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Chapter 55 "Adventure Travel" to the Human Spirit

Chapter 54 "Adventure Travel" to the Human Spirit: "Phenomenology of Spirit"

The book "Phenomenology of Spirit" occupies a very important position in Hegel's philosophy, and has played a very important role in the development of his philosophy.
role.Marx said that "the phenomenology of spirit is the true origin and secret of Hegel's philosophy".

Self-contained system

Hegel (1770~1831) is an outstanding representative of German classical philosophy, a master of idealist dialectics, and a master of human thought.
Famous philosophers in history.

His main representative works include: "Popular Religion and Christianity", "The Biography of Jesus", "The Positiveness of Christianity", "City Senator

Must be elected by the people", "German Constitution", "Phenomenology of Spirit", "Encyclopedia of Philosophy", "Principles of Legal Philosophy", "

Lectures on the History of Philosophy", "Lectures on History and Philosophy", "Lectures on Aesthetics", "Lectures on Religious Philosophy", etc.

In the winter of 1805, Hegel began to write "Phenomenology of Spirit", which was hurriedly completed on the eve of the Battle of Jena in October 1806.

Published in December

, this work marks Hegel's departure from Schelling and the formation of his own philosophical thought.Hegel's "Phenomenology of Spirit"

At that time, the French bourgeois revolution had come to an end, and the German bourgeoisie saw what the French proletariat had shown in the revolution.
Worried about the huge power coming out.Therefore, the German bourgeoisie hopes to change reality, develop science and technology, and conquer nature

, to accelerate the pace of capitalist development; Hegel's idealism system reflects the German bourgeoisie dare not touch the feudal autocracy
System, conservatism that seeks to compromise with the feudal aristocracy.There is a deep inner contradiction in Hegel's philosophy, precisely
The theoretical manifestation of the cowardice and compromise character of the German bourgeoisie.Hegel read extensively on Fichte, Kant, and Schaeffer

Lin's works, on the basis of extensive research on issues such as philosophy, history, and politics, he discovered Kant's philosophy, Fichte's philosophy, and Schelling's philosophy.

On the one hand, they criticize their philosophy, and on the other hand, they want to establish their own unique philosophical system.

"Phenomenology of Spirit" can be said to be Hegel's summary of his previous philosophical research, and also an independent declaration of Hegel's philosophical system.
Word.

Six steps and three spirits

"Phenomenology of Spirit" is composed of preface, introduction and text.The text is divided into: A, consciousness; B, self-awareness; C

(A), reason; C (B), spirit; C (C), religion; C (D), absolute knowledge.These six ideologies are the spiritual

The six steps that God passes through before reaching conceptual knowledge (philosophical knowledge).According to the "philosophy of spirit" in Hegel's system
Thought, these six steps can be divided into three stages: "consciousness", "self-awareness" and "rationality" belong to the subjective spirit

; "Spirit" is the objective spirit; "religion" and "absolute knowledge" belong to the absolute spirit.Each of the six rungs
It is further divided into a number of small steps, thus forming a huge system from primitive awareness to the absolute concept.

After Hegel completed the Phenomenology of Spirit, he seemed to worry that readers would get lost in the rich content and lose the point, or feel
Still wanting more, I wrote a "preface" for this book outlining the basic principles of its philosophy.In fact, this preface is not only

The preface of this book can also be regarded as the preface of Hegel's entire philosophy. For readers who want to understand Hegel, it is indispensable.

An excellent and important read.Here, Hegel puts forward the famous "substance is the subject" principle, and expounds his
dialectical method.

The "Introduction" of the book, perhaps closer to its subject than the Preface, shows that the original intention of the book was to criticize Kant.

Improper
Theory of knowledge, explaining the formation process of scientific knowledge.Hegel intentionally transformed Kant's critique of reason into a rational (conscious) self

Criticism is its own dialectical movement, thus elucidating Kant's static structural analysis of cognition into a dynamic development process.because

There are differences and contradictions between knowledge and objects in consciousness, and cognition is not a one-time completion but a process, so in cognition
In the dialectical movement, the thing in itself will eventually be transformed into a thing of consciousness, and the essence is not outside the phenomenon, but just in the phenomenon.

The first part "consciousness" is divided into three stages, namely "perceptual certainty", "perception" and "understanding", which can be collectively referred to as consciousness
Epistemology.Consciousness here refers to consciousness within the subjective mind.The subject's cognition process of the objective object is divided into three stages:
The first stage is perceptual certainty.That is, knowledge about individual things; the second stage is perception, that is, knowledge about specific things
; The third stage is understanding, that is, the understanding of the universality of objects.

The second part, "Self-Awareness," is one of the best chapters in the book.Self-awareness has the ego as its object.

The first way for a self-awareness to establish itself is to kill the other party, but those who do not recognize the other party will not be recognized themselves,
Thus formed a "master-slave relationship": one is the independent master consciousness, the other is the non-independent slave consciousness, the master forces the slave
Slave is processed and transformed to meet his needs.In labor, the master-slave relationship is reversed, and the master loses
Losing their independence, the slaves realized their own independence in the cultivation of things.From this, self-awareness develops toward freedom,
However, this kind of freedom is only possible when self-consciousness and consciousness are unified and the unity of subject and object is realized, which further

into the rational stage.

The third part "rationality" is divided into three stages. "Observing reason" regards things as its independence, and it simply observes external things

Jing-Guan is still in the state of splitting subject and object. "Practical reason" regards the self as its independence and emphasizes that the self must transform the other.and

"Real individuality in and for itself" achieves the unity of subject and object.Since this unity exists only between individual consciousness and
The combination of the universal society is the real reality, and we have entered the social consciousness from the investigation of the individual consciousness.
Consideration.

The fourth part "spirit" takes social history as the object.Society is an organic unity of the individual and the general, it has gone through a

The development process of undifferentiated unity (ethics) re-reaching unity (morality) after differentiation (enlightenment), reappears in thought from ancient times
The history of humanity from Greece to the time of Hegel.In Hegel's view, to truly realize the unity of subject and object, the individual
To be one with the universal, one must progress from "spiritual" to "religious."

The fifth part "religion" is divided into three stages, which is the "natural religion" that worships the infinite as a thing, and regards the infinite as

Man's creation is the "art religion" of works of art, and through the incarnation of Jesus Christ, the way of God incarnated into man makes man's spirit
The "revelation religion" that unites God and the Absolute is Christianity.However, after all, religion is a way of grasping the infinite by appearances, and

The most appropriate way to express infinity is a concept.

The sixth part, "Absolute Knowledge", is the highest way to grasp the infinite conceptually, which is philosophy.Philosophy is the development of the human spirit

In its highest form, it is the final destination of voyages of exploration, and religion expresses the Absolute Spirit earlier in time than philosophy, but

Philosophy alone is the true knowledge of the Absolute Spirit about itself.Here Hegel briefly recalls what the human spirit has traveled before

The road, and will really take the concept as the object to simply elucidate the work of "Logic" whose essential form is determined.

The final conclusion of Hegel's "Phenomenology of Spirit" is that "there is nothing known that is not in experience", so essence
God, as the known content, is the substance in itself, and because this spiritual substance can only be alienated from itself and returned to itself
The cognitive movement of the body is the real spirit, so it is also the subject.So far, self-consciousness is the object, and the object is the self

Consciousness, the principle of objective idealism that the entity is the subject has been thoroughly demonstrated.

Spiritual "Adventure" of Philosophical Canon

Hegel is a master of German classical philosophy and Western philosophy. He established the largest objective idealism in history.

The philosophical system has finally realized the dream of traditional metaphysics as a "science", and it also marks its end.

The dialectical method of philosophical thinking and speculation had a profound influence on later generations.

As Hegel's first mature philosophical work, "Phenomenology of Spirit" is considered to be the most important among all his works and even in the history of philosophy.
Ingenious, captivating, and profoundly difficult.The subject of this monumental work is "the formation of science or knowledge in general"

, which describes the long-term and arduous contradictory movement of the human spirit driven by its inherent inevitability, from the initial spiritual phenomenon
That is, the process of sensory knowledge finally reaching "absolute knowledge".In Hegel's view, the human spirit is the actual existence of the absolute spirit
, it "performs the absolute life", so the process of the human spirit to know the absolute is that the absolute itself makes itself a spirit,
Know your own ego movement.As the first fruitful result of Hegel's determination to "let philosophy speak German", this work
Not completely restricted by the system and structure of speculative philosophy, it combines abstract and obscure speculative language with vivid artistic images
Integrate into one body, almost all fields of human thought and all stages of human history, for the human spirit

His "adventure travel" composed a tragic and heroic epic.People often compare The Phenomenology of Spirit with Goethe's Faust
, and call it a spiritual "odyssey"

"Phenomenology of Spirit" has a very unique position in Hegel's philosophical system.When the book was first published, it was marked as "the first of the scientific system.

part", and "this path to science is itself science". However, when its philosophical system is completed,
Hegel no longer regards it as the first part of the system but only calls it the "introduction" of the system.For various reasons, this work

The first half is relatively clear and regular, while the second half is not sufficient in terms of discussion and is relatively obscure.Nevertheless, the Spiritual

The book "Phenomenology" is basically done in one go, and Hegel is like a representative of the human spirit.Marx and Engels more than one
It was repeatedly pointed out that they benefited from German philosophers, especially Hegel.Mao Zedong pointed out in "On Contradiction"

Out: "Marx and Engels, the great activists of the proletarian movement, synthesized the positive achievements of the history of human knowledge, especially
He critically absorbed the reasonable part of Hegel's dialectics and created the great dialectical materialism and historical materialism.
Only then did the theory create an unprecedented revolution in the history of human cognition. "

(End of this chapter)