Thick black school

Chapter 37 The Trend of Chinese Academics (6)
Su Ziyou has made such achievements in academics, why when it comes to Song studies, most people only know about Cheng Zhu, but not Su Ziyou?The reasons: (74) Ziyou's book was an adult and old. Ziyou died in Renchen, the second year of Zhenghe, at the age of 54. The book was deleted and revised several times, and it was not completed until December of Wuzi, the second year of Daguan.Cheng Mingdao died in Yichou, the eighth year of Yuanfeng, at the age of 75, and Yichuan died in Dinghai, the first year of Daguan, at the age of 23.When Ziyou wrote the book, it was [-] years after Mingdao's death and one year after Yichuan's death. At that time, Cheng's disciples were all over the world.Ziyou's theory came out late, so he couldn't compete with him. Ziyou died four years after the book was written, and no one propagated his theory. ([-]) At that time, the party banned people from learning Yuanhu's academics. Yichuan refused his disciples and said: "Respect what you hear, do what you know, and don't have to reach my school." Even Yichuan did not dare to publicize his knowledge. How can Ziyou promote it?When Yi Chuan died, the disciples did not dare to send him to the funeral, and the party's strict prohibition can be imagined.History calls Ziyou: "Zhushi Yingbin never sees people again, and works silently all day long for decades." According to this, it is a fluke for Zezi to be handed down to the world from this book. How dare you hope that it will be popular? ? ([-]) Later, Zhu Zi inherited Yichuan's study and specialized in the grievances between Luo and Shu. The Ersu and Yichuan did not agree.His slanderer said: "Su Shilang wrote the book late, and I thought it was not enough to combine my Confucianism with Laozi. It can be said that it is wrong to bridge the gap with Shi Shi. However, he is so self-proclaimed that no one in the world can speak This person, and his elder brother Dongpo Gong, also thought that 'I don't want to see this strange in his later years'. From the point of view, he can be said to be unscrupulous, because of the debate." (See "Song and Yuan Xuean".) There is a "little man" in the mean But without scruples", Zhu Zi said that he has no scruples, that is to say, he is a villain.This paragraph of text is almost full of curses.Zhu Zi also refuted Ziyou's theory one by one, most of them were deliberately critical, and his books were there, so he could press them again.Zhu Zi was a person respected by the emperors of all dynasties. Since he attacked Ziyou in this way, Ziyou's theory seemed to exist, and no one knew about it. ([-]) The biggest reason is that Confucius has gained orthodox territory in academia since Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.Cheng Zi did the work of integrating the three religions, and on the surface he still respected Confucius, so his words were welcomed by others, but Ziyou said it nakedly, which owed Cheng Mingdao's skills, so he was attacked by Zhu Zi and became a heresy.Zhu Zi slandered Ziyou and Buddha because of his sect's views. We don't need to worry about it, just look at the evolution of academics.

[-]. The integration of the three religions is the general trend of Chinese academics

Looking at the evolutionary trend, we feel that in the Northern Song Dynasty, the three religions should be merged into one.Both Cheng Mingdao and Su Ziyou were driven by natural trends.Cheng Zi read many books, came to Sichuan, studied them, and fully integrated the work of the three religions.Su Ziyou read many books in Sichuan, went to Yingbin, studied behind closed doors and completed the work of integrating the three religions, both of which are related to Sichuan.This is all due to the chaos in the Central Plains during the Five Dynasties, the celebrities of the three religions all gathered in the capital, and the three major rivers flowed into the narrowest gorge at the same time.Ziyou was in Shu when he was young, and learned the introductions of various celebrities. After years of research, the result he got was that he also integrated the three religions, and he was straight from Shishi and closer to Laodan, exactly the same as Dachengzi.It can be seen that the truth of the universe is true.In the past, when Buddhism was introduced into China, it clashed with established academic students. Throughout the Sui, Tang, and Five Dynasties, the imperial court ordered the world to destroy Buddhist temples, burn Buddhist scriptures, and kill monks and nuns.Since the theory of Confucianism in the Song Dynasty was taught, there has been no such conflict, but it is just a small criticism of the lecturer's writing, why?It has basically been integrated.

The First World War and the Second World War are endless disputes, and differences in doctrine make it happen.Now that the national government has moved to Chongqing, most of the top figures of various schools of thought, and various experts who studied abroad with their husbands in Europe and the United States, all gather in Chongqing. The mouth of the gorge.I hope to produce a new theory that integrates Chinese, Western and Indian academics into one, and the disaster of world disputes will be avoided. (Author's note: At the time of the first edition, the national government had not yet moved to Chongqing, so it only said: Now the transportation is convenient, the world is close to each other, China, India, and the West, the three major cultures are in contact with each other. They are also the three major rivers, tending to enter the narrowest gorge In other words, the three major cultures of China, West and India should also be integrated into one.)
Confucianism in the Song Dynasty.
[-]. The source of orthodoxy
The most admirable thing about Confucianism in the Song Dynasty is that it integrated the three religions of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism into one theoretically.The most unadmirable thing is that the sectarianism is too deep, which leads to many entanglements.There are two points in his views: ([-]) What Confucius said was right, while what Buddha, Lao, and the Zhou and Qin scholars said was wrong. ([-]) For those who respect Confucius, what Cheng Zi and Zhu Zi said is correct, and what others say is not. Combining these two points, the orthodoxy is born.

What is the orthodoxy mentioned by Song Confucianism?If we want to discuss this issue, we must first discuss Han Yu of the Tang Dynasty.Han Yu is very stubborn and full of the nature of rebelling against reality.The style of writing in the early Tang Dynasty followed Chen, Sui and other styles, so he advocated the ancient prose of the three dynasties and the Han Dynasty.His method is the same as that of the European Renaissance.Both are against modern learning and restoring ancient learning, which is an innovative movement.So the European Renaissance is an amazing undertaking.In the Tang Dynasty, Han Yu held the position of Mount Tai Beidou, which is also an astonishing career.

Han Yu's learning was passed down to the Song Dynasty, and it was divided into two schools: one was the literature of King Osu Zeng, and the other was Cheng Zhu's Taoism.The so-called Taoism of Song Confucianism was born from the Taoist text "Si Dao Ye, He Dao Ye" in Changli's original Taoist chapter. Mencius was only one of the Confucians in the past. On the other hand, Chang Li made his seal.He read Xunzi and said: "At the beginning I got Meng Ke's book, and then I knew Confucius' Taoist respect...Those who think of saints, and the one who respects saints is only Meng Shi. The male is also the disciple of the sage... Mencius is mellow and mellow, and Xun Yuyang is mellow but small." After Changli's inference, the Meng family emerged.

Song Confucianism inherited the theory of Changli, praised Mencius Yi, and passed it on directly by himself. Yi Chuan made a statement of Ming Dao, saying: "It is impossible for Zhou Gong to have no sage's way, and Meng Ke's dead sage's learning can't be taught. If the way can't be done, there will be no good governance in a hundred generations. There is no real Confucianism if you don't learn it for thousands of years... After you were born 400 years ago, you can learn what you can't pass on from the classics... After Mencius, there is only one person." Shi Qian co-biographyed Mencius and Xunqing, and there are only a few crosses , in the history of Zou Gen's tenure as Xue Lu and Song Dynasty, there are no books, Zhu Zigangmu, which began in Shiwei Zhiqi, big books and special books. ", collectively known as "Four Sons Books", when Yuan Yanhu came, Shi County was Lingjia.We read "Books of the Four Sons" since we were young, and regarded Mencius as the incarnation of Confucius. After further investigation, we realized that it was Cheng and Zhu who had a view of orthodoxy, so they especially respected him.

Changli is a man of literature, and he intends to reform the style of writing. He does not look at the books of the three dynasties and the Han Dynasty.When he read the books of Confucius, Mencius and Xun, his original intention was to study literature, so he also got a glimpse of the great way, but he didn't get much.For his essays, he advocated that words must be written by himself, and he likes to create his own words, grammar and syntax, so he must create his own when talking about theoretical matters.He said: "Si Dao, what is the way? It is not to ask the so-called Tao of the old and the Buddha. Yao passed it on to Shun, Shun passed it on to Yu, Yu passed it on Tang, Tang passed it on to the civil and military Duke of Zhou Confucius, who was passed on by Wenwu and Zhou Gong, and Meng Ke who was passed on by Confucius, Meng Ke died, so he could not be passed on." This statement, I don't know what they saw.Cheng Yichuan said: "Ke's death can't be passed on, like this speech, it is not an attack on others, it is not written in vain, and there must be something to see." .

Song Confucianism read this passage of Changli, and saw that it was passed down through the generations, just like passing down the seal of the country.Yao, Shun and Yu taught it directly, while Wen, Wu, Zhou Gong, Confucius, and Meng Ke did not teach it for hundreds of years. I thought that if we were born a thousand or hundreds of years later, wouldn’t we be able to obtain this thing?So he made up his mind to find out this Chuan Guoxie, and after a long time, he did find it out. In the Analects of Confucius, he found "Yao day counseled Ershun...allowed to hold it...shun also ordered Yu", which happened to be a fake ancient text. , there are sixteen characters of "people's hearts are only dangerous, Taoism is only subtle, but essence is only one, and you are allowed to stick to it".Yao passed on to Shun, and Shun passed on to Yu. With actual evidence, they believed that this was something passed down from generation to generation.Studying Yu, Tang, Wen, Wu and Duke Zhou, where is the so-called giver and receiver?And there are hundreds of years between them, how can they be taught?And before Confucius, why was it that the founder of the country was preached alone, and no one among the common people could get his biography?These issues, they do not add research.

Because Changli said that Mencius was the true biography of Confucius, Confucianism in the Song Dynasty proposed Mencius's book from among the other scholars and added it to "The Analects of Confucius".From the Book of Rites, two articles, "The Great Learning" and "The Doctrine of the Mean", were proposed, and it was insisted that "The Great Learning" was written by Zeng Zi.It is also said that "The Doctrine of the Mean" was written by Zisi himself and handed over to Mencius, so it became Zengzi passed down by Confucius, Zisi passed down by Zeng Zi, and Mencius passed down by Zisi.Passed down from generation to generation, it is the same as the Chuan Guoxie. After Mencius, it was cut off suddenly. After thousands of hundreds of years, in the Song Dynasty, the Chuan Guoxie reappeared. This is the so-called orthodoxy.

The Tong character of Daotong was stolen from the Tong character "Emperor Entrepreneurship", which means to pass on the seal of the country.At that time, Zen Buddhism was popular all over the world. Zen Buddhism was originally passed down from generation to generation, from Sakyamuni to Bodhidharma, Bodhidharma was introduced to China, and passed on to the Sixth Patriarch.After the Sixth Patriarch, although the mantle was not passed on, there are still several generations of names in each sect, some are direct sects, and some are offshoots.Confucian scholars in the Song Dynasty were in the meantime, infected with such habits, and specially created the name of orthodoxy to fight against it.The word Taoism can be said to be synonymous with the word mantle.I would like to ask: Lianluo Guanfu Confucianism is more than 1000 years away from Confucius and Mencius, how can they be taught?So the theory of "heart-to-heart transmission" was created, saying that Confucius and Mencius are handed down from heart to heart. Zen has a saying of "heart-to-heart transmission", so people in the Song Dynasty had the saying "Yuqian's sixteen-character heart-to-heart transmission". The characters are also imitated from Zen.

Originally, the teaching of Zen is also suspicious. The so-called 28 ancestors of the Western Heaven and the Six Patriarchs of the Eastern Land are all presumed by themselves.His disciples call themselves "other biography outside the teaching", saying that they don't need to study the classics, but can directly understand the heart of the Buddha. Every time they see people ask, "What is the meaning of the patriarch's coming from the West?"Confucianism in the Song Dynasty taught people to "seek the place where Kong Yan is happy", which means the same.

Zhou Zi was Cheng Zi's apprentice, Heng Qu was Cheng Zi's relative, and Zhu Zi described the Cheng family. The so-called Lian Luo Guan Min was originally a group of private lecturers, and later it became more and more popular, because it created the name of Taoism.Presuming privately, boasting about the true biography of Confucius and Mencius, the method is exactly the same as that of Zen.

Zhu Zi made a special effort to fight for this orthodoxy. He commented on Mencius and concluded in the last chapter: "...Under a hundred generations, there must be someone who understands the spirit and understands it. In the end, it is based on this, so it is clear that the biography exists, and the future is sacred to the infinite, and its purpose is profound." Putting forward the word "tong" and "biography", and saying "spiritual understanding", that is, Song Xuezhong The so-called "heart transmission" and "orthodoxy" have roots.The most amazing thing is that after the four characters "its purpose is deep", a paragraph of text was suddenly written, saying: "In the eighth year of Yuanfeng in Song Dynasty, Cheng Haobo died in Henan, and Lu Gongwen Yanbo inscribed his tomb. In the preface of Zhengshu, the Duke of Zhou is gone, the way of the sage is not good, Meng Ke is dead, the learning of the sage is not passed on, the way is not good, there is no good governance, and the learning is not passed on, there is no true Confucianism. Without good governance, scholars can still learn the way of good governance. To be kind to all people, to pass on to the future generations. Without true Confucianism, the world's trade and trade will not know what to do. People want to do whatever they want, and the laws of nature will be destroyed. After almost 400 years, Mr. Wang, he obtained the untransmitted learning from the scriptures, so as to rise Gentleman is his own task, distinguishing heresies, warding off evil theories, and making the way of sages shine and revive in the world. After Mencius, there is only one person. However, if a scholar is in the way, he does not know where he is going. , so who knows what the name means for love.” After writing this paragraph, it came to an abrupt end without saying a single word, it was really endless.What's the point?Because he imitated Mencius, he said that "the future sage is infinity", writing this passage, it can be seen that Cheng is the "post-sage".In the preface to the chapters and sentences of the University, Zhu Zi also said: "The two masters in Henan came out, and there are some who inherited the legend of the Meng family... Although he is not sensitive to Xi, it is fortunate that he is private and gracious and has heard of it." It seems to be attached to the list of "knowing it after hearing it", so it puts the unity of Tao on its shoulders.

[-]. The inside story of orthodoxy
Confucianism in the Song Dynasty worked hard to create an orthodoxy for fear of being divided by others. Zhu Zi tried his best to fight against Xiangshan because he was afraid that he would be divided into the orthodoxy.When Xiangshan died, Zhu Zi led his disciples and went to the temple to cry. After a long time, he said, "It's a pity that Gao Zi died."

Before Cheng Zhu died, Yang Xiong had a great reputation, and he compared himself to Mencius.Sun Fu of the Northern Song Dynasty, known as Confucianism, respected Yang Xiong as a model.Sima Guang commented on the "Taixuan Jing" and said: "When I was young, I heard the name of Xuan, but I didn't see it... So I was looking for it for a year, but I was able to see it. At the beginning, it was confusing, slightly inaccessible, but it was refined. Yi Xu read it dozens of times, referring to the beginning and the end, to get a glimpse of its outline. Then he put the book down and sighed: "Wow, Yang Zi is really a great Confucian. Confucius did not know the way of a sage. Who is Yang Zi?" Xun and Mencius are almost incomparable, let alone the rest. In the book of Guanxuan, the obvious is for people, the quiet is for God, the big is for the universe, and the details are for the hair. What comes out is that which wombs all things, and at the same time is the mother. It is like the ground and it is inexhaustible, and it is like the sea. It is inexhaustible. Although there are good people in the way of the world, it is easy to despise it." Sima Guang said According to the saying, Taixuan is regarded as respected as the Book of Changes, as if it was directly passed on to Confucius. Wouldn't the orthodoxy be contested by Yang Xiong?Mencius can't reach it, let alone Song Confucianism?Song Confucianism is trying to continue the biography of Mencius, how can Yang Xiong be allowed to pass?Because of Ban Gu's "Han Shu", it is said that Yang Xiong was once an official of Xinmang, Zhu Zixiu Gangmu wrote to him lightly: "Yang Xiong, the doctor of Mang, died".No one dares to dispute the orthodoxy on Mencius's shoulders, and Lianluo Guanmin is directly passed on to the Mencius family.It's like when you are fighting for an election, if you think you can't win against someone, you investigate someone's past cases, accuse him of misappropriating public funds, committing a criminal offense, and deprive him of the right to be elected.If Mo De Sima Guang's words praise Yang Xiong, how can there be such a special pen as Dr. Mang in the compendium?Yang Xiongshi Xinmang wrote "A New Theory of Drama and Beauty of the Qin Dynasty". Some people said that it was inaccurate, but we did not argue deeply.Even if the facts are true, there are many people who are similar to Yang Xiong but better than Yang Xiong in a Ziyang Compendium, why not make full use of this kind of calligraphy?It's all Sima Guang who killed Yang Xiong.

Yang Xiong once entered the Confucian Temple, but later he was invited out because he had served Wang Mang.Xunzi once entered the Confucian Temple, but he was invited out because of his bad nature.Gong Boning once entered the Confucian Temple, and because he slandered Zilu, he was also invited out.I am absolutely puzzled, why should Sima Guang enter the Confucius Temple?Yang Xiong is a rebellious minister, and Sima Guang admires Yang Xiong, which means rebelling against the party.The Gongbo case was nothing more than a verbal slander of Zilu. Sima Guang wrote the book "Suspecting Mencius", criticizing Mencius's words layer by layer, openly doubting the theory of good nature, and his book has been passed down to this day.Isn't it strange that Sima Guang, who committed the crimes of Gong Boliao, Gou Qing and Yang Xiong, was allowed to enter the Confucius Temple openly?The original reason is that Sima Guang was a good friend of Ercheng. When Zhezong came to the throne, Sima Guang recommended Mingdao as the Chancellor of Zongzheng Temple and Yichuan as the storyteller of Chongzheng Palace.Sima Guang was prime minister, and even Er Cheng was an official, so Er Cheng entered the Confucian Temple, and even Sima Guang deserved it.Sima Guang's character is originally very good, but with the example of Lu Gongbo, Wuliao, Xunqing and Yangxiong, he is not qualified to enter the Confucian Temple. Now he has entered the Confucian Temple openly. I have no name for it. "Selfishness".

Song Confucians kept saying that they respected Confucius and rejected heresies. Why should Zhuge Liang enter the Confucius Temple?Zhuge Liang compared himself to Guan Yue, Guan Zhong was disdained by Zeng Xi, Confucianism was ashamed to be called the Five Hegemons, Mencius said that Guan Zhong was worthless, how should Guan Zhong's private school students enter the Confucius Temple?Zhuge Liang also wrote about Shen Han to teach the Empress, which shows that he is also a student of Shen Han's private school.Tai Shigong wrote "Historical Records", biography of Shen Han and Lao Tzu at the same time, and some people said that Shen Han was not enough to be juxtaposed with Lao Tzu. The special book said: "The position of Zhuge Liang, the first Confucianist", I don't know where to start with this Confucian word?

When Mr. Liu was dying, he ordered his empress to read the books of Shang Jun, but he did not advocate amnesty. What their monarchs and ministers studied were all the theories of the Legalists.We prefer to read Zhuge Liang's biography, which is his posthumous collection. We can't find the word Confucius, or a sentence in the Four Books. We only have a lot of relationship with Guan Zhong, Shang Yang, Shen Han.According to the biography, he was strict in governing Shu, and also said that he "has no evil but no derogation".Contrary to what Confucius said "forgive minor faults", Mencius said "save punishment", which is obviously a violation.If you build a "Shen Han He Temple" and invite Zhuge Liang to share it, writing a "Zhuge Liang's position in the pre-legalist" would still match the name and reality.

Song Confucianism rejects heresy, and applying to Han to manage business, isn't it heresy?Isn't it strange that heretic direct disciples sit high in the Confucian temple?It is best to invite Zhuge Liang out and give it to Chen Yu in "Historical Records".According to historical records: "The Confucian who became the king of An also called himself a righteous soldier and did not need to cheat." Doctrine?I am afraid that the Confucian Temple has already offered the "seat of Confucianism and Chen Yu".But Chen Yu was unlucky, and when he met Han Xin, a famous general through the ages, he was defeated and died, so Confucianism ignored him.

Zhuge Liang is obviously the talent of the overlord, and Confucianism calls it the talent of Wang Zuo.Isn't it ridiculous that he is clearly a Legalist, but he respects him as an early Confucian?In Confucianism, it is said that Zhuge Liang entrusted his life to himself, devoted himself to his life, and was deeply in line with Confucianism, so he should enter the Confucian Temple.It should be known that entrusting one's life to one's father and devoting one's life to oneself is not the exclusive product of Confucianism.Could it be that only Confucianism produces such talents, but Legalism does not produce such talents?How does this make sense?I don't have a name for it, but I call it "Mushi".Just because after the Han Dynasty, Confucianism could not find outstanding talents, and Zhuge Liang's achievements were three points, and he was the No.In fact, why bother?
Lin Fang asked "the foundation of rites", and he only said three words, and he also entered the Confucian Temple.Lao Tzu was the person whom Confucius once asked about rituals. The Book of Rites quoted Lao Tzu's words repeatedly, and Confucius called him "a favorite" and worshiped him to the extreme.Confucianism in the Song Dynasty fought for Confucius and slandered Lao Tzu. Is this truth correct?
Even Zhu Zhutuo dared not eat the two pieces of pork meat. It was originally worth fighting for, but we must know: there are many confused accounts in a twenty-four histories. The noble place is like a holy temple. It's like Cheng Zhu, but after careful inspection, there are all kinds of shady scenes, what else can I say?

Song Confucianism had the word "Tongdao", and it was stuffed in his chest, and there were thorns everywhere.I don't know how precious the word unified is, and it is worth such a dispute.Fortunately, they were born after Zhuangzi, if they were seen by Zhuangzi, I am afraid that there will be some clever talk about young rotting rats.When we study and reminisce about the past, we should come up with our own insights, and we must not be fooled by the ancients.

(End of this chapter)