100 must-read books for college students

Chapter 20 The Earliest Encyclopedia in China
Chapter 19 The Earliest Encyclopedia in China: "Shan Hai Jing"

"Shan Hai Jing" is an ancient work with rich content and unique style, involving history, geography, ethnicity, mythology, religion,

Biology, water conservancy, minerals, medicine and other aspects.

Mythology of Geographical Compilation

There are different opinions about the author of "Shan Hai Jing" and the time when it was written.The old theory was written by Xia Yu and Boyi during the Tang and Yu Dynasties.today

It is mostly regarded as a work between the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.

However, in the Eastern Han Dynasty Liu Xiu's "Shangshan Haijing Biao", it is claimed that the book was written by Yu and Yi during the Tang and Yu Dynasties.In the future, "Erya",

"Lunheng" and "Wuyue Chunqiu" all follow its theory.

However, when Li Daoyuan of the Northern Wei Dynasty wrote "Shui Jing Zhu", he discovered that: "Shan Hai Jing" compiled books

It is rare, the book strategy is inferior, it is difficult to compile, and later generations have faked it, which is far from the original meaning."Yan's Family Instructions Documentary Evidence" by the Northern Qi Dynasty
"According to the "Shan Hai Jing", there are Changsha, Lingling, Guiyang, Zhuji and other place names after the Qin and Han Dynasties, and it is definitely not Yu and Yisuo.
do. "Sui Shu Jing Ji Zhi" also said that it was definitely not written in more than three generations.Afterwards, with the development of archeology and Bianxuology, Yu, Yizhi

Said to be increasingly denied.

Contemporary scholars agree that the "Shan Hai Jing" is composed of several parts, and it is not produced by one person at a time.but look at

The method is different. Some scholars believe that "Shan Hai Jing" is composed of three parts.

"Hai Jing" was written in the Western Han Dynasty; "Da Huang Jing" and "Da Huang Hai Nei Jing" were written from the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Wei and Jin Dynasties.Some scholars from
In the "Shan Hai Jing", the "Shan Jing" and "Yu Gong" are compared, and the conclusion is that the mountains and rivers contained in the "Shan Jing" are the most detailed in the Zhou, Qin, He and Han Dynasties

Most suitable, the author should be from this area.As for the time, it should be after "Yu Gong", the late Warring States period.

"Shan Hai Jing" consists of eighteen volumes, and the writing period spans about 6 to 8 centuries.The current version is about 31000 characters.From "Nanshan

There are five chapters from "Jing" to "Zhong Shan Jing", collectively called "Wu Zang Shan Jing", or "Shan Jing" for short, with a total of 21000 characters, accounting for 2/3 of the whole book.and

"Hai Jing" includes four chapters each of "Overseas Classics" and "Hainei Jing", with a total of 4200 characters. The following five chapters of "The Great Wilderness Classic", a total of ten
Three articles with a total of 53000 words.The two are collectively called "Shan Hai Jing".In the ancient "Shan Hai Jing" there are pictures and descriptions, and Tao Yuanming has "

"Looking at the biography of the king of Zhou, looking at the pictures of mountains and seas", all the ancient pictures are lost, and the existing pictures are made by later generations. The earliest extant annotation is from the Jin Dynasty
Guo Pu's "Shan Hai Jing Zhu" ("Si Bu Series" edition).In addition, Hao Yixing, a Qing Dynasty native, adopted the strengths of his predecessors' annotations and wrote "Shan Hai Jing Jian Shu"

Eighteen volumes, not the first volume of "Ding Yu" (the "Si Bu Bei Yao").Today's Yuan Ke also wrote "Shan Hai Jing Xiao Zhu".

The mountains and rivers recorded in the "Shan Hai Jing" are more abundant than the "Yu Gong" of the earlier era. It records mountains and mountains in a total of 15000 characters.

It is 14 times that of the Daoshan part of "Yu Gong". There are only 4 columns of mountains recorded in "Yugong", but 26 columns are developed in "Shanjing". "Shan Jing"

"Taking mountains as the key link, it is divided into five mountain systems in the middle, south, west, north, and east, and relevant geographical knowledge is added to the narration.Full text in square

The direction and the road are the latitude and longitude of each other, in an orderly manner.When describing each mountain range, also describe the position, height, direction, and steepness of the mountain

, shape, valley hole and its size, and pay attention to the mutual connection between the two mountains.Some also involve vegetation coverage density, rain and snow

Situations, etc., obviously have a preliminary concept of mountains, which can be called the earliest mountain geography book in my country.When describing a river, it must be said
Its origin and flow direction, also note the tributary of the river or the water system flowing into the tributary, including the undercurrent and undercurrent of some currents
And records of salt ponds, lakes, and springs.

The geographical scope of "Shan Hai Jing": "Nan Shan Jing" starts from the Zhoushan Islands in Zhejiang in the east, reaches the west of Hunan in the west, and reaches the South China Sea in the south, including

Including the five provinces of Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangdong and Hunan. "Xishan Jing" starts from the mountains and the Yellow River between Shaanxi in the east, starts from the Shaanxi and Gansu-Qinling Mountains in the south, and reaches in the north.

In the northwest of Yanchi in Ningxia, it reaches Altun Mountain in Xinjiang in the northwest. "Bei Shan Jing" starts from Helan Mountain in the Tengger Desert of Inner Mongolia and Ningxia in the west, and ends in the east.

Arrive at the eastern foot of Taihang Mountain in Hebei, and go north to the north of Yinshan Mountain in Inner Mongolia. "Dongshan Jing" includes today's Shandong and northern Jiangsu and Anhui. "Nan Shan Jing" West
Up to the northwest edge of the Sichuan Basin.

"Shan Hai Jing" records a lot of primitive geographical knowledge, such as karst caves in the south, seasonal changes in river water in the north, and different climates.

The characteristics of geographical landscape and distribution of flora and fauna in the zone.

In the chapter on the distribution of material resources in "Shan Hai Jing", the records of minerals are particularly detailed, and more than 300 places of mineral origin are mentioned.

There are 37 or [-] kinds of useful minerals, and they are divided into four categories: gold, jade, stone, and soil.Greek scholar Geofestes in [-] BC
The "Stone Records" written between 1 and 286 BC is considered to be the oldest geological document in the world, but it records only 16 kinds of minerals.

These minerals are divided into three categories: gold, stone, and earth.The types of minerals recorded in the "Shan Hai Jing" of the same age or later are its 5
times, the classification is finer. "Shan Hai Jing" also noted the symbiosis of minerals, and according to their hardness, color, luster, transparency,

Methods of identifying minerals such as structure, knocking sound, and medicinal properties, as well as detailed descriptions of animal and plant morphology, performance, and medical efficacy, so
"Shan Hai Jing" has made outstanding contributions to the classification of mineralogy.British Needham, who wrote "History of Science and Technology in China", said: ""Mountain
The Book of Seas is a veritable treasure house, from which we can learn a lot about how the ancients understood minerals and medicines and other substances

knowledge. "

"Jingwei Filling the Sea" is one of the famous myths and legends in my country.It tells the story of the young girl named Nvwa of Emperor Yan who was drowned in the East China Sea.

Turned into a Jingwei bird, often holding wood and stones from the Western Mountains in its mouth, and vowed to fill up the sea.

Such a feat is impossible without great perseverance, and his unyielding spirit until death is even more soul-stirring and full of emotion.

The article also fully embodies the desire of ancient people to conquer nature.

And "Jingwei Filling the Sea" is also good in literature and Taoism.Its imagination is rich, the content is novel, and it is quite romantic.this
The layout of the article is ingenious and the structure is meticulous. First, it narrates Jingwei's voice and form, and then narrates the deeds of Nvwa.

, well-organized.

Throughout the whole article, its ambition is commendable and its writing is commendable. It is not difficult to understand that the story of "Jingwei reclamation" has been passed down for thousands of years and spread among the people.
Because of.

Tao Yuanming once wrote thirteen poems "Reading the Classics of Mountains and Seas", and wrote in one about Kuafu Chasing the Sun: "Kuafu's birth of great ambitions is related to

day race walking.They all went to Yu Yuan, as if there was no victory or defeat.The divine power is so wonderful, how can Qinghe be enough?The remaining traces were sent to Deng Lin, but the merit was behind him.

"This poem can be regarded as a pertinent comment on the myth of "Kua Fu chasing the sun" in the past dynasties.

The bravery, strength, courage and spirit of benefiting the world reflected in Kuafu's deeds can be described as the righteousness of this myth.

The ancestor of the craziness

To comment on the nature of "Shan Hai Jing", there are different opinions in the past dynasties. "Hanshu Yiwenzhi" included it in the category of form and method, and Ban Gu of the Eastern Han Dynasty

It is included in the category of spelling, while Liu Xiuxin believes that "Shan Hai Jing" is a work of geography and natural history.Guo Pu of the Western Jin Dynasty highly praised the "Shan Hai Jing"
, considering it a credible geographical document.In the Ming Dynasty, Hu Yinglin believed that "Shan Hai Jing" was "the ancestor of strange language in ancient and modern times",
At the beginning, the book was included in the book of "language monsters", and the "Siku Quanshu" of Qing Dynasty also included this book in the category of novels.Modern Lu Xun also believed that this book was

The book of witches and alchemists.However, most commentators believe that "Shan Hai Jing" is an early valuable geographical work, "Wuzangshan
The Sutra is the one with the highest geographical value.

The understanding of the geoscience value of "Shan Hai Jing" has gone through a tortuous process in history.In the Eastern Han Dynasty, the famous flood control expert

His family, Wang Jing, began to control the river from Bian. Before leaving, the reference book given to him by Emperor Ming included "Shan Hai Jing".Works by Li Daoyuan of the Northern Wei Dynasty

In "Shui Jing Zhu", there are more than 80 quotations from "Shan Hai Jing".In modern times, Gu Jiegang wrote "Exploration of the Five Cangshan Classics" and published many
Many extremely incisive insights have made people re-understand the scientific value of "Shan Hai Jing".Later, Tan Qixiang wrote "Shan Jing"

The study of the lower reaches of the river and its tributaries uses the rich river channel information in the "Shan Hai Jing" to inject the "Bei Shan Jing" into the downstream of the river.

The tributaries were sorted out one by one and compared with each other, and the oldest old course of the Yellow River was verified.The publication of this article further establishes the
The scientific status of "Shan Hai Jing", especially "Wu Zang Shan Jing" in geography.

"Shan Hai Jing" occupies a certain position in the history of geography.The author takes the area where the "Zhong Shan Jing" is located as the center of the world, surrounded by
The "Nanshanjing", "Xishanjing", "Northshanjing", "Dongshanjing" constitute the continent, the continent is surrounded by the sea, the four seas
Outside there are lands and countries, and beyond that there are remote lands. This is the world. The end of "Shan Hai Jing" states: "The east of heaven and earth

Twenty-eight thousand miles to the west and twenty-six thousand miles to the north and south. "This may seem naive in today's scientific development, but in 2000
Many years ago, the author of "Shan Hai Jing" believed that the world is not unknowable, but can be known, the world has limits, is

It can be measured, which is extremely precious information in the history of geography research.

In short, "Shan Hai Jing" provides rich materials for the study of our country's ancient history, geography, and culture.And what it remembers, since ancient times
It is not understood by later generations of scholars because of the words "Hong Dan, pedantic and boastful, so strange and suave".
, so the nature of this book is very difficult to say

many.

Although there are different opinions, it also reflects the breadth of this book.regardless of

How to judge, two points have always been recognized: one is geography, and the other is myth.

(End of this chapter)