100 must-read books for college students

Chapter 56 The Pioneering Work of the Voluntarists

Chapter 55 The pioneering work of the voluntarists: "The World as Will and Representation"

History seems to play tricks with things of value.The author boasted that some passages in the book were given to him by the Holy Spirit
book The World as Will and Representation.After publication, there was no response from the academic community, and only sold in a year and a half
140 copies, and the rest were disposed of as waste paper by the publisher.In this way, the book was buried in obscurity for 30 years.until the 19th century5
In the 0s, the German bourgeoisie who experienced the revolution of 1848 suddenly discovered the value of this book, and immediately dedicated their entire lives to it.

Enthusiastically, he called it the holy book of the "King of Thought".This book has suddenly become a must-have book on everyone's desk. "Schopenhauer" all at once
Sweeping the middle class of the whole Germany.The author of the book, Schopenhauer, wrote proudly: "The long-term spread is directly proportional to the lateness of the fortune.

. "

The Book of the "King of Thought" in Voluntarist Philosophy

Schopenhauer (1788～1860?) was a German bourgeois philosopher who was active in the first half of the 19th century and a famous voluntarist philosophy.

Representatives.He was born in Danzig (now Gdansk, Poland).

His main philosophical works include "The World as Will and Representation" (1819), "On Natural Will" (1836), "Ethics Has

There are two fundamental problems" (1841) et al.Among them, "The World as Will and Representation" expounds his philosophy most intensively.

And the author is extremely conceited about his philosophy.claims that the book presents a fundamentally different approach to philosophy than previous ones

, so as to make a fundamental turning point in the development of European philosophy. "The World as Will and Representation" must be owned by posterity

source of writing.In the first half of the 19th century when the author wrote this book, the German bourgeoisie yearned for revolution and believed in rationality and progress

, 而

This book is hostile to reason and progress.This obviously does not meet the requirements of the times.Schopenhauer also declared that his writings were not for
Written for the present, but for the generations to come.He believed that the time when his books would be popular would soon come.The truth is true

in this way.

The world is my representation, the world is my will

The basic content of Schopenhauer's philosophy can be summed up by his two propositions: one is "the world is my representation" and the other is "

The world is my will. "

The book "Will and Appearance as the World" is divided into "A Preliminary Discussion of the World as Representation", "A Preliminary Discussion of the World as Will", and "A Preliminary Discussion of the World as Will".

Re-discussion as Representation" and "Re-discussion of the World as Will".

This book first points out that its philosophy starts from the appearance, which already contains the subject and the object and is based on them.
This is because the separation of subject and object is the primary and essential form of representation.The separation of subject and object is contained in representation.do
The author tries to transcend the opposition of materialism and idealism. His subjective desire is subjective and impossible to realize.

The book divides representations into two categories: intuitive representations and abstract representations.The latter refers to a class that constitutes a representation, that is, a concept.visual presentation package
括整
The visible world, or the totality of experience, and the conditions under which it is possible.Intuitive representations are phenomena, or "the world of representations"

Phenomena are called appearances, and nothing else. As appearances or the world of appearances, appearances, as far as their composition is concerned,
In terms of objects, it can be reduced to matter, time and space, and in terms of subjects, it can be reduced to pure sensibility and perception.obviously uncle
Benhua's appearance is just another way of saying Kant's phenomenon, and the world of appearance is just another way of saying the world of phenomena.

The author believes that the subject and object aspects of appearance are the two halves of the world of appearance that are necessarily inseparable in essence.The two are bounded by each other
Limit, if you survive, you will coexist, if you die, you will all perish.Schopenhauer follows Kant's line and holds that objects have universal forms, such as space-time,

Causality does not come from knowing the object, but "beforehand in our consciousness"; "starting from the subject alone is also

can be discovered", "can be fully known" them. However, Schopenhauer further maintains that the principle of sufficient reason is to explain all
Principle, and "the principle of sufficient reason is the common expression of all forms of the object that we are aware of innately".we are pure innate

All that is known is the content of this law.Therefore, the world exists only in cognition.In representational theory, the object needs to be "recognized
The subject of "consciousness" as the pillar of its actual existence.

The book believes that the investigation of the world as appearance starts from "knowability", and the problem of knowing is the understanding of the subject of cognition.
The object of knowledge is the problem of cognition of the object.In his view, as a known object, man is also a representation; but man is the subject,
The intuition, the representation, the knowing.This subject does not exist in forms such as time, space, etc.Rather, these forms

This subject should be the premise.

This book admits that the truth "the world is my representation" is "by no means new", and Barclay returns from transcendental idealism to subjective idealism.
Mind theory, solipsism.

This book continues to discuss the idea of ​​"the world is my will".If man is only a knowing subject, then apart from explaining the world
The world is beyond the appearance, and it is impossible to further solve other problems of what the world could be.The subject of knowing is as an individual

Human beings exist, and knowledge is obtained through the medium of the human body.For the knowing subject, the body is also one of the objects
, One of the appearances.However, if the subject still recognizes "bodily activities and

"the meaning of acts", they were foreign and incomprehensible to him. For they were created by another "an entirely different
"The way" is conditioned. This is the will.

This book inherits Kant's thought of duality of human being.He also believes that human beings exist in two ways, one is the representation in intuition,

From the principle of sufficient reason; the first is the will, which is the essence itself of man's own body and which first reveals itself in the voluntary movements of the body.
come out.The whole body is nothing but "objectified, that is to say, the will which has become a representation."And the will when it does not pass through the body
Before "appearing", before "objectifying oneself in the phenomenon", is "completely different from its appearance, is completely
completely free from all forms of appearance". It is also outside the scope of the law of sufficient reason. Such a will is "the will itself

” or “things in themselves”.

This determines the "objectification" of the will.All beings in the phenomenal world or the world of appearances,
Although there are thousands of differences, the inner essence is the same thing, which is the will.But the objectification of the will has "different levels"

.The lowest class is the forces of nature, the lower class is the inorganic body, and so on.Will as human will is the highest level of will,

The body will express itself most clearly.Because representation already contains the separation of subject and object, the form of subject and object is assumed, and representation is therefore relative.

Yes.And the phenomenon is nothing but the objectification of the will.At the same time, people can also see that they are the knowing subject.So far the basic form

Became the framework of voluntarism philosophy.

In short, the point of view of this book is to generalize will as the essence of all things, but his focus is on the will to survive or life.

Reproduction and death constitute the basic content of the will pursuit of any individual life, so we also see in nature,

Everywhere is full of strife, struggle, and uncertainty, especially in people.People are constantly pursuing, and when they are satisfied, they will produce new ones.

The pursuit is endless.And when his pursuits are not satisfied or his efforts fail, he falls into misery.At the same time, just chase
If desire is based on a need, a deficiency, it is also suffering.People pursue everything in their life, but everything is undecided

day.Life has no meaning or value.

The Pioneering Work on the Philosophy of the Will

The philosophical work "The World as Will and Representation" embodies the philosophy of will only.

Schopenhauer's philosophical thought clearly defined

Submission
To a great extent, the irrational thoughts of human beings have input new factors into human's philosophical thinking and increased the value of human's philosophical thinking.

test content.It has had a positive effect on the development of the diversity of human thought and culture, and has had a huge impact.in human history

In history, the feat of the French Revolution, the rise and fall of Napoleon's empire, and the political turmoil in Europe and Germany have fully demonstrated the individual
The meaning and function of human will.The French Enlightenment and the German philosophical revolution initiated by Kant demonstrated the brilliant achievements of reason, but
This also prompts people to think about irrational issues such as emotion and will.In short, the philosophy of volitionism is widely spread and has far-reaching influence.

Its direct successor and performer is Nietzsche.Nietzsche's superhuman philosophy is formed on this basis.Nietzsche also became ideal
The founder of Zhilun philosophy.Bergson's philosophy of life
Science, to a great extent, is also the development of the philosophy of the will.The will-to-live theory in this book also contributes to Freud's psychoanalysis

The analysis theory provides the premise of the theory.

Of course, the limitations of this book are self-explanatory. Its negative and pessimistic outlook on life has caused a lot of trouble for many people.

The adverse effect has caused many people to have a negative and world-weary attitude towards life.The idea of ​​inequality between men and women in the book is even more unfair.

Desirable.

(End of this chapter)