Thick black school

Chapter 33 The Trend of Chinese Academics (2)
From Dao to virtue, benevolence, righteousness, propriety, punishment, and soldiers, Dao is the source, and soldiers are the last.Laozi has repeatedly said about soldiers, but he doesn't even give up soldiers, so why would he abolish rituals?He said: "He who assists the master with Tao can strengthen the world with soldiers." He also said: "A husband who is kind can win by fighting." Compassion is benevolence. meaning.Only by taking into account the character of benevolence in the use of soldiers can one avoid militarism; in the use of punishment in consideration of the character of benevolence, one can be sympathetic and not happy; In the prosperous age, it's not about getting wet with each other, or getting wet with each other.We read the book "Lao Tzu" and take it as such.When Lao Tzu uses his troops, he always takes into account the origin, that is to say, he ignores the origin everywhere.

Lao Tzu said: "A soldier's weapon is an ominous weapon, not a gentleman's weapon. Use it as a last resort, and calmness is the main thing." But the leader of the chaos should be used as a last resort, and morality is the main thing." Lao Tzu knows that "there will be a bad year after the army", when it is a last resort, he still wants to use soldiers, that is to say, he knows that after the ceremony, there will be military punishments, and when it is a last resort When, still want to use ceremony.My old saying is, Lao Tzu does not abolish etiquette.But it does not abolish etiquette, so as to know the etiquette and keep it.Rituals are famous in the world, so Confucius asked about them.Laozi knows the disadvantages of soldiers, so he is good at talking about soldiers; he knows the disadvantages of rituals, so he is good at talking about rituals.

When using punishment and military force, as long as the way is used to assist it, and it is done with kindness, the folk customs can also return to simplicity.Zhuangzi said: "False way is based on benevolence, entrusted to live in righteousness, so as to wander in the emptiness of carefree...freedom and inaction." From this we know that the use of punishment and military is also false way based on punishment, entrusted to live in soldiers, in order to reach the realm of inaction.We understand this meaning, that is to say, Lao Tzu said "the injustice is followed by propriety" and "propriety, benevolence, loyalty and trustworthiness are thin", which is the same as what Confucius said, "propriety is clouded by courtesy, and jade and silk are clouded."

[-]. The Original Meaning of "Abandon Saints, Abandon Wisdom, Absolute Benevolence and Justice"
Lao Tzu said: "Abandon the sage and abandon wisdom, the people's benefits will be a hundredfold, and the benevolence and righteousness will be abandoned, and the people will return to filial piety, and the ingenuity will be abandoned, and there will be no thieves." Straight dog." He also said: "When the great way is destroyed, there is benevolence and righteousness, and when wisdom comes out, there is great hypocrisy" and other words are very much criticized by the world, which is also misunderstood.Lao Tzu tells people to get rid of their own thoughts, and only when they reach the state of ignorance and desire, can they see the natural principles of the universe.All things should be done in accordance with the principles of nature. If you do not abandon the sage and abandon your wisdom, and act according to your own opinions, the results you get will often violate the principles of nature.Song Confucianism suffered from this disease, and it was very serious.For example, words such as "It's a small matter for a woman to die of starvation, but a major cause for injustice" are caused by this disease.The Luoshu branch also suffered from this disease.What they call reason is entirely their personal opinion. Dai Dongyuan said: "Since the Song Dynasty, Confucianists have used their own views to insist on the meaning of sages and sages... As for the affairs of the world, they have used their own reasons to enforce them." He also said: "The so-called reason is the same as the cruel official's so-called law. The cruel official kills people with the law, and the later Confucianism kills people with reason." Dongyuan's words can be said to hit the nail on the head. ills.

As long as ordinary people can clearly understand the principles of nature, everything will move according to the sky, such as the movement of the four seasons, the life of all things, and benevolence and righteousness are not mentioned, but benevolence and righteousness are in it. The book "Zhuangzi" fully develops this principle.Su Zi explained to Lao Tzu: "The grandeur of the Dao is that benevolence and righteousness are practiced in it, but the people don't know it. When the Dao is abolished, benevolence and righteousness will be seen. The world doesn't know that it is enough to support all things, but it is added with wisdom, so the people begin to report it with falsehoods." The six relatives are harmonious, which one is not filial and benevolent, the state is governed, which one is not a loyal minister, Yao is not unfilial, but he is called Shun alone, there is no Gusou, Yi Yin Zhou Gong is not disloyal, but he is called Longfengbigan, there is no Jie and Zhou , the fish in the dry lake, each other with foam, each other with wet, don't know each other and forget each other in the rivers and lakes." Because of this explanation, I won the original purpose of Lao Tzu.Changli said that Lao Tzu's benevolence and righteousness are small, and after reading Ziyou's passage, benevolence and righteousness are not small.In the Qin Dynasty, Li Si and Zhao Gao used wisdom to control the world, and traitors arose everywhere, which is a proof that "wisdom has no falsehood".In the early Han Dynasty, Huang Lao's art was practiced, and the folk customs were simple and simple, which lasted for almost three generations.

Lao Tzu abandons sages and abandons wisdom, his heart is pure and muscular, and he is connected with good fortune, these attainments are extremely high.Confucius knew it in his heart and practiced it personally, but he could only describe it in his heart, but not in his mouth. He could only practice it on himself, and could not blame others.Confucius didn't talk about nature and the way of heaven, it's not because he didn't want to talk about it, but he couldn't talk about it, even if he talked about it, people might not understand it.Confucius said: "What does the sky say, what does the four seasons do, what does the sky say when all things come into being." Here we can see that Confucius and Lao's academics are consistent.Repeatedly saying "what does the sky say", and repeatedly admiring, it is incomparable with Laozi's sayings such as "I don't know whose son is the ancestor of the emperor", "there is something in it in a trance".Su Ziyou said: "The husband's way cannot be said, but it can be said that they are all similar. Those who are masters seem to know the truth, while those who are ignorant stick to it and fall into the false." Ziyou learned this purpose, so Li Zhuowu of the Ming Dynasty called it Said: "There are many people who understand Laozi, but Ziyou is the highest."

To get a glimpse of the beauty of good fortune and fashion, one must integrate the mind with the universe, which is naturally impossible for ordinary people.Since we can't do it, and what we do, if it violates the popular principles of good fortune, it is also undesirable, so what should we do?So Confucianism passed down the simplest and most applicable method, which is what Confucius called conscience and ability.Confucianism taught people to judge with their own conscience every time they utter a thought. What the conscience thinks is right is good, and what the conscience thinks is wrong is evil.Evil thoughts should be removed immediately, and good thoughts should be left behind. This is the sincerity in the "Great Learning".This idea is consistent with the natural principles of the universe, why?Man is a member of the universe, and the thoughts we first sent out did not involve our own private opinions and prejudices, and it can be said that they came directly from the universe itself.When I examine this idea, it is no different from seeing the universe itself. If you carry out this idea, you can cultivate yourself, regulate your family, rule the country, and the world.Isn't this method extremely simple?With this method, it will not be difficult for what we do to conform to the principles of nature.What is difficult is that it is not easy to distinguish between good thoughts and evil thoughts.So Confucius passed down the simplest method, which is to ask people to study carefully what they see before them when they are idle and have nothing to do. , I can distinguish between good and evil by myself. This is the study of things.Confucianism is honest and sincere, and it is very simple to study things and learn. It is very simple, even foolish men and women can do it. Unexpectedly, the Confucians of the Song and Ming Dynasties explained him in a mysterious way.Zhu Zi added a chapter on Gezhi for no reason, and said: "As for using force for a long time, once you suddenly penetrate it, the surface and interior of the heavy object will be fine and rough, and the whole and great use of my heart will be clear." It is straight from the Zen school. Doesn't the sudden sentence contradict what "The Doctrine of the Mean" says, "A foolish man and a foolish woman have nothing to do with knowledge and ability"?If we change our honesty and sincerity into the four characters of "judgment of conscience" or "with a clear conscience", anyone can do it.

[-]. The track of the cycle of surplus and deficiency
Laozi's theory is based on the principle of surplus and deficiency.What is surplus and deficiency?Try to draw a picture to explain it, as shown in the figure, it grows from void, fills up, and disappears, and the cycle is endless. Everything in the universe does not go out of this track.In terms of the way of heaven, spring, summer, autumn and winter follow this track. In terms of human affairs, the success or failure of a country is related to the so-called "poor and humble begets diligence and thrift; Yi You was born poor and humble", all follow this track.Lao Tzu's learning is purely in emptiness, with surplus as the great precept, the emptiness is shrinking to the extreme, the surplus is the development to the extreme, if you don't move, you are already, and if you move, you can only develop, which is growth.If it reaches the position of surplus character, the disappearance character will follow. This is an unshakable truth.The so-called "weakness wins the strong, softness wins the strong", "the base is the base", "the way to retreat from the sky after success", "the strong will not die", "the wind will never end, and the rain will never end ", "Those who are ambitious cannot stand, those who straddle cannot do it", "If you hide too much, you will perish", "The taller suppress it, and the lower one lift it up", "If you want to hide it, you must strengthen it, if you want to be weak, you must strengthen it If you want to destroy it, you must give it to you; if you want to take it away, you must give it to you.” All kinds of sayings are based on this principle.This principle is applicable to everything in the world, and it is equivalent to Watt's invention of steam, which is applicable to various industries.

[-]. Lao Tzu's Discussion on the Art of War

Laozi applied the principle of surplus and deficiency to ebb and flow to military affairs, and it became a wonderful art of war.Try to collect all his words and study them, and you will know his magical effect.He said: "Those who assist the master with the way do not use soldiers to strengthen the world. If things are good, they will be rewarded... the good ones are just the fruit." ".He also said: "Use the army with strangeness." He also said: "Being compassionate makes you brave... A man who is kind can win by fighting, and be strong by obeying. Heaven will give it to him, and defend him with kindness." In martial arts, those who are good at fighting do not get angry, and those who are good at defeating the enemy do not fight." He also said: "There are words in the use of soldiers. If you dare not be the master but be the guest, and dare not advance an inch but retreat a foot, there is nothing worse than underestimating the enemy. Underestimating the enemy will lose our treasure, so Add up resistance and soldiers, and those who mourn will win." He also said: "If you are brave, you will kill; if you are brave, you will live." It is also said: "The strong will die, and the weak will live. Therefore, the strong will not be victorious. "It can be seen that Lao Tzu's use of troops is out of self-defense, out of necessity, and mainly based on compassion.Compassion has two meanings: one is to fear that our people will be killed by the enemy; the other is to fear that the enemy's people will be killed by me.That's why I dare not be the master of making troubles. If the enemy really wants to attack me, I will respond. This is the so-called "not daring to be the master but the guest". , "Underestimate the enemy and lose my treasure", this treasure word is the treasure word of "I have three treasures".Compassion is one of the three treasures, if it is lighter than fighting, it means that if you are not loving, you will lose one of the treasures.I neither want to fight, but the enemy must come to attack, what shall I do?Lao Tzu's method is to keep, Ao said: "Use the rules to strengthen."In case the enemy attacked fiercely and couldn't hold it anymore, what would they do?I will retreat, I would rather retreat a foot than break an inch. If I retreat to a place where there is no way to retreat, the enemy will attack again. If I don't fight, I will just sit back and watch my soldiers die. It is extremely unkind to advance.At this moment, it is a last resort, and we have to fight.In the past, he retreated step by step, tried his best to restrain himself, and when he restrained to the extreme, he burst out, which was equal to the explosion of a bomb.At this time, my sergeant is facing a dead end everywhere, and the only way to survive is to rush to the enemy. Everyone is sad and angry, and their front is unstoppable.Hence the saying: "The one who mourns wins." Enemy sergeants, when confronted with such desperate fighters, rushing forward is the way to death, and turning back is the way to life. With this situation, our army will of course win.Hence the saying: "War wins." The enemy's soldiers are extremely strong, and "the strong will die", of course he will be defeated.This is really a wonderful art of war, so it is said: "Use troops with oddities." Han Xin's back-water formation is to apply this principle.

Sun Tzu deduced the principles that Lao Tzu said, wrote thirteen chapters, and became the ancestor of the ancient words and soldiers.Sun Tzu said: "Be humble and proud." He also said: "If you are small, you will run away, if you are not good, you will avoid it." And said: "The invincible guards." And he said: "The good guard hides under the nine places." He also said: "If you throw it, you have nowhere to go, and if you die, you will not go north." He also said: "A soldier will not be afraid if he is deeply trapped. Going, the courage of drama." He also said: "The period of being handsome is like climbing a high place to get rid of its ladder; being handsome and going deep into the land of princes, and exploiting its opportunity is like driving a flock of sheep, driving them to and fro, I don't know It is the general's business to gather all the three armies and throw them into danger." He said again: "I will show him that he will not live when he is dead." He also said: "Throw him into death and then he will live, and he will be trapped in death and then he will live. ".It is also said: "Being like a virgin at the beginning, the enemy opens an account, and then it is like a rabbit, the enemy dare not refuse." All these, we use it to compare and observe what Laozi said, and the method is exactly the same.They were all restrained at the beginning, and then exploded. Sun Tzu said: "The general's affairs should be quiet."Knowing that Sun Tzu's learning originated from Lao Tzu.What is different: Lao Tzu used his soldiers with compassion as the main focus, out of self-defense, out of necessity, being persecuted by the enemy, had to fight, and in battle he would win.Sun Tzu deliberately put the soldiers to death out of scheming, and used Lao Tzu's strange words of using soldiers in a strange way to make full use of them.All the branches of a theory have this phenomenon, that is, they use the original theory, use it, and expand it. This is the only way, so they become a unique school. Useful, nothing in the world is useless.Because Lao Tzu glimpsed the truth of the universe, so his theory is omnipotent.

[-]. Reasons for Simultaneous Biography of Lao Zhuang, Shen Han in "Historical Records"

Han Fei's "Zhu Dao" said: "Be quiet and wait for orders." He also said: "Ming Jun is above all doing nothing." since.His words said: "Like the flow of water, like the float of a boat, follow the way of nature, and follow the infinite orders." He also said: "Don't go against the law of nature, don't hurt the nature, don't criticize the hair and find small faults. Don't wash the dirt and look at it. Poor, don't lead outside the rope, don't follow the inside, don't go outside the law, don't delay the inside of the law, abide by the principle, because of nature, misfortune comes from morality, not out of love and hate." It can be seen that the laws he formulated, It is purely based on the principles of nature, and it is calculated from the principles of heaven and human feelings, and it is not difficult to force others.He said: "The Ming Lord can reward for it, and set up a fight that can be avoided, so the wise will be rewarded, and the unworthy will be less guilty." It can be seen that the rewards he offered can be obtained by everyone as long as they can work hard. , as long as they can pay attention, everyone can avoid it.He also said: "The rewards of Mingjun's deeds are as warm as the timely rain, and the people benefit from them. His punishments are also feared like thunder. The sacredness is incomprehensible. If you are sincere, you will be rewarded even if you are sparse and humble. Those who are near must be punished." Everything is done in accordance with the law, without any prejudice.The result of his usage is: "Because of the Tao and the law, the gentleman is happy to stop the big rape, calm and quiet, because of the destiny, uphold the general, make the ups and downs smooth, and take the Tao as his home." It still comes down to doing nothing.

Lao Tzu talked about emptiness and inaction; Han Fei also talked about emptiness and inaction.Huang Lao's art was developed, and it was believed that Shen Han's art was restrained, that is, Huang Lao, and the two were originally consistent.This is the reason why Shi Qian listed Lao Zhuang Shen Han in the same biography.Later generations didn't know this reasoning and slandered Shi Qian, thinking that Han Fei and Li Er were interpreting together, which was neither fish nor fowl.Just imagine that Shi Qian and his son are both people who have a deep understanding of Huang Lao, and when he talks about the Dao, he precedes Huang Lao. Does he still talk about layman's terms for the Lao Shi school?However, although Han Fei's study originated from Lao Tzu, it was also extended and extended to form a unique school.Lao Tzu said: "I do nothing, and the people transform themselves." Han Fei said: "Ming Jun does nothing above, and the officials are afraid of the bottom." In Lao Tzu's mouth, how comfortable it is, once it comes out of Han Fei's mouth, it is awe-inspiring, but it is so , so it became an independent faction.

Zhuangzi and Han Fei both believed in Lao Tzu, and when they were born and entered the world, their paths were completely opposite, and both were based on inaction.Zhuangzi let everything go, it can be called inaction, Han Fei interfered in everything, how can it be called inaction?Zhuangzi followed nature and did not participate in his own opinions, so he called it inaction.Han Fei complied with nature and made a law. If I follow the law, I will not go wrong at all, and I will not participate in my own opinions. Therefore, Han Fei's learning is also attributed to inaction, because when he enforces the law, he does not have the slightest flexibility. Confucianism has methods such as discussing relatives and nobles, so it is called mean and ungrateful.

Han Fei said: "That's why we set up guards not to prepare rats, but to make cowards subdue tigers." It can be seen that his legislation is based on general principles, not strict.Emperor Gaozu of the Han Dynasty used Zhang Liang, who talked about Huang Lao, as his adviser. At the beginning of entering the customs, "the harsh laws of Qin were eliminated, and there were three chapters of the law. The murderer died, and the wounding and theft were punished." Naturally, it was Huang Lao's move; "The murderer dies, and the wounded and theft are punished."We investigate from these places, what conflicts do Huang Lao have with Shen Han?

[-]. The theory that Laozi’s philosophy leads all schools of thought
The flow of Dao leads to virtue, the flow of virtue leads to benevolence, the flow of benevolence leads to righteousness, the flow of righteousness leads to propriety, the flow of rites leads to punishment, the flow of punishment makes soldiers, morality comes first, and soldiers and punishments come last.Sun Tzu talked about soldiers, Han Fei talked about punishment, and their origins all come from Lao Tzu.If we know that military punishment and morality are interlinked, we know that all the learning of the philosophers is interlinked with Laozi.The three treasures of Lao Tzu, one is kindness, the other is frugality, and the third is not daring to be the first in the world.Confucius is gentle, courteous and frugal, and the word frugality is the same as that of Laozi, which means that Laozi dare not be the first in the world. Confucius often said that benevolence is Laozi's kindness, which shows that Confucianism and Laozi are connected.Mozi's universal love is Laozi's kindness, and Mozi's frugal use is Laozi's frugality. Laozi said: "There is a word in the use of soldiers. If you dare not be the master but be the guest, dare not advance an inch and retreat a foot." Said: "Defense with discipline." Mozi is not offensive but good at defense, which shows that he is connected with Laozi.Among the strategists in the Warring States period, Su Qin was the first to be promoted. The book he read was "Yin Talisman", and he figured out the period before coming out to lobby.The ancient Yin Talisman is not handed down, he is a book of Taoism, and it is probably similar to Lao Tzu.Lao Tzu said: "The way of heaven is like drawing a bow. The higher ones suppress it, and the lower ones lift it up." Lao Tzu's words are based on a flat word.When Su Qin talked about the Six Kingdoms, he used words such as "Ning is the mouth of a chicken, and nothing is the queen of a cow" to inspire people's injustice, and secretly hides the principle of the way of heaven, which is consistent with the principles of nature.So what Su Qin said can be invincible forever.Lao Tzu's words such as "wanting to take Gu Yu" are the ancestors of later conspirators.He, like Yang, Zhu, Zhuang, Lie, Guan, and Yin, directly inherited the learning of Lao Tzu, not to mention that even if the learning of the Zhou and Qin masters did not come from Lao Tzu, it can also be said that the learning of Lao Tzu is different from other scholars. do not contradict.Neither contradict, but also communicate.Later generations talked about immortals, talismans, etc., all of which started with Lao Tzu, and it is enough to know that Lao Tzu is connected with hundreds of schools of thought.

In the Han Dynasty, Ji An had an upright temperament. He governed the people with severe punishments and ended the law.Zhuge Wuhou was indifferent and peaceful, and he was extremely Taoist, while he governed Shu with Shen Han.This is all because Huang Lao and Shen Han are fundamentally in common.Confucius and Mencius advocated the rule of benevolence and righteousness, while Shen and Han advocated the rule of law. They seem to be two completely different things, but they are consistent. Zhuge Wuhou said: "Law and practice will know kindness". unreachable.To show kindness, we must first start with the criminal law. Practicing the law is kindness, and the law is benevolence and justice.Zichan ruled Zheng Yongmeng, and the people of the country wanted to kill him, saying: "Whoever kills Zichan, I will give it to him." Later, thanking him for his kindness, and fearing that he would die, he said: "Who will be the heir when Zichan dies?" Did Zichan change the policy?Before he died, he also said that he used fierceness for political leaders. It can be seen that the purpose of fierceness will not change until his death, but the effect he receives is the word benefit. "Lunheng" contains: "Zi means Zi Chan... Its nourishment also benefits the people. "It also contains: "Or ask Zichan, and the son said: 'Benefit people too'." The fierce effect is benefit, and the key to this is only Zhuge Wuhou understands, so he governed Shu strictly, and the same as Zichan. Effect.Most people say that Shen Han is mean and ungrateful, but in fact, the most merciful person is none other than Shen Han.Shenzi's book is not passed on, try to read the biography of Han Feizi and Zhuge Wuhou, and compare it, you should know that the contemptuous words are not wrong.

(End of this chapter)