Thick black school

Chapter 36 The Trend of Chinese Academics (5)
"Qiao Ding Zhuan" also contains: "Yuan Zi came to Luo and asked Yi Yi, and Yi said: "Yi learns in the ear of Shu, and I go to seek it." When Zi visited Shu, for a long time, he met nothing, but he saw Xue Weng selling sauce. Between eyebrows and Qiong, I can gain a lot from language." We carefully played with the four characters "Yi Xue is in Shu", about two times in Sichuan, and met many people who were older than Yi, not only Huopongweng, so we said this.

Duan Yucai became the magistrate of Fushun County, built the Xueweng Temple, and wrote a stele inscription: "...Following the reading of Donglai Lu's writing Changzhou Zhi, there is a saying." In a county, there is Xue Weng who sells incense, and there is a market with lotus collections. At noon, he closes the door and sits silently, with a deep image. Dao, Zi He is rich and few important, and Yu Yu will soon return." Song Shi said "Meiqiongjian", and Lu Shi said "to a county", neither of which is the county of Shu.Finally, I read Junyi Wang's "Ji Wen of the Poor Learning" and said: "Qiao Tian taught the changes from the Shuyi clan's Nang family, and Yuan Daojie's changes from the Fushun supervisor Xue Weng, so it is said: Learn from impermanence. Song Zhi Fushun Supervisor, which is now Fushun County, is undoubtedly a Fushun native.” (See Duan Yucai's "Fushun County Chronicles") We don't need to study where Xue Weng is from Sichuan. In short, there is such a thing, and he is just a commoner. (Note: The history of the Song Dynasty is for selling sauce, and the king of Lu is for selling incense. It seems that it should follow the king of Lu, because Donglai is not far from Daojie, and the history of Song Dynasty was cultivated by the people of Yuan Dynasty.)
Yuan Ziwen asked Yi Yichuan that he had nothing to gain, but he learned a lot from talking with the sauce seller. Of course, the knowledge of the sauce seller is not small. A few ironic words, it is unknown how much real knowledge is, but the barrel man and the sauce seller do have real knowledge. His surname is Xue, and Kuutong Weng doesn't even pass on his surname. He is really a master in the future.

Yi learning is Er Cheng's specialty. In the quotations of the two, there are too many places to talk about Yi.One night, Ercheng arrived, and Lunyi, the next day the Japanese said: "Compared to Ercheng, I understand the principles of Yi, which is not as good as mine, and you can learn from it." Sit down and talk.According to this, it can be seen that Ercheng Yi learned deeply, but when he met the hoop barrel man, he respectfully learned and admired him deeply. We can meet each other with this man's knowledge.Yi Chuan did not teach Yuan Zi Yi Xue, but ordered him to visit Sichuan. It is likely that he has benefited a lot from Sichuan, so he is not as humble as the Shu people. This shows the prosperity of Sichuan Yi Xue.

According to the "Ji Wen of Difficult Learning", the Yi nationality in Sichuan can also teach the profound "Yi Xue", which shows that at that time, Sichuan culture was very common. "Book of Changes" is the most important book of Confucianism, " "Yi Xue" is the fundamental study of Ercheng, and it has such a relationship with Sichuan, which is worth studying.

[-]. The Taoist alchemist school originated from Sichuan and Shu culture
Xue Weng said that Yuan Dao was clean but few important, just like a Taoist tone.He closes the door and sits silently, it should be quiet and deep, just like a Taoist manner.It can be seen that the school of Taoism at that time was also very prosperous in Shu, and the second Cheng was in Shu, so of course it was influenced.

Song Confucianism, according to scholars' research, is mixed with the alchemist school, and the alchemist school is the most prosperous in Shu.Those who teach Jinggong now regard the two books of "Shan Tong Qi" and "Wu Zhen Pian" as the golden rule. Both of these two books have a deep relationship with Sichuan.

"Wu Zhen Pian" was written by Zhang Boduan in the Song Dynasty, styled Pingshuhao Ziyang.According to his preface, it was the unitary year of Xining. He came to Chengdu with the Duke of Longguoling, and was taught by a stranger. Kao Xining was already unitary, that is, the second year of Song Shenzong.According to Yichuan's "Xiangong Taizhong Biography": "When Shenzong came to the throne, he knew Hanzhou, Xiningzhong proposed to implement new laws, and the state was arrogant. They all thought it was impossible. The public did not try to discuss deeply, and he was a law-abiding one. After the implementation of Weizhi, the Chengdu team protested that it was inconvenient to be alone.” Shenzong promulgated the new law in the second year of Xining, which was the year when Uncle Zhang Ping met a stranger to teach it, and it was when Ercheng was in Sichuan.In Uncle Ping's preface, there are such words as "entrusting you to meet the real trap, dare to keep silent".The preface written by others says: "Uncle Ping met the father-in-law of Qingcheng in Chengdu", and it also said: "Uncle Ping's biography is not his own, and he suffered three disasters." Hanzhou is only ninety miles away from Chengdu, Biaocheng is far away from Chengdu, and Hanzhou The state is only a hundred miles away.Ercheng might have met the father-in-law of Qingcheng or Uncle Zhang Ping, otherwise Uncle Ping would not be very secretive about his technique, and Ercheng would have heard about it indirectly, so it is unknown.

Now popular "Can Tong Qi Ji Zhu", let's look at it, the first annotator is Peng Xiao, and the second is Zhuzi. , is from Yongkang, Shu.The old rule of Yongkang is sixty miles northwest of Chongqing County.Before the Southern Song Dynasty, there were 91 annotated and participated in the contract, and Peng Xiao was the first, and the current ones were all Pengben. It was divided into [-] chapters. Zhu Zinai was based on Pengben. It was divided into three volumes, the first year of Ningzong, compiled by Cai Jitong In Guandaozhou, I bid farewell to Zhu Zi at the "Hanquan Jingshe" and revised the "Shentong Agreement". agree with this doctrine.

Mao Xihe and Hu Wei in the Qing Dynasty proved that: the Confucianism of the Song Dynasty, Wuji Taiji, Hetu Luoshu, was passed down from the Huashan Taoist Chen Bo to the Song Dynasty.Zhu Zi Jieyi once said that "Shao Zi got it from Xiyi (that is, Chen Bo), and the origin of Xiyi came from Cantong Qi".Song Xue had such a relationship with Cantongqi, and the first person who annotated Cantongqi was Peng Xiao, who was born in Sichuan and was a minister of Meng Chang.It was less than a hundred years before Meng Chang descended to Song Dynasty and arrived in Sichuan on the second journey.This kind of theory has been spread among the people, and Er Cheng may have also studied it.

After the Boxer Rebellion, a certain scholar wrote a book, saying: "The various sects of Taoism originated in Sichuan. The reason is that Zhang Daoling of the Han Dynasty practiced Taoism in Heming Mountain, Sichuan. Inexhaustible.” His words are correct, as far as the author knows, there are many sects in Sichuan, and some of them have spread to other provinces, and many celebrities bow their heads and call them disciples, which is countless.Inversely, in the Northern Song Dynasty, of course, this kind of sect was very popular, and Er Cheng was certainly influenced in Shu.

[-]. The Influence of Zen Buddhism on Sichuan and Sichuan Culture

There are many sects of Buddhism, and the Buddhist scholars invited by the end of Confucianism probably refer to Zen sects.From the Zen sect to the sixth patriarch Huineng, it flourished.The Sixth Patriarch said: "Don't think of goodness, don't think of evil. At that time, is that the original face of the Ming Dynasty?" Song Confucianism taught people: "Look at the situation before the joy, anger, sorrow and joy have not yet appeared", which seems to be the head of the Sixth Patriarch.

Buddhism in Sichuan has always been very prosperous. Zongmi, the fifth ancestor called by the Huayan School, named Guifeng, was a native of Xichong, Sichuan in the Tang Dynasty.Master Xuanzang of Tang Sanzang was a monk in Daci Temple in Chengdu. In terms of Zen Buddhism, the disciple of the Sixth Patriarch "Ma Daoyi" is the Master Ma mentioned by Zhang Wending. He was born in Shifang, Sichuan. His position in Zen Buddhism is similar to that of Song Xue Zhu Zi is equal, and there is "Five Lanterns Huiyuan" to test. His Dharma heir spread all over the world, and he was named Mazu at that time. He became a monk in Shifang Arhat Temple, attained enlightenment in Hengyue, and preached in Jiangxi. He once returned to Shifang, built a platform, and preached. People are called living Buddhas. ("Shifang County Chronicles".) When Ercheng arrived in Sichuan, of course, his legacy still survived. Shifang is adjacent to Hanzhou. Now there is Xuemen Temple in Shifang Shangjingguan. It is said that Ercheng once After studying in the temple, later generations built a hall to worship Ercheng in front of the Buddhist hall, and changed the name of the temple to Xuemen, taking the meaning of "Lixue Chengmen". ("Shifang County Chronicle".) Ercheng is not in his father's office. Do you want to go to Shifang to study? There must be an eminent monk in that temple, Master Mazu. Er Cheng once visited the temple, and after a long time in the village, most people say that he went to study.

Ma Zu taught people, specifically mentioning the four words "the heart is the Buddha".Yi Chuan said "nature is reason", just like what Mazu said, this kind of theory may have been learned from the eminent monks of Xuemen Temple.

Zong Gao, a master of Zen in the Song Dynasty, was famous for a while, and wrote "Quotations of Dahui". Zhu Zi also read his book and quoted his words, such as "an inch of iron hurts people".Wei Gongdao is a native of Guanghan, Sichuan. His mother, Mrs. Qin Guo, was once under Dahui's sect, and she was successful in practicing Zen. It is recorded in the "Five Lantern Festival".Yuan Wu, the teacher of Dahui, was a monk of Zhaojue Temple in Chengdu. He wrote "Yuanwu Quotations" in Zhaojue Temple, Chengdu.Yuanwu and Ercheng were roughly at the same time. When Ercheng was in Sichuan, the Zen style was very popular in Sichuan, and Ercheng was of course influenced.

[-]. Ercheng and his pulpit
Ercheng's father died in Gengwu, the fifth year of Yuanhu, at the age of 85, and reversed to Wushen, the first year of Xining, at the age of 63.At that time, Wang Anshi was practicing the new law, Ming Dao tried his best not to listen, and the brothers did not want to work with Anshi.Because my father is old, so I come to Shu to serve my father.Mingdao was born in Renshen, the first year of Emperor Renzong of Song Dynasty, and Yichuan was born in Guiyou, the second year of Mingdao. When they entered Shu, they were 36 and 37 years old, which was the prime of life.They abandoned political life, and of course devoted themselves to learning.Wang Yangming was [-] years old and lived in Longchangyi, Guizhou.He was the same age as Er Cheng when he was in Hanzhou. He was not interested in politics and concentrated on studying knowledge, and suddenly invented new principles. It is the same.

Now in the city of Hanzhou, in front of the Kaiyuan Temple, there is the "Ercheng Lecture Platform". The so-called Song Learning, Yi Chuan said "return to the Six Classics, and then get it", it was around this time.Kaiyuan Temple in Hanzhou can be equal to Wang Yangming's Longchang Station.

Most of the Confucianists in the Song and Ming Dynasties entered and exited Buddhism and Laozi at the beginning. The so-called Buddha refers to Zen Buddhism. If you have something, you can almost know it in advance, and there is a spectrum of Yang Ming to prove it.However, Yangming did not deny himself that Song Confucians had to cover up in many ways. Zhu Zi's "Referring to the Same Agreement and Examining the Differences" used the name "Huashan Taoist Zou Fu" and did not directly sign his own name.

Er Cheng is a keen and studious person who is not ashamed to inquire. When he meets a cooper, he always asks him for advice. Of course, he has also consulted the Ziyang School of Taoism, the Zhenyi School, and the Yuanwu School of Buddhism.We can see that Cheng Zi advocated "studying half a day, sitting quietly half a day", which has the appearance of Buddhism and Taoism in form, and must be related to these two schools.Yi Chuan was very weak when he was young, and he became stronger as he got older. Perhaps he was able to benefit from the alchemist's meditation, but later he rejected the Buddhists and the elders, and refused to go into details about the relationship between them. In short, he said it himself and wrote it in the book, so that later generations will know.

We have verified from other books that there were many eminent monks in the Song Dynasty, but in the history of the Song Dynasty there is only a biography of recipes, and there is never a record of eminent monks.This is because the Confucianism sect of the Song Dynasty had the deepest views. The people who compiled the history of the Song Dynasty in the Yuan Dynasty also had the habit of sects. People in the square skill cannot take Cheng Zhu's seat, so I wrote it.In my opinion, even if Er Cheng once said to people: When he was in Shu, how to reciprocate with Buddhists and elders, the history of Song Dynasty must be cut and not written, hoop barrels, and sell sauces, and cannot compete with Er Cheng. He was only written on it, and the rest were cut and not written, so we have no way to examine them in detail.

[-]. Song Learning that comprehends the original meaning of the Three Religions
Weng Chuanyi, Uncle Zhang Ping and Peng Xiao preached, and Yuan Wu taught Zen. It can be seen that there were many scholars in Sichuan at that time.May I ask why there were so many scholars in Sichuan at that time?Because after the Wenweng of the Han Dynasty transformed into Shu, the style of study in Sichuan was very strong.In the Tang Dynasty, Yangzhou was the most prosperous place in the world, and Sichuan was the second.Shaanxi, the capital of the Tang Dynasty, was close to Shu. Few of the famous people at that time had been to Sichuan, so the learning of the Central Plains was spread to Sichuan.In addition to the Five Dynasties, the Central Plains was in turmoil, and many celebrities came to Sichuan to seek refuge.Sichuan is the most suitable place to take refuge. Before this, there was chaos at the end of the Han Dynasty. Liu Ba and Xu Jing of the Central Plains all went to Shu for refuge. After this, Shao Yong said, "The world will be chaotic, but Shu can avoid it." His son, Shao Bowen, took his family to Shu, and died from the calamity of the Jin people.The ancients said: "Shu will be in chaos before the world is in chaos, and Shu will be ruled after the world has been ruled." This is for the Central Plains. Because of the relationship between the terrain, the world will be in chaos, and the imperial court will lose its dominance. Sichuan will be the first to fight with it. Separation is called chaos first, and the Central Plains are pacified before they are conquered, so it is called governance later. In fact, Sichuan is unified behind closed doors, and the interior is very stable.

During the Five Dynasties, the Central Plains had been at war for more than 50 years, and Sichuan's internal affairs were well-established. The two families of Wang and Meng both emphasized literature. "Spring and Autumn of the Ten Kingdoms" said that Wang Jian was "elegant and good at Confucian officials, and he was treated with courtesy".He also said that Wang Yan "was able to write in childhood and was very talented".Meng Shu's politics is better than Wang Shu's. The Meng family's father and son II lived for 41 years, and Meng Chang reigned for 32 years. "Spring and Autumn of the Ten Kingdoms" said that Meng Chang "persuaded the good and sympathized with punishment, promoted culture and education, diligently sought governance, and rested with the people."He also said: "When the Empress (referring to Chang) was in the Song Dynasty, from Erjiang to Meizhou, all the people wept bitterly, and there were hundreds of mourners, and the Empress also covered his face and wept. Why is it so deeply rooted in the hearts of the people?" This is the argument of the historian of the enemy country after Meng Chang's subjugation, and of course it is very credible.In the archway in front of the county magistrate hall in the Qing Dynasty, there is a big book that reads: "You will worship Erlu, the people will anoint the people, the people will be easily abused, and the heavens will not bully you." These sixteen characters were selected by Emperor Taizong of Song Dynasty from Meng Chang's Xunzhou county essay, and promulgated to the world. (See Rong Qi's continuation of the pen and stone inscription), Changzhi's rectification of officials can be seen in general.

Later generations called it "the rule of Wen and Jing". Emperor Wen reigned for 23 years, and Emperor Jing reigned for 16 years, a total of only 29 years.Meng's father and son have been diligently seeking governance for 41 years, which can be described as a peaceful and prosperous age.The country is peaceful, so everyone studies knowledge.In addition, Yu Chang and his ministers all advocated literature. "The Spring and Autumn Period of Ten Kingdoms" said: "Emperor (referring to Chang) is eager to learn, and all writing is based on reason." Ju Heng said that Li Wu and Xu Guangpu said: "Wang Yan is frivolous and likes to be light and colorful. Wen, I will not do it." His prime minister, Wu Zhaoyi, borrowed "Wen Xuan" from others when he was poor and humble. He was embarrassed, and he said angrily: "If I am expensive in the future, I will do it as a plank." Later, he was in Shu. When he became a prime minister, he asked the master to engrave and print the Nine Classics on a board, and engraved the Nine Classics on stone in the Chengdu Academy.I used my own money to run a school, set up a teaching house, and engraved anthologies, beginners' notes, and Bai's six posts.After the country's death, his son Shou Suzhai went to China and North Korea.There are many books in the world, and Ji Xiaolan wrote the summary of Siku to narrate this matter.He also said: "Printing books is so creative." The achievements of their monarchs and ministers in literature are not small.

Yu Chang and his ministers advocated literature in this way and cultivated the Ming Dynasty in internal affairs. Of course, scholars from the Central Plains wanted to come to Sichuan.Therefore, the knowledge of the three religions of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism has spread to the common people. Er Cheng and Yuan Zi, but I have encountered two of them occasionally, and I don’t know how many others I have not encountered.Because of such a common culture, Sichuan was able to produce Sansu and Fan Zhen in the Northern Song Dynasty.Su Ziyou said: "Zhe was born 19 years ago, and he has read all kinds of books." If Meng Chang hadn't advocated it first, where would he find books to read?If there are no famous people to guide the way, how can there be university questions?When Dongpo was young, he saw old nuns who came and went to Meng Chang's palace, two Cheng and two Su, who were not far from Meng Shu, and their knowledge was all related to Meng Chang.Zixia lived in Xihe, Wei Wenhou received scriptures from Zixia, and initially appointed doctoral officers to promote Confucianism.Qin inherited the Wei system and set up doctoral officers. Fu Sheng, Shusun Tong, and Zhang Cang were all former doctors of Qin.Liang Rengong said: "The first hero of Confucianism is Wei Wenhou", we can say: "The first hero of Song Dynasty is Meng Chang."

The wise master of the Sui Dynasty lived in Tiantai Mountain, founded the Tiantai sect, and wrote "Small and Small Zhiguan".Sima Chengzhen, a Taoist priest in the Tang Dynasty, also lived in Tiantai Mountain. He wrote "Tianyinzi" and seven articles on "Zuowanglun".Yujian miscellaneous books say: "Taoism and Shishi are contradictory in nature, but Ziwei's study is all based on Shishi, and it is mostly based on precepts, concentration and wisdom... This theory is the same as that of wise men. In Ziwei’s middle age, he hid himself from Tiantai Yuxiao Peak, where the wise men lived, and he knew that it had its own origin.” ("Book Collection·Miscellaneous Records of the Ministry of Taoism") From this, we know that all contradictory knowledge, as long as they are in the same place, There is a possibility of integration.During the Five Dynasties, the Central Plains was in turmoil, and the celebrities of the three religions all gathered in the capital.It seems that the three major rivers converge on the narrowest gorge, so they should naturally merge into one.About these celebrities gathered in the capital, discussed with each other, and left a lot of knowledge.Brother Mingdao came to Sichuan, summoned the elders, built a platform to preach, gathered them together, integrated them, and decided on his own ideas to form a system, which became the so-called Song Xue.

[-]. Su Ziyou's theory, regarded as heresy
Everyone only knows that the Cheng brothers are the masters of the Song Dynasty, but they don't know that there was another great philosopher in the Song Dynasty, whose achievements were even better than the Cheng brothers.Most people ignore him, who is this person for?That is what we know as Su Ziyou.The Cheng brothers did the work of integrating the three religions, and even covered their heads and faces, claiming to be the true biography of Confucius and Mencius.Ziyou wrote "The Explanation of Laozi". When he wrote the preface of this book, he discussed it with monk Daoquan. , Combined research, I said it straightforwardly, which is much brighter than other Song Confucianists. Ziyou’s grandson, Su Zhen, recorded his last words: "Gongwei Zhen talked about Laozi, saying that he is two or three times higher than Mencius." .He also said: 'Words are nothing like five thousand words'. " Su Zhen also said: "The old man wrote a poem saying: "There are 81 chapters in the past, and they are descendants of Dao Laodan." 'It's good for old people, and it's unpredictable for those who record it. "Ziyou dared to say that Lao Tzu was superior to Mencius's second and third class, and he believed that he was a disciple of Taoist Lao Dan. This kind of knowledge was indeed higher than that of the Cheng brothers. Su Mai, the son of Su Dongpo, etc., wrote "Xian Gong Shou Ze", which contained Dongpo's words said: "Yesterday, Ziyou sent Lao Tzu's new interpretation, read the endless volumes, and sighed at the discarded volumes.If there was this book in the Warring States period, there would be no Shang Yang and Han Fei; if there was this book in the early Han Dynasty, Confucius and Lao would be one; "When I first read this passage from Dongpo, I thought that it was good for me to write it, and it was worthy of such admiration. Later, I realized that it was purely admiration for his work of integrating the three religions.

In the Ming Dynasty there was Li Zhuowu, who was considered a saint by his contemporaries.He obviously attacked Confucius, and wrote 68 volumes of "Cangshu".You said in the preface: "I don't care about the first three dynasties, and the last three dynasties, Han, Tang and Song Dynasties. There are more than hundreds of years in between, and those who have no right and wrong, how can they have no right and wrong. It is salty to think that Confucius' right and wrong are right and wrong, because there is no right and wrong. Ear." He said again: "this book can be used for self-interest, not to show others, so it is called a book collection. But one or two friends who have good things, they can't stop asking for it, so I can use it as my own." But the commandment said: "reading is one term. Read it, gentlemen, but if you don’t follow the rules of Confucius, rewards and punishments will be good.” He was born in the Ming Dynasty, and he had such freedom of thought. He was arrested until he committed suicide and died, and he kept his theory unchanged.His self-confidence is so strong that he admires Su Ziyou very much. In the second year of Wanli, he engraved a son in Jinling and explained it to Laozi. Small words in fragments and broken slips should be good at expressing the essence of Lao Tzu, so that more than [-] words will rot like a bright moon. Scholars must never leave their hands. The interpretation is to show the integrity of the Tao, to be the whole heart of the Tao, and to send the son to look forward to it. , And when Zi Zhanyi, now go to Ziyou, more than five hundred years, I don’t want to see this strange thing again.” Zhuo Wu praised Ziyou so much, so Ziyou’s knowledge can be known.

(End of this chapter)