Thick black school

Chapter 32 The Trend of Chinese Academics (1)
preface

All my life I have enjoyed studying psychology.In the ninth year of the Republic of China, he wrote an article called "Psychology and Mechanics", and created a hypothesis: "Psychology changes according to the laws of mechanics." With this hypothesis, I feel that all events in the economy, politics, diplomacy, and my wife's world are all related to me. There is a certain track, so one after another, I wrote some words and published them one after another.

Later, I studied the theories of various schools of thought, and felt that the evolution of academics also had a track to be found.If we know how the previous scholarship evolved, we can guess which way the future scholarship will go. Because Cheng Yiwen called "Trends of Chinese Academic Studies", I feel that this kind of observation may be inaccurate. .Last year in Chongqing, I submitted the original manuscript to the "Jichuan Gazette" for publication. I hereby print it as a separate edition, and please correct me if you read it.

When I said that "psychology changes according to the laws of mechanics", people who heard it often refuted me: "How can there be any laws in the freedom of human thoughts and activities?"Little do we know that we are governed by laws, but we don't realize it.For example, in a study room, there is a birdcage. The bird is jumping around in the cage, thinking that it is free to move around, but we are watching it, letting it jump around, but it will never leave the range of the cage.Even if the cage is broken, the bird can move freely in this room, but it does not know that there is still a study room to confine it.Confucianists after the Han and Tang Dynasties, no matter what he said, would never fall out of the scope of Confucius. The Zhou and Qin philosophers and Western and Eastern philosophers can be said to have broken the scope of Confucius, and their thoughts still have tracks to be found. It can be found, that is, there is a law.

Since the creation, human beings have been walking on the earth, thinking that they are extremely free. 300 years ago, a Newton invented gravity, and then he realized that no matter how you walk, you will eventually be dominated by gravity. This is already a foregone conclusion.The human mind thinks that it is extremely free. We try to expand Newton's theory and apply it to psychology. We know that no matter how free your mind is, there will always be a track to find, and all things in the world will happen. The laws of mechanics are in place, but ordinary people are accustomed to them and don't notice them, just like people before Newton did not know the existence of gravity.

When I write, I have a habit. I have a feeling in my heart, that is, I write a paragraph, piecemeal, and accumulate many paragraphs before patching it up to form a text.What I published this time is to put many small paragraphs together in one place according to their meaning, and then give them the title of the article according to their content.Therefore, it has become four texts: ([-]) the relationship between Laozi and various religions, ([-]) Song Confucianism and Sichuan and Shu culture, ([-]) the orthodoxy of Song Confucianism, and ([-]) the integration of Chinese and Western cultures.The general topic is: The trend of Chinese academics.

Writing is to express the feelings in the heart, how to think in the heart, that is, how to write, if you set up a topic to write, it is equivalent to entering the exam, and you are bound by the questions in your heart, and you cannot write all your thoughts.Because the meaning of the title was not complete, I had to make up for it, so what I wrote was the text in the title, not the text in my heart. When I published this book, I thought of using the essay style. Many friends said it was wrong, so I marked it A big topic, a small topic.I feel that making a topic is more difficult than writing an article. The article is all in my heart, but the topic is not in my mind. Although the book is titled: "Trends of Chinese Academic Studies", the content is very simple, and the meaning of the topic is not fully developed. [-] out of [-], which is sorry.

When I write words, I just want to express the feelings in my heart, and that is the end of the job.Many books that should be referred to have not been referred to, and many discussions, knowing that they are biased, are still written out.I have this kind of doubt in my heart. When it is published, I ask the readers to enlighten me. If I am criticized, I should respect it and accept it. I dare not answer. The stricter the criticism, the more grateful I am.

On July [-], [-], Li Zongwu was in Chengdu

The relationship between Lao Tzu and other religions
[-]. Chinese academics can be divided into three periods
There were two periods when my country's academic development was the most advanced. The first was the scholars of Zhou and Qin, and the second was the Confucian scholars of Zhao and Song Dynasties.The academics in both periods were creative.The Han, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties inherited the learning from the Zhou and Qin dynasties, the Yuan and Ming dynasties inherited the learning from the Zhao and Song dynasties, and the Qing Dynasty inherited the learning from the Han and Song dynasties, all lacking in creativity. .Zhou Qin was a period of independent and developed Chinese academics, and Zhao Song was a period of integration of Chinese and Indian academics.Most people of the Zhou and Qin Dynasties consider Confucius as the representative, but they don’t know that Confucius is not enough to be the representative, and Lao Tzu is the representative.Among the Confucians of Zhao and Song Dynasties, most people regard Zhu Zi as the representative, but they don't know that Zhu Zi is not enough to be the representative, and Cheng Mingdao is the representative.

The book "Laozi" should be read in two parts. He said things like "resulting in emptiness and keeping quiet, returning to the root and returning to life".He said things like "governing the country with righteousness and using troops with strangeness" are the laws of the world.Confucius ruled the country with benevolence, Mozi ruled the country with love, Shen Han ruled the country with law, etc., all governed the country with righteousness.Sun, Wu, and Sima Rangju used their troops in a strange way, and they all followed the path of worldly law. The book "Lao Tzu" is a coherent combination of worldly law and transcendental law, with no emphasis on the two.Therefore, Lao Tzu can be used to summarize the whole of Zhou and Qin academics.

During the reign of Emperor Ming of the Han Dynasty, Indian Buddhism was introduced to China. It passed through the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties. First, it is the Neo-Confucianism of the Song and Ming Dynasties, called Confucianism, which is actually a new theory formed by the fusion of Chinese and Indian academics.After Cheng Mingdao's theory came out, it was divided into two schools: one was Cheng Yichuan and Zhu Zi, and the other was Lu Xiangshan and Wang Yangming.Therefore, Song Learning should be represented by Cheng Mingdao, not Zhu Zi.

From Zhou Qin to the present, it can be divided into three periods.The scholars of Zhou and Qin were the period of independent and developed Chinese academics, and the Confucians of Zhao and Song Dynasties were the period of the integration of Chinese and Indian academics. Now (1936 AD) has entered the third period.The world is connected, the world is close to each other, and the theories of China, India, and the West are in conflict with each other. According to the natural trend, these three should be integrated into one.Therefore, the third period is the period of academic integration of China, West and India.The evolution of academics has a track that can be followed. Knowing that the academic integration of China and India in the past was in a certain way, it is known that the academic integration of China, West and India will be in a certain way in the future.We use the bird's-eye view method, rising in the air, like watching a river flow into the sea, we can see the general trend of academics.

[-]. Laozi's philosophy is the general outline of the Zhou and Qin schools
The truth of the universe is a pure thing, initially ignorant, like a vast barren mountain, unexplored by anyone.Later, some people found some treasures on the mountain and came back. Everyone was amazed. Everyone went to mine, some got gold, some got silver, some got copper, iron and tin.Although the income is different, each has its own income.All the sons of the Zhou and Qin Dynasties were people who went to the mountains to mine, and among this group of people, Lao Tzu got the most.

Lao Tzu is a Taoist, and Taoism originated from a historian. Throughout the history of our country, many theories have been left in pieces. It was not until Lao Tzu came out that he organized them into a system.He was born in the Spring and Autumn Period, and there were many events. He was old and saw many things. As the history of Zhou Zhizhu, he was the director of the National Library, and he read many books.He kept himself anonymous, did not ask about foreign affairs, and after a long period of research, he was able to discover the truth of the universe.

Laozi integrated the ancient and modern events, found out the law of its changes, and named it "Tao".The Tao is the way, that is to say, everything in the universe must follow this way. This kind of law is written in the book, which is called "Tao Te Ching". It is possible to speculate on future events, so it is said that "the way of reporting the past is to broaden the existence of the present."

He has seen all the truths, and the truths he said are irrefutable. If future generations want to study, they have to study separately based on his principles.Among the Zhou and Qin scholars, he is really the founder of the mountain.The scholars took part of his theory, extended it, expanded it, and formed a unique school.

Those who are close to Laozi, such as the emperor, such as Taigong, such as Fuzi, Guanzi, etc., Han Shu Yiwen Zhi, are all included in Taoism, which can be regarded as the predecessor of Laozi.The last of the Zhou and Qin scholars was Han Fei.There are two books on Feizhi, "Jie Lao" and "Yu Lao", which explain Laozi's words sentence by sentence, and call Laozi a sage, which shows that the study of Fei also comes from Laozi.Even the "Lu Shi Chunqiu" compiled by Lu Buwei's disciples also respects Huang Lao.Therefore, the theories of the Zhou and Qin dynasties can be understood from beginning to end by Lao Tzu.Laozi's theory is the general outline, and the philosophers are the details. It is a part of the general outline. If you study it in detail, you can only say that the research is meticulous, but it cannot go beyond the scope of Laozi.

Regarding the age of Lao Tzu, some people say: "Confucius asked about the rites of Lao Tzu, who was born in the Spring and Autumn Period, and Lao Tzu, who wrote the Tao Te Ching, was born in the Warring States Period. There are two people."We only talk about the book "Tao Te Ching", which can summarize the whole of Zhou and Qin academics.Its books appeared before the Zhou and Qin scholars, because the scholars originated from Laozi, and appeared among the Zhou and Qin scholars, or after them.We can say: "Tao Te Ching" can penetrate all the schools and gather the great achievements of Zhou and Qin academics. also.Regarding the issue of Lao Tzu’s name, there are various theories, some even say that Lao Tzu’s surname is an old man. I don’t think it is necessary to say this. Two characteristics, that is, to know someone as someone, the name does not necessarily have to be crowned with a surname, such as: Zhu is crowned with an official above the name; Pedestrian Ziyu is crowned with an official above the character; Dongli Zichan is the character The top is crowned with the ground; Shulianghe is the top of the name with words.Sima Qian was a historian, so he was called Shi Qian.He joins the army like a beard, has a short master book, is above the official position, and is crowned with a description. As long as he cites two characteristics, he can be identified as a certain person.Probably Lao Tzu had a strange ear, so his surname was Li Er. He was a person who concealed himself and devoted himself to studying knowledge. When the world saw him, he was already old. Everyone was amazed at his profound knowledge, because of his beard , is another big ear, because it is called Lao Dan.Dan is a nickname during his lifetime, not a posthumous posthumous posthumous name. He was not born with a bald head, but when the world saw him, his head was already bald.General scholars, upon hearing Lao Tzu's name, all came to ask for advice, and Confucius also went to ask about rites.Each person takes a part of his theory and shines it, and it becomes the opinion of the family. When it is published, it is a novel theory, and everyone studies it.Lao Tzu is anonymous, and the world doesn't pay much attention to his source.It’s like Sichuan Heping, who had a conversation with Kang Youwei. Kang Benqi said that he immediately published “Confucius Restructuring” and “Studying Pseudo-Classic Classics”, which shocked the whole world, but the book of healing has not yet been published, and he is not very concerned about it. World attention.Lao Tzu’s age is about 30 years older than Confucius. Confucius died in his seventies. possible thing.

[-]. The Practical Significance of the Thought of Inaction

Many people have misunderstood Lao Tzu's "inaction". The book "Laozi" is about action, not inaction.He thought that if you want to do something, you should start from doing nothing, so he said "doing nothing is doing nothing".In his book, probably in every sentence, the first half of the sentence is non-action, and the second half is action.For example: "Benevolence leads to courage, frugality leads to broadness, and dare not to be the first in the world, so you can become a weapon." If you want to be brave, you must start with kindness.If you want to expand, you should start with frugality.If you want to be successful, you should never dare to start for the world first.Kindness and frugality, not daring to be the first in the world, is doing nothing; being brave, broad, and capable of becoming a weapon is doing something.Lao Tzu understands the principle of the ebb and flow of surplus and emptiness, Yin and Yang movement and stillness, interdependence as the root, everything should be done from the opposite side, just like writing, if you want to suppress, you should first raise, if you want to raise, you should first suppress, when you want to write, you should go left and right first, and if you want to right, you should first go left.Laozi said: "I do nothing and the people transform themselves; I am quiet and the people are righteous; I have nothing to do and the people are rich; I have no desires and the people are simple." I do nothing, I am quiet, I have nothing to do, I have no desires , It is inaction, it can make the people upright, it can make the people rich and simple, it is promising. "The weak overcome the strong, the soft overcomes the strong", the weak and the soft are inaction, and the strong and the strong are defeated, and there is action.In Lao Tzu's book, there are many such words, and virtue is the empirical evidence of "doing nothing, doing everything".

Lao Tzu's inaction means conforming to nature and I have no attachment.Do what should be done, don't do what should not be done, if you don't do what should be done, this is a deliberate and natural resistance, this is called doing something, not inaction.Wang Bi’s commentary on Laozi shows this kind of view. He commented on Chapter 27 of Laozi and said: “Follow the nature, and if you don’t make things, you can’t start.” It can be connected but not grasped. Things have permanence and they are made, so they must fail. Things have communication but they are grasped, so they must be lost." It can be regarded as the true meaning of Laozi.Lao Tzu said: "Auxiliary to the nature of all things, but dare not do it." (Han Fei's original supplement is relied on, according to the auxiliary meaning is longer.) This is what the "Yin Fu Jing" said: "The sage knows that nature cannot be violated, so he restrains it. (The current "Yin Fu Jing" is a fake book, but it makes sense.) That is what the "Book of Changes" said: "I form the way of heaven and earth, and complement the best of heaven and earth."Cao Shen is the Prime Minister, drinking alcohol every day, and not caring about everything. It can only be said that he "does not assist the nature of all things", "does not tailor the way of the world, does not assist the appropriateness of the world", "knows that nature cannot be violated, so he does not restrain it." ", Huang Lao's way, is it like this?Lao Tzu said: "Security is easy to hold, it is easy to seek when it is not omen, it is fragile and easy to judge, it is small and easy to disperse, it is for what is not yet, and it is for what is not chaotic. In tired soil, a journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step." Lao Tzu saw clearly the origin and direction of things in the universe, and fixed him before or just after they started.Just like the man at the helm of a boat, he can see the waterway very clearly. He only needs to move the rudder lightly, and the boat will go down smoothly. This is called Wuwei.It is the so-called "those who make good use of soldiers have no great achievements", so why is it Cao Shen's method?Wen Jing Xing Huang Lao only got a little bit of superficiality, and there is a lack of work such as "doing it for the unexisted and governing the chaos before it", so there are some disadvantages.But the cultivation of politics has been called the first in the three generations, and Huang Lao's way is so great, it can be imagined.

[-]. The meaning of "become morality after loss of morality, benevolence after loss of virtue, righteousness after loss of benevolence, and propriety after loss of righteousness"
Lao Tzu said: "If you lose the way, you will be virtuous, if you lose your virtue, you will be benevolent, if you lose benevolence, you will be righteous, and if you lose righteousness, you will be polite."The flow of Dao leads to virtue, the flow of virtue leads to benevolence, the flow of benevolence leads to righteousness, the flow of righteousness leads to propriety, morality, benevolence, righteousness and propriety are all connected together.There is a certain law in the transformation of heaven and earth into all things, just like the road, which is called Tao. We understand this law, and gaining from the heart is virtue.Benevolence is indiscriminate, and it must be sanctioned to make it appropriate, which is righteousness, but the so-called appropriateness is just a few empty words, and the appropriate things are made into a formula, which is decoration, which is ritual.What should I do if I meet someone who doesn't obey the etiquette?So prestige to punishment.If there is a person who violates the etiquette, the penalty cannot be increased, so what will happen?So he came with soldiers.We can continue with two sentences: "If you fail to be polite, you will be punished, and if you lose your punishment, you will be soldiers."From morality to military, it is only consistent.

Lao Tzu has a clear understanding of the orbit of changes in all things, and he has learned from his heart, so Lao Tzu talks about morality.After Confucius saw Lao Tzu, he understood this principle and used it to govern people, so Confucius said benevolence.Mencius followed Confucius, so he said benevolence must have a righteous word.After Mencius, Xunzi paid attention to the study of rites.Han Fei learned from Xunqing, and his knowledge of ritual characters is not enough to cover people, so he focuses on criminal names.This is the trend of the times, and it has to be.Seeing that Daodeliu is a name for punishment, the world blames Laozi, saying that Shen Han's harshness and generosity originated from Laozi.Little do they know that there is also a layer of morality flowing into benevolence and righteousness in the middle, and it is from benevolence and righteousness that flow into the name of punishment.Those who speak benevolence and righteousness are innocent, and those who speak morality are guilty. This really makes me feel wronged.

Confucius said: "Ambition is based on Tao, based on virtue, based on benevolence, and based on righteousness." They are all said in order. It is called the Tao, which is called virtue that exists in the self and does not treat others." Putting morality under benevolence and righteousness is even if it is reversed.

Lao Tzu said: "For a husband who is courteous, loyalty and trustworthiness are weak and chaos is the leader." This sentence has been scolded by the world. Righteousness, righteousness flows into punishment, punishment flows into soldiers.This is a natural tendency, which is similar to how a person grows from a child to a young man, becomes strong, becomes old, and dies.Lao Tzu said: "If you lose the way, you will be virtuous; if you lose your virtue, you will be benevolent; if you lose benevolence, you will be righteous; if you are unrighteous, you will be polite." But for the sake of propriety, if you know that if you continue, you are punishing and serving as a soldier, so you warn people: "The man who is courteous is the leader of chaos when his loyalty is thin." "This is a natural phenomenon. What is the fault of those who say such words?
The only way to save the dead is to "return to the baby", and the only way to save the chaos is to "return to inaction".Our body develops the fastest, and we count it as a baby. Babies are ignorant and have no desires, and they are always in a semi-sleeping state.Today's cultivators teach people to sit quietly, but they use various methods to make people achieve ignorance and desire, and become a semi-sleep state.The semi-sleeping state of a baby is natural, and the semi-sleeping state of a self-cultivator is created by human work. As long as the mind is always like that of a baby before birth, it can live for a long time.We know that returning to being like a baby can save death; we know that returning to being like doing nothing can save chaos.

When a country has to use etiquette, there will be those who do not observe etiquette; if punishment must be used, there will be people who cannot be punished, and it must be used by soldiers.Therefore, when the ritual is used, the sign of chaos has already sprouted, so it is called "the head of chaos".But what to do?Lao Tzu said: "If you want to make something, I will suppress it with the nameless simplicity." Even if the chaos is in motion, use the word "doing nothing" to suppress him.The method Lao Tzu uses is: "I do nothing and the people transform themselves; I am quiet and the people are upright; I have nothing to do and the people are rich; I have no desires and the people are simple." His words are not empty talk, but there are facts to prove it. .During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the world was in chaos, extending to the Qin Dynasty, people were treacherous, and thieves were everywhere. It is the same as the current situation.First Emperor II used severe punishments and severe punishments, and the chaos became even worse.At the beginning of the Han Dynasty, Liu Bang's counselors Zhang Liang and Chen Ping were people who talked about Huang Lao. Cao Canxiang Huidi used Huang Lao, and Wen Jing also used Huang Lao. With the simplicity of no name", the people are actually self-improving, self-righteous, self-rich and simple.It is enough to know that what Laozi said, "returning to inaction" is a wonderful way to control chaos. "Returning to a baby", one can grow strong forever, and "returning to inaction", one can maintain order without chaos.

(End of this chapter)