal spring and autumn

With the help of Edwin & #8226; Conger, the US Minister to China, Zhang Hanqing sent a telegram to Fang Houfeng, the commercial counselor of the Republic of China Embassy in the United States, and Frederick & #8226; Haynes, the vice president of Dodge Motors. , to discuss the establishment of a branch of Dodge Motors in Tianjin, China.

China has imported cars since 1901.In the winter of the 27th year of the Guangxu reign of the Qing Dynasty (1901), Li Enshi (leinz), a Hungarian, brought two cars into Shanghai.On the 2st day of the twelfth lunar month of the same year (January 1902, 1), after discussion at the regular meeting of the Ministry of Industry of the Public Concession, it was decided to issue a temporary license first and a full license the following year. After 20, automobile passenger transportation and automobile freight transportation appeared one after another in a few coastal cities in China. In 1907, the National Economic Commission was established to supervise road construction, allocate funds to local roads, encourage private automobile transportation, and list roads as one of the political leaders. In 1913, Zhang (Jiakou) and Ku (Lun) Highway, China's first automobile transportation line, opened to traffic.The period before the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War can be said to be the era when China's automobile transportation industry was increasingly prosperous, with an average of 1917 automobiles imported each year.At this time, building cars can be said to have a limitless future.

The Dodge brothers were born in Michigan, USA, brother John amp; # 8226; Dodge (john dodge) was born in 1864, brother Horace amp;The story of the two brothers' rise is quite legendary.

The Dodge Machine Shop opened in 1901 as the beginning of the Dodge Company with 12 employees.When the Canadian Bicycle Company collapsed, Dodge Brothers received its machinery as compensation for using Horace's patented bearings.Dodge Brothers actually built most of Ford's first cars, including the engine, chassis, and all transmission components, and Ford used very little body and chassis from other manufacturers.The relationship between the Dodge brothers and Ford has been good for many years, and John is also a vice president of Ford Motor.

In 1913, however, the Dodge brothers began to notice Ford's tendency to be self-sufficient.At that time, the Dodge Brothers had reopened a large factory in Michigan, which later became the famous Dodge General Factory.Horace and John built the world's first automotive proving ground and designed their first car in 1914. In 1915, Dodge trucks were the main combat equipment during the war.It was affirmed by the armed forces of both the United States and Mexico in the border wars triggered by the pancho villa's raids in 1915 and 1916.During World War I, the Allies used Dodge cars and munitions in the European theater of operations.The first Dodge commercial vehicle was an ambulance, based on which Dodge Brothers developed the commercial truck. In 1920, commercial vehicles accounted for 10% of the company's total production.In 1917, Dodge Brothers reached a record of annual sales of 10 cars.Just two years later, it made a profit of $12 million on sales of 1 vehicles. In 2400, Dodge was the fourth best-selling car in the United States.By 1915 Dodge had sold 1919 cars and had 40 employees.

In 1920, John amp; #8226; Dodge and Horus amp; #8226; Dodge died of pneumonia a few months apart.One of their longtime lieutenants, Frederick Haynes, became president of the company in January 8226. f.Haynes had worked with the Dodge brothers since they were in the bicycle business, so he was familiar with the company's overall situation. f.During Haynes' first year on the job, the recession began as sales and profits fell.But the company was supported by better sales of two types of cars, the closed sedan and the van.Despite the success of the Dodge sedan, the cars sold since the company's founding were essentially the same style, thus hindering the growth of the Dodge brand.

In the official history, Dodge was acquired by Chrysler not long after because of poor returns, but now Zhang Hanqing's active contact has a chance to save it from desperation.The nature of capitalists determines the instinct of businessmen to pursue stink. Zhang Hanqing finally changed the conservative mentality of Americans in this era with the huge order of Fengjun, and finally decided to open a factory in Tianjin with an initial annual output of 500 vans and 200 cars. A branch factory with an annual output of 3000 vehicles.

With the assistance of Lamende, the representative of the New Bank of the United States, the Tianjin Dodge Automobile Factory was officially established.Zhang Hanqing mobilized nearly a hundred technicians from all over Northeast China and North China to enter the factory to strive to master the manufacturing technology and lay the foundation for the later imitation of the Feng family.

The reason why Lamende worked so hard was to repay the olive branch that the Feng family extended to Britain and the United States.In order to counter Japan’s penetration in North China, Zhang Hanqing frequently dispatched important officials to visit envoys and representative businessmen of the British and American countries in Tianjin and Beijing, to preach the new government’s attitude towards the friendly cooperation between Britain and the United States, and promised to protect their interests in China and the safety of overseas Chinese. Investment is encouraged.

Britain and the United States, using the direct lineage as agents, already possessed interests along the Yangtze River. In order to further control the political situation, they had to adopt a prudent and cooperative attitude with the Beiyang government in Beijing under the control of the Feng faction.The U.S. congressional group basically reached an understanding with the Feng faction represented by Zhang Hanqing. In order to concentrate on dealing with Japan and the subsequent industrial layout, Zhang Hanqing had to pretend to be a snake, and recognized the U.S. railways in the Yangtze River Basin, Jinpu Line, Beijing-Hanzhou Line, etc. Political and economic rights along the route.On the condition of allowing the stationing of warships in Qinhuangdao and the opening of Qinhuangdao, Huludao, and Yingkou, they borrowed 1 million yuan from the United States and 6 million yuan from the United Kingdom.

----It's not a lack of money, in fact Zhang Hanqing has quietly turned that sum of gold into the foreign exchange reserves of banks in Northeast China, which is a huge property of 30 billion US dollars!The introduction of new competitors is firstly to restrain Japan’s rapid economic development and monopoly in the Northeast, and secondly for safety—in order to protect its own interests, at least Britain and the United States will not easily agree to Japan’s monopoly in the Northeast.As for whether it would cause wolves to enter the house and the tail could not be lost, Zhang Hanqing also thought about it in detail, but the final conclusion is: the pursuit of interests by Britain and the United States is true, at least they do not have the ambition to actually occupy the northeast land like Japan.For the sake of expediency, temporary labor pains are still necessary.

Under Zhang Hanqing's personal layout, the industrial capabilities of the Feng Department have made great progress.As the foundation of industry, a country's steel output basically represents the country's industrial capabilities and war potential.

1915年“本溪湖煤铁股份公司”开工生产﹐至1917年有300立方米高炉2座﹐后又增加小高炉(每炉日产铁20吨左右)2座﹐冶炼优质生铁。1916年中日在鞍山合办“振兴铁矿无限公司”。1918年正式开办“鞍山制铁所”﹐有515立方米高炉2座﹐后又建炼焦炉4座和693立方米高炉1座。这些因为是日本主要控股，所产铁2/3均运往日本。张汉卿以东北联省自治政府名义要求以土地及资源算作股份，取得余下1/3的产量所有权。

To equip a Feng-style standard army division and maintain costs, nearly 450 tons of various steel materials are required annually.In order to prevent the military industry, which is a matter of life and death, from being held in the hands of the Japanese, Zhang Hanqing advocated the scattered establishment of various iron and steel factories outside the customs and in the Northwest Fengjun-controlled area, namely Tangshan Iron and Steel Co., Ltd. and Lanzhou Iron and Steel Factory.Among them, Lanzhou Iron and Steel Works is wholly owned by the government. It newly installed three blast furnaces with a daily output of 3 tons, and built an electric furnace relying on the abundant electric power in Northwest China. This is one of the early steelmaking electric furnaces in China.Tangshan Iron and Steel Co., Ltd. plans to attract capital in the north. The first phase of the project has an annual production capacity of 30 tons of iron and 5 tons of steel.

In addition, the Northeast United Provincial Autonomous Government took advantage of the financial difficulties of Hanzhiping Iron and Steel Company to acquire it.In 1908, Hanyeping Coal and Iron Mine Co., Ltd. was jointly formed by Hanyang Iron Works, Daye Iron Mine, and Pingxiang Coal Mine, and was changed to a commercial operation.At that time, a new 150-ton mixed iron furnace was built, and the production has been further developed. In 1910, the third blast furnace with 477 cubic meters (about 250 tons of iron produced per day) was newly built. From 3 to 1909, four 1911-ton open hearth furnaces were built.After the Revolution of 30, a new iron factory was built in Daye Lime Kiln, with two blast furnaces (about 4 tons of iron per day per furnace); Hanyang Iron Factory built No. The production of Pingxiang Coal Mine and Daye Iron Mine was expanded.During the First World War, the price of steel soared, and Hanyeping once prospered.After the war, the price of steel plummeted, and Han Yeping relied on borrowing to maintain it, and has since declined.The Iron and Steel Corporation under the self-government of the Northeast United Provinces took advantage of the situation and acquired 450% of the company's shares.

At the same time, only Yangquan, Shanxi established Baojin Iron Works, Shanghai Hexinghua Iron Works, Yangzi Machinery Company built a blast furnace with a daily iron output of about 100 tons in Chenjiaji, Wuhan, and Longyan Iron Ore Jingshan Iron Works in China. factory.

Under the influence of the share of the Northeast United Provincial Autonomous Government, by the end of 1920, the national iron output reached 71 tons, and the steel output reached 15 tons. The pig iron and steel output in the hands of the Feng family accounted for 4% and 69% of the national total respectively. %, almost twice the same period in official history.

Comparing the steel output of major countries in the world in 1920, the United States was 4281 million tons, the United Kingdom was 921 million tons, Germany was 854 million tons, France was 271 million tons, Japan was 81 tons, and the Soviet Union was 16 tons.

Other metallurgical production is not inferior.The largest copper smelting enterprises in the country include the Shenyang Smelter of the Northeast Metal Mining Company, and the lead-zinc mines mined in the Northeast include Tianbaoshan in Jilin, Yangjiazhangzi in Liaoning, Qingchengzi, and the director of the Pigou Gold Mine Bureau.The mine used the amalgam method to extract gold from copper sulfide and iron sulfide ore. In 1920, the gold output exceeded [-] taels.The Shenyang smelter, the Huludao vertical tank zinc smelter, the beneficiation chemical plant and the Sujiatun non-ferrous metal processing plant were also doing well.

As another important factor reflecting national power, the modern transportation industry, the performance of the areas under the jurisdiction of the Feng Dynasty is even more prominent.

Following the North Manchurian Railway starting from Harbin along the northern edge to Suihua and then successfully connected to Yichun, another important railway Qirao Line parallel to the North Manchurian Railway has completed verification and officially started construction at the end of the year.This railway starts from Qiqihar in the west, connects Suihua, Jiamusi, and Shuangyashan, and reaches Raohe County on the west bank of the Ussuri River on the Sino-Russian border in the east.Together with Suifenhe, the eastern end of the North-Manchuria Railway, they share the important task of controlling the eastern border defense of Heilongjiang.

In Jilin Province, the construction of the Tonghua-Tongliao Railway began, and it will extend northward to Xilin Gol on the Xing'an River, so as to extend into Mongolia after the founding of the country in the future.The other branch went west from Tongliao to Guisui (now Hohhot) and connected to Yinchuan to connect with the northwest.

In the northwest, the Lanzhou-Jiuquan and Lanzhou-Yinchuan roads were built with Lanzhou as the center, and the feasibility survey of the Gansu and Shaanxi sections of the Longhai Railway began.A powerful Feng family under construction is about to emerge.