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Chapter 3 The Earliest Collection of Poetry in China
Chapter 2 The Earliest Collection of Poetry in China: The Book of Songs

Talking about the history of Chinese literature, as usual, cannot do without the "Book of Songs", which is the most reliable ancient book we can see so far.

This alone is enough to establish its unshakable position in the history of Chinese culture.Therefore, for more than two thousand years, annotations and research on "

It is not surprising that the works of The Book of Songs are endless and overwhelming.

Three Hundred Poems of Elegant Songs

The Book of Songs is the earliest collection of poems in my country. As the glorious starting point and endless source of the long tradition of poetry in my country, its great
Great literary achievements shine in the annals of history. "Book of Songs" was originally called "Poetry", or "Three Hundred Poems", and it was honored as "Poetry" by Confucianism during the Warring States Period.

One of the "Six Classics", but it was not regarded as a classic, and the "Five Classics" was set up as a doctor in the Han Dynasty, and "Poetry" was officially respected as a Confucian classic

One of them is called "The Book of Songs".

It is difficult to determine the exact age of the "Book of Songs" one by one, but it can be roughly concluded that its creation period was from the early Western Zhou Dynasty.
To the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period, that is, from the 11th century BC to the 6th century BC, about 500 years. The Book of Songs has a clear

域特
sign, which is clearly identified in the name.The area it produces is centered on the Yellow River Basin in the north and expands southward.
Arrived in the Jianghan River Basin.The territory is quite vast.

The Book of Songs consists of 305 poems, which are traditionally believed to have been selected by Confucius from a total of [-] poems, of which

Some poems are of ancient origin; according to another account, they were collected by officials to reveal the breadth and depth of popular sentiment
.Qin Shihuang burned books to bury Confucianism, and the "Poetry" was preserved by word of mouth.The rise of the Han Dynasty, the road of offering books is widely opened, and the pre-Qin classics are reappearing one after another

.At that time, there were four schools of Lu, Qi, Han and Mao who passed on "Poetry".Among them, "Poems of Lu" came from Shen Pei from Lu, and "Poems of Qi" came from Qi
People are solid

, "Han Shi" was named after Han Ying, a native of Yan, and "Mao Shi" was also named after its instructor, Mao Gong.Maogong respectively refers to the big Maogong and Mao Heng from Lu

And the little Mao Gong Zhao Ren Mao Chang.The poems of Lu, Qi, and Han belong to the Jinwen Jing school, which flourished in more than a hundred years after Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. "Mao Shi

"Belongs to the school of ancient Chinese classics, which came out later than the "Three Schools of Poetry".When the "Three Schools of Poetry" flourished, "Mao Shi" was in a suppressed position.

After the Eastern Han Dynasty, "Mao Shi" became popular in the world. The "Three School Poems" have been lost successively, and only "Mao Poems" has been handed down to the present.today

The "Book of Songs" is actually "Mao Shi".

"The Book of Songs" has a total of 305 works (the other 6 "Sheng Poems" with purpose and words are not included), it is a collection of music songs,

His 305 works are all songs sung with music. The works of "The Book of Songs" mainly come from the poems presented by Gongqing Lieshi, and there is also a

The parts were collected by the people, but they were all processed and revised by the royal officials and musicians of the Zhou Dynasty.It has been circulated for a long time and has been handled by many people, because
And has the nature of collective creation.Around the middle of the sixth century BC, the "Book of Songs" was compiled into a book.there used to be so-called

Confucius' statement of "deleting poems" is not credible.But he once said, "I defend myself against Lu, and then enjoy Zheng, "Ya" and "Song"

Each has its own place" ("The Analects of Confucius Zihan"). From this point of view, Confucius may have done some sorting work on "Zhengle".

The Book of Songs is arranged according to Feng, Ya, and Song.Feng is "National Wind", including 15 national winds, namely: Zhou Nan, Zhao Nan, Bei Feng,

Yong Yin Feng, Wei Feng, Wang Feng, Zheng Feng, Qi Feng, Wei Feng, Tang Feng, Qin Feng,

Chen Feng, Hui Feng, Cao Feng, Bin Feng, collected 160 poems in total
articles.Elegance is divided into "Xiaoya" and "Daya". There are 74 articles in "Xiaoya" and 31 articles in "Daya", a total of 105 articles.Songs include "Zhou Song

"31 pieces, "Lu Song" 4 pieces, "Shang Song" 5 pieces, a total of 40 pieces. Why is the Book of Songs organized in such a way?ancient and modern scholars
There are many lawsuits.Nowadays, the consensus is that starting from the understanding that "all "poems" are music", and dividing them according to the characteristics of music
.

For the "wind" in "The Book of Songs", that is, the music tune.The so-called "Guofeng" refers to the music of the various regions under the jurisdiction of the princes at that time.
Such as today's local tunes. "Ya" means "positive", and it is also connected with "Xia".The area around Zhou Wangji was originally the land of the Xia people, so when the Zhou people
Also claiming to be a native of Xia, Wang Ji is the political and cultural center, and his words are called "Zhengsheng", also known as "Yayan", which means standard pronunciation.then

The songs used by the court and nobles are Zhengsheng and Zhengyue. "Ya" in "The Book of Songs" refers to the joy of Wang Ji, which is relative to the local "

"Zhengle" in terms of "earth music". This name undoubtedly reflected the concept of respecting the king at that time. As for "Xiaoya" and "Daya"
The difference is related to the difference in their music and the age of their production. "Ode" is a movement used in the imperial court and the ancestral temple.
Songs and dances used in offering sacrifices to gods and ancestors.Sacrificing ancestors, praying to the gods, and praising the merits of princes and princes are the characteristics of its content;

The unity of music, music and dance is its formal feature. Most of the poems in "Ode" are short, the rhythm lacks rules, and they are not divided into chapters or chapters.

refrain.These all show that it is a sacrificial dance song with a slow tone and matching dance.As a temple movement, it expresses the love for God and ancestors
The worship of the ancestors is a reflection of the supremacy of theocracy in the slave society. The "Ode" was undoubtedly the most revered at that time, but today its
The literary value is far inferior to "Feng" and "Ya".

The grand and broad epic collection

"The Book of Songs" was produced in a long time and a vast area, reflecting a broad and magnificent social life.from its thought content
Generally speaking, it mainly includes epics, carols and sarcasm poems, marriage and love poems, farming poems, conquest poems, and patriotic poems of the Zhou nationality.

"Book of Songs" is first and foremost an epic of the Zhou nationality.In "The Book of Songs Daya", five ancient national epics are concentratedly preserved
: "Shengmin

", "Gong Liu", "Mian", "Huang Yi", "Da Ming". "Shengmin" vividly describes the miraculous and extraordinary
Birth.

"Gong Liu" describes the great-grandson of Hou Ji, Gong Liu, who moved from Tai
Bin's historical sites extol his entrepreneurial spirit of leading the Zhou people to build cities and reclaim land. "Mian" describes Zhou Wenwang's grandfather
Taiwang (the father of the ancient NC030) first moved to Qizhou, and praised the great achievements of the king's business, and praised the Zhou people's hard work, from small to large.

big, prosperous

Developed and endless glorious history. "Huang Yi" mainly praises the victory of King Wen of Zhou over Mi Chong, and praises King Wen's succession
The great achievements of the ancestors and the development and growth of the Zhou nation. "Da Ming" extols the extraordinary merits of King Wen and King Wu and their sons.
He praised the brilliant victory of King Wu's conquest of merchants.

Followed by carols and sarcasm poems.Ancient Chinese poetry used "beautiful thorns" to express the tradition of distinct utilitarianism and practicality, "

The Book of Songs can be described as the beginning.In the "Book of Songs", works that sing praises and virtues account for a certain proportion.

These flattery chants have no ideological meaning at all
and artistic value.It is just a kind of works that sing praises for the rulers, and become the works of later generations who praise the peace and whitewash the reality.
A role model and model of flattery.

It should be pointed out that in the second "Ya" and "Guofeng" there are many sarcasm poems that are different from the carols.According to Confucians, resentment

Ci poems are the so-called "changing wind" and "changing elegance", which are the products of the decline of kingship, the collapse of rites and music, the failure of politics and religion, and the destruction of human relations and mourning.

some of these works

From the hands of the public ministers, it is a satirical and persuasive work by the nobles and scholar-bureaucrats.They either use history to satirize the present;

In short, it is nothing more than sympathy for the times, hurting the chaos, cynical and mourning the people, showing the poet's loyalty to state affairs and safeguarding the interests of the ruling group.

sincerity.To some extent, this has something in common with the praise work.But poets boldly exposed social contradictions,
Objectively, it has a cognitive value that cannot be underestimated; the poem expresses the poet's deep resentment and reveals their sense of crisis.

Second, most of the stinging poems in "Ya" come from the hands of noble literati, while most of the stinging poems in "Guofeng" come from the folks, so they are more straightforward.
Grounding reflects the thoughts, feelings and aspirations of the lower classes.Its content is deeper and wider, its resentment is stronger, its irony is more bitter, and it has
Strong criticism and struggle.

Then there are the marriage and love poems in "The Book of Songs", such as "Zhou
"South·Guanju" and "Beifeng·Jingnv" are famous ones.The poem expresses the bold pursuit of love and enthusiasm for lovers

Lovesickness, at the same time, describes the scene of passionate love and eulogizes the sweetness of love, filled with a cheerful and joyful atmosphere.

For example, "Wang Feng·Cai Ge" uses "I don't see you in a day"

", such as three autumns" expresses the deep-seated love for the person he loves;

"The lingering and ethereal and distant repeated pursuit. These poems praise the loyalty, steadfastness and single-mindedness to love, showing

It reveals the pure and beautiful heart of the protagonist.Some other poems express the resistance to the oppression of etiquette and the persistent pursuit of freedom of marriage and love

, reflecting the marriage tragedy caused by the lack of freedom of marriage and love under the oppression of etiquette and law at that time to young men and women.

Extraordinary achievements, the belief of future generations

As the earliest collection of poems in our country, "The Book of Songs" has rich ideological content and charming artistic charm.

It is admired, studied, and used for reference by guests, and strongly influences the development of Chinese literature. The Realism Expressed in Many Poems in The Book of Songs
The spirit created the tradition of Chinese poetry creation; its artistic techniques of Fu, Bi and Xing have also been used by poets of all ages.Fu is

Lay out, compare is a metaphor, Xing is an inspiration, later generations of poets inherited and carried forward, created countless Xingji profound, analogy cut to the art

The artistic conception has formed the unique style of ancient Chinese poetry that is subtle and full of charm. "The Book of Songs" on contemporary Chinese new poetry

Maturity and development will also have extensive influence and important reference.

The Book of Songs is a compilation of music and songs.Most of these works, especially those in "Guofeng" and "Xiaoya"

Those excellent poems have distinctive artistic features and extraordinary creativity, shining with charming artistic brilliance.simple and natural
The artistic style, the vivid Fu, Bi, Xing technique and the beautiful and harmonious language art have all inspired the creation of later generations of writers.

imitate.

"The Book of Songs" embodies the spirit of the times in the specific historical period from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn Period in the form of art.

The language art of "Book of Songs" has always been regarded as allusions.Its creativity in terms of vocabulary, sentence structure, composition, rhetoric and rhythm

Achievements have made extremely important contributions to the development of national languages ​​and the progress of literature.

The Book of Songs is rich in vocabulary and expressive. As early as the time of Confucius, it was used as a textbook for learning language knowledge and political ethics.
Books have played a major role in the unification and development of written language in our country.

The sentence pattern of "The Book of Songs" is mainly four characters, and the rhythm is two beats per sentence.This form of four words and two beats has nothing to do with the social life at that time.
It is basically adapted to the state of language development.

The notable feature of the chapter structure of "The Book of Songs" is the repetition of chapters and repetitions. "Poetry" is all in music, and the composition of the repetition is around
The best form of singing the same melody repeatedly.

The rhyme and rhyming techniques of "The Book of Songs" are undoubtedly great artistic creations.It is the formation and perfection of the rhythm of ancient Chinese poetry

, provides an example of the availability of capital law.

"Book of Songs" with its rich ideological content
And outstanding artistic achievements, standing at the historical height that can be achieved in that specific era 2500 years ago, it is a matter of course to become the post-
A model that the world believes in and admires. "The Book of Songs" established the fine tradition of Chinese poetry and nurtured generations of progressive poets
, writers, to inspire and inform them along the path it opened.

(End of this chapter)