Thick black school

Chapter 35 The Trend of Chinese Academics (4)
In the article "Psychology and Mechanics" in previous years, the author created an assumption: "Psychology changes according to the laws of mechanics." He once said: "There is gravity in the center of the earth, which attracts soil, sand, stones, and tangible things to form an earth. The human heart also has gravitational force, which attracts the invisible and intangible things to become a heart." Song Ru studied the three religions of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism for many years, and his heart has become a compound of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. He didn't feel it, so On the surface, Song Learning is Confucianism, but inside it is a fusion of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism.From then on, the Confucianism sect was no longer indifferent, and it took care of people.As a result, Song studies became popular all over the world, and it has been passed down from Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties to the present.With this kind of great work, they can form an independent faction without relying on Confucius. They think that relying on Confucius is the first way to respect them.

Thirteen, the division and combination of various theories
Song Learning is a fusion of the three religions, so it contains Buddhist meaning everywhere.There are many places where it contains Buddhism, and the predecessors have pointed out a lot, so there is no need to discuss it.What we want to discuss is that the elements of Lao Tzu contained in Song learning are particularly strong, and the work done by Song Confucianism is nothing more than the horoscope of "human desires are purified, and heavenly principles prevail".Tianli is the principle of nature, that is, the principle of nature.Desires are personal desires.Song Confucianism taught people to get rid of their own selfishness and follow the natural principles. How is this statement different from Lao Tzu?The difference is that the word "tian" is used to replace the word "nature", but the words are different.

But later they paid more attention to the character of Li and ignored the character of Tian, ​​that is to say, they ignored the word of Nature, and the character of Li has become a misconception. This is why Dai Dongyuan said that Song Confucianism used reason to kill people.

Zhou Zi's Taiji diagram said: "Wuji is Taiji." The word "Wuji" comes from "Tao Te Ching".Zhang Hengqu's Yi said that he opened the book to explain the four virtues of doing good, which is to quote Lao Tzu's second saying "you don't see the head when you welcome it".In the middle, Lao Tzu's words such as "the god of the valley and the dog, the thirty spokes are a total, and the base is based on the height" are even more evident in his works.

Yin Zhuo, a disciple of Yichuan, said: "Mr. (referring to Yichuan)'s life intentions are only in Yizhuan. It is enough to seek his study. Quotations and the like are all recorded by scholars. There are depths in hearing and clumsiness in recording, which cannot be ignored. Lost." (Ercheng Quanshu) It can be seen that the study of Yi is the fundamental knowledge of Yichuan. Yichuan often asks scholars to read Wang Biyi's annotation (Ercheng Quanshu). Wang Bi." Yichuan teaches people to read this book, and they will know that Yichuan's learning is basically based on old learning.

Zhu Zi is known as the person who collected the great achievements of the Song Dynasty. The opening volume of "The Analects of Confucius" says: "Learning should be practiced in time." Said: "Recovery from the beginning of Zhuangzi." (Chronology of Dongyuan) The restoration of Mingshan to the beginning is the fundamental theory of Song Confucianism.

The opening volume of "University" says: "The way of great learning lies in Ming Ming De." That is what Lao Tzu said, we can transfer these few words to Lao Tzu.Lao Tzu said: "The god of the valley never dies." The valley is empty, and the god is spirit.The immortal is not ignorant, and "the god of the valley is not dead" means "the spirit of the void is not ignorant". "According to all the principles, everything should be done", that is Lao Tzu's meaning of "empty but not subdued, moving and getting better". "Virtual" means nothing but indifference, and "unyielding" means all phenomena are dense, so it is called "all principles". "Moving" means feeling and understanding, and "getting out" means adapting endlessly, so it is called "responding to everything". Isn't this a wonderful footnote of Lao Tzu.

The opening volume of "The Doctrine of the Mean" says: "Heavenly destiny is called nature, and straightforwardness is called Tao." Zhu's annotations put forward the word "nature". "The Analects of Confucius" "The master's words, nature and the way of heaven can't be obtained but heard." Zhu Zhu also proposed the word "nature".In Mencius's chapter "The Words and Nature of the World", the word "nature" is mentioned five times in Zhu's notes, which has already been said before.

In addition, Lao Tzu has the second phrase "to achieve the extreme of emptiness, and to keep quiet and earnest". Confucianism in the Song Dynasty spoke from the heart and nature, and the paper is full of the two characters of emptiness and tranquility.

Song studies originated from Sun Mingfu, Hu Anding, and Shi Shoudao, and flourished in Zhou Cheng, Zhang Zhu and others.The Cheng brothers were educated by Zhou Zi when they were young, and their learning was passed down from Zhou Zi. However, Yi Chuan made a statement saying: "Mr. For learning, since the 400th and [-]th, I heard Zhou Maoshu in Runan discussing Taoism, so I disliked the career of science. Since I have the ambition to seek Taoism, I don’t know what it is, and it is flooded in various schools. It can be seen that Song learning was specially created by Cheng Mingdao. Before Ming Dao, it was only the budding of Song learning. After Ming Dao, it was organized into a system and became the so-called Song learning. That's all.Therefore, when we study Song studies, we should start with the study of Ming Dao.

Ming Dao is the ancestor of Song Xue, which is equivalent to Lao Tzu being the ancestor of Zhou and Qin scholars.And the study of Ming Dao is a big category of Lao Tzu. Lao Tzu said: "The sage has no permanent heart, and he takes the heart of the people as his heart." Its nature conforms to all things but is ruthless. Therefore, the study of a gentleman is like being a great man, and things come and go.” What is the difference between this statement and Laozi’s theory?That's what Wang Bi said: "Body Chonghe connects nothing, responds to things without being tired of things."

Ercheng's posthumous note contains: "Ming Dao said, 'The principles of heaven and earth and all things are not unique and must be right. They are all natural and not arranged. I think about it every night, and I don't know how to dance with hands and dance with feet'." Ming Dao What I have realized is the principle that Lao Tzu said that "existence and non-existence are interdependent, difficult and easy are interdependent, long and short are interrelated, high and low are incline, voices are in harmony, and front and back follow each other".In Lao Tzu's books, every pair of words such as male and female honor and disgrace, misfortune and fortune, calmness, severity, injustice, life and death, number, hardness and softness, strength and weakness, etc. are used in pairs to illustrate the phenomenon of "no uniqueness must have a right".Ming Dao put forward the word "nature", just like Lao Tzu's theory.

There are many other words about nature, such as Ming Dao in his posthumous letter: "What talks about the nature of heaven is called the way of heaven." He also said: "One yin and one yang are called the way, and the way of nature." They are all.Therefore, Zhang Taiyan, a close friend, said: "Dacheng is farther than Shishi, and closer to Laodan." (See "Tongcheng" in Volume [-] of "Inspection")

Song Xue is the study of Ming Dao created by Ming Dao, which is close to Lao Tzu, so all Confucian scholars in Zhao and Song Dynasties all contain Lao Tzu's meaning.Why does the study of Confucianism in the Song Dynasty contain the meaning of Laozi?Because Shishi is the law of the world, and Confucius is the law of the world, so Lao Lao followed the law of the world and followed it consistently.Confucianism in the Song Dynasty governed the mind with the laws of the Shi family, and governed the world with the learning of Confucius.It is the way to enter Laozi.Confucianists in the Song Dynasty had no intention of walking into Laozi's way.Just because the truth of the universe is really like this, I walked into this path unconsciously.From this we know: Laozi's learning can not only penetrate the Zhou and Qin scholars, but also can penetrate the Song and Ming Confucians.In other words: Lao Tzu's learning can penetrate all theories of China.

Yi Chuan said: "Go back to the Six Classics and get it." What exactly did they get from the Six Classics?They searched "The Great Learning" and "The Doctrine of the Mean" in the "Book of Rites", and proposed to combine them with "The Analects of Confucius" and "Mencius".In "Shangshu", the sixteen characters "the human heart is only dangerous, the Taoist heart is only weak, the essence is only one, and you are allowed to stick to it" are found.In the "Le Ji", we found the phrases "human beings are quiet, the nature of nature is also, and things are moved by feeling, and the desire of sex is also" and created terms such as the principles of heaven and human desires, and studied each other. What is not passed down is learned from the canon."

Confucianism in the Song Dynasty found these things. It is true from a theoretical point of view, but it is unreliable to say that these things are the "untaught learning" of Confucianism. According to later generations' research, the phrase "life is quiet" is a quotation from Lao Tzu, and King Xian of Hejian adopted him into "Le Ji".As for the book "Words", some people say it is a fake book. Looking at the whole book, it is naturally a book of Taoism, and it is indeed not a book of Confucianism.Yan Baishi Shangshu's ancient prose proves that: "Yu moved sixteen characters, Gai Chun inherited Xunzi, but the world has not observed it, Xunzi explained the concealment, and Shun ruled the world in the past." Yunyun.Therefore, the scriptures say: "The danger of the human heart, the insignificance of the Dao heart, and the degree of the danger, only the gentleman can know it later."

In the previous text of this article, there was a phrase "proficient in Taoism, one in Taoism", so it was summarized into four characters, and continued to form sixteen characters.It can be seen that the Weiwei Jingyi taught by Confucianism in Song Dynasty directly develops Xunzi's theory and indirectly develops Taoist theory.

Zhu Zi commented on "The Great Learning" and said: "One chapter of the scriptures covers the words of Confucius, and Zeng Zi narrates them. The ten chapters of his biography contain the meaning of Zeng Zi, and the disciples remember it." Before Zhu Zi, no one said that "The Great Learning" was I don't know what Zhu Zi relied on for Zeng Zi's writing, but it is probably based on the chapter of sincerity, and there are three characters Zeng Zi said.According to Yan Baishi, in the 49 chapters of "Book of Rites", there are a total of 99 people who refer to Zeng Zi, except for one who does not refer to Zeng Zi, and the remaining [-] are all Zeng Zi.

Zhu Zi said: "Zhongfu was taught by Confucianism, and Zisi wrote it in books to teach Mencius." This statement is also very suspicious. "The Doctrine of the Mean" has the phrase "Contain Huayue but not emphasize it". Confucius and Mencius were from Shandong, and they could see Mount Tai at a glance, so those who commented on the height of mountains in Meng Zhong must talk about Mount Tai.Huashan is in Shaanxi, Confucius did not travel west to Qin, and Huashan is not as famous as Mount Tai. Why did Confucius write books about Huashan?It is clearly Chang'an, the capital of the Han Dynasty, and Han Confucianism wrote books, and Huashan Mountain can be seen at a glance, so I will take it as an example.It is also said that "today we get off the car and read the same book, and the book reads the same text", which is a phenomenon after Ying Qin mixed up in the world, and these were also pointed out by the ancients.

According to the above, the things that Song Confucians found in the posthumous scriptures are fundamentally questionable, so the knowledge of Song Confucianism is by no means the true inheritance of Confucius and Mencius, but a mixture of Confucius, Lao, Mencius and Xun. Their work cannot be said to be their fault, but their greatest achievement. They strongly respect Confucius and Mencius, oppose Lao Tzu and Xun Zi, and in essence propagandize for Lao Xun. From this we know: what Lao Xun said is reasonable, Song Confucianism What is said is also reasonable.We focus on finding the truth. Through their work, it can be proved that Confucius, Lao, Mencius and Xun can be integrated into one. The academic achievements of Song Confucianism are really not small.

Our research can reveal the academic trend.What is the trend?That is, all kinds of theories are fundamentally common, and the more they attack each other, the more they merge.Why?Because the more you attack, the more you need to study, and you will discover the common points without knowing it.

"Song and Yuan Xuean" contains: "Ming Dao does not discard the old books of contemplation and interpretation, talks with scholars, and sometimes shows Buddha's words. Yichuan discards everything, even Zhuang Lie does not read it." Ming Dao integrated the principles of the three teachings and invented the big principles However, Yi Chuan only continued to study according to his principle, because in principle it contains elements of explaining the old, so although Yichuan rejected the books of explaining the old, the knowledge he passed on still carried the meaning of explaining the old.

Yi Chuan said to his disciples that he explained: "I used to describe the way of enlightenment. My master's practice is the same as that of Ming Tao. If you want to know me at a different time, you can ask for this article." For decades, he claimed to be the same as Ming Dao, and of course he also came in and out of the old interpretation.The so-called people who don't study the old scriptures refer to those who have studied the old scriptures after completing their studies.

Song Confucianism was originally a revolutionary method.They overthrew the whole line of Han Confucianism, and only created one theory, which has two methods of destruction and construction.They dare not say that it is a new theory created by themselves, but they still entrust Confucius with it, which is called "retroversion", which is really an innovation.Luther's Protestantism and the European Renaissance all followed this path.Song Confucianism is creative, so there are many believers and many opponents. This phenomenon occurs whenever new theories are born.

[-]. The sect after the death of Cheng Mingdao

Ming Dao's work of integrating the three religions had just succeeded, and then he died.After his death, his academics were divided into two schools.One faction was Yi Chuan and Zhu Zi, and the other was Lu Xiangshan and Wang Yangming.When Ming Dao died, he was 54 years old, and Yichuan died after more than 20 years of death.When Yichuan passed on the knowledge of Ming Dao, he went into one side and passed it on to Zhu Zi.Later generations said that Zhu Zi collected the culmination of Song studies, but in fact he failed to see the whole of Ming Dao. "Song and Yuan Xuean" said: "Zhu Zi said that Ming Dao's speech is muddled, but it is too high, and scholars are ugly...Zhu Zi gained strength from Yichuan, and his knowledge of Ming Dao may not be passed on to the fullest." .Lu Xiangshan rose up to explain the Ming way and confronted Zhu Zi, not only dissatisfied with Zhu Zi, but also dissatisfied with Yichuan.When he was young, he heard people recite the Yichuan dialect, and he said: "The words of Yichuan are regarded as different from Confucius and Mencius." He also said: "After Ercheng met Uncle Mao, he came back singing the wind and playing the moon, which meant me and Dianye. Later The meaning of Ming Dao still exists, but Yichuan has lost it." He also said: "Yuan Hui is like Yichuan, Qinfu is like Ming Dao, Yichuan is deeply blocked, but Ming Dao is clear." Xiangshan thinks he inherited Ming Dao, and Yichuan also thinks he inherited Ming Dao , in fact, Yichuan and Xiangshan are only one part of the way of enlightenment, but not enough to fully understand the way.The school of Yichuan was carried forward by Zhu Zi, and the study of Xiangshan was carried forward by Yangming, and they became two schools of confrontation.Zhu Zi's investigation of things and knowledge focused on the outside, while Yangming's study of things and knowledge focused on the inside.Ming Dao said: "Instead of focusing on the outside but on the inside, it's not like forgetting both inside and outside."

The dispute between Zhu and Lu is based on the whole truth, each has its own side, and we will take a comprehensive look at it, that is, we know that the two theories can go hand in hand without contradicting each other. ([-]) Confucius said: "Learning without thinking will lead to death, and thinking without learning will lead to peril." Zhu Zi focuses on learning, and Lu Zi focuses on thinking, and the two cannot be neglected. ([-]) Mencius said: "If you are knowledgeable and talk about it in groups, you will make a deal with it." This is what Zhu Zizong said.Mencius also said: "The mind is the one who thinks? If you think about it, you will get it. If you don't think about it, you will not get it. What the heavens give me, first stand for the big ones, and then the small ones can't be taken away." This is what Lu Zizong said. .The second theory comes from Mencius, so there is no conflict. ([-]) Lu Zi respects virtue, Zhu Zi asks about learning, "The Doctrine of the Mean" says: "Respect virtue and ask about learning." There is a word in the middle, and the two can be combined into one. ([-]) From a theoretical point of view, Zhu Zi used the inductive method, while Lu Zi used the deductive method, and the two methods are indispensable for the study of learning. ([-]) As far as natural phenomena are concerned, Zhu Zi's ten thousand things converge into one, which is a phenomenon of centripetal force, while Lu Zi's one thing separates all things, which is a phenomenon of centrifugal force, and the two originally serve each other.From our observation, it is correct to apply the theories of the two of them together.

Ming Dao academics are divided into Cheng (Yichuan) Zhu and Lu Wang schools, Xiangshan is equivalent to Yichuan, and Yangming is equivalent to Zhu Zi.With Zhu Zi's "all kinds of things return to one book" to learn about things, followed by Yangming's "one book scattered all kinds of things" to get knowledge about things, just like Bacon's induction method, followed by Descartes' deductive method, Bacon The study is similar to Yi Chuan and Zhu Zi, and the move of Descartes is similar to Xiangshan and Wang Yangming.The truth of the universe is the same in ancient and modern China and foreign countries, so the division of learning and the method of research knowledge are also the same in ancient and modern China and foreign countries.

[-]. Separation and combination of academics
Confucius is a person who speaks but does not write. His ancestors narrated Yao and Shun, chartered civil and military affairs, integrated all theories, and formed his own school.There are words such as "the god of the valley is not dead" and "the one who wants to take it" in Laozi's book. After research by later generations, they are all quoted from ancient books.The phrases in his book, such as "There are words in the use of soldiers" and "There are words in the words of advice", are even more explicit in citing ancient theories. It can be seen that Lao Tzu is also a person who speaks but does not write.There are 96 heretics in India, Sakyamuni studied them one by one, and then established a separate theory, which is also a fusion of all theories, forming a unique school.The study of Confucianism in the Song Dynasty was formed by integrating the three religions of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, and it was also a fusion of other theories to form a unique school.This phenomenon is a phenomenon of academic division and combination.

Generally speaking, after a theory forms an independent faction, it will be divided among the factions.Han Fei said: "Confucianism is divided into eight, Mohism is divided into three." It is following this track.Confucianism is divided into eight schools. After the fall of the Qin Dynasty, Confucianism became extinct. Han Confucianism studied the classics and established Sinology, and then divided into many schools.There are also many schools of Laozi's learning.There are many schools of Buddhism in India.When it was introduced into China, it was divided into several sects. The so-called Buddhist scholars of Song Confucianism were also Zen sects.Zen Buddhism was passed down from Bodhidharma to the Five Patriarchs, divided into two schools, North and South, Shenxiu in the north, and Huineng in the south.Ming Dao created a school of Neo-Confucianism, followed by two schools of Cheng (Yichuan) Zhu and Lu Wang.And there are many sects under Yichuan sect.There are many sects under Zhu Zi's sect, and there are also many sects under Lu Wang's sect.This phenomenon is a phenomenon of separation by combination.

The truth of the universe belongs to Yuan Tuo Tuo, which is a complete thing. Human knowledge is very short and shallow, and it is impossible to get a glimpse of it. It must be studied separately and combined, combined and divided in this way, so that the Yuan Tuo thing can be studied. Be clear.The method is that whenever there are divergent opinions, someone will integrate them and make them converge into one. This is the work of dividing and combining.After being brought together into one, everyone split up and studied separately. This is the work done by combining and dividing.

The era we live in now is an era in which Western theories are introduced into China and conflict with the inherent theories. It is an era of divergent opinions.We should integrate the Chinese and Western theories, and strive to do the work of combining from division to division.It must be like this, so as to get the academic trend, and wait until the integration is mastered, and then study separately, and do the work of combining and dividing.

Song Confucianism and Sichuan-Shu Culture
[-]. Regions and the Formation of the Cheng School

Ordinary people's thinking is not only influenced by the times, but also by the region. Confucius is from Lu, so he learned from Duke Zhou; Guan Zhong was from Qi, so he learned from Taigong; Mencius is from the north, so he respects Confucius; Southerners respect Lao Tzu for the following reasons: ([-]) People who live in one place will become obsessed with local affairs without realizing it. ([-]) Because I was born here, I have carefully observed the famous people here, and I can see their benefits, so I especially recommend him.These two can be said to be the common nature of ordinary people, and I didn't get rid of this meaning when I wrote this article.

Cheng Mingdao's theory was formed by integrating the three schools of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, which is in line with the trend of the times. As mentioned in the previous part, as for the geographical relationship, he grew up in Henan, where he lived in the middle of the world. It was the capital of the Song Dynasty. It is a place where academics gather, so his theories can integrate the theories of various schools. This layer is very similar to Laozi. Laozi wrote the history of the Zhou Zhizhu, and the location is also in Henan. Zhou Tianzi built his capital here, and the princes hired each other. The point of concentration, so Laozi's theory can penetrate all theories.

Shuxue is the theory of Cheng Mingdao, which is greatly influenced by Sichuan. There are few people paying attention to this level. We can bring it up for discussion:
Mingdao's father was an official in Hanzhou, Sichuan. Mingdao and his younger brother Yichuan came to Sichuan as attendants. In Yichuan's anthology, there are three poems "Assessing Hanzhou students for the Taizhong (Cheng Zifu)" and "For the family" Jun asked Yuwen Yundian Hanzhou Xueshu, Zaishu and Shu Shouji, etc., were all written in Sichuan. At that time, Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism were very prosperous in Sichuan, and Ercheng was deeply influenced in Sichuan. The fact is that It is available for our research.

[-]. The relationship between Confucianism and Yixue and Sichuan-Shu culture

"Song Shi Qiao Ding Biography" contains: "Cheng Yi's father, Xuan, tried to guard Guanghan, and Yi and his brother Hao were accompanied by attendants. When they traveled in Chengdu, they saw a man who repaired bamboo hoops and buckets. He carried a book and looked at it. Hey, but the bamboo shooter first said: "If you try to learn this?" He asked the question because he pointed to "the poverty of the men who have not been helped", and the second Cheng asked about it, and he said: "The three yangs are all out of place." Brother Huanran has If you save it, if you pass it the next day, you will go." Yi Chuan's annotated studies in his later years, Yu Weiji hexagram, later contained the theory of "three yangs lost their positions", and said: "Si Yiye, I heard that he is a hermit in Chengdu." Presented The history of Guanzong is true.According to the "Chenghua County Chronicle", the place where Ercheng met the hoopongweng was the Daci Temple in the provincial capital.

(End of this chapter)