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Chapter 58 The Masterpieces of Critical Realism

Chapter 57 The masterpiece of critical realism: "The Red and the Black"

The "red" in the masterpiece "Red and Black" refers to the red uniform of the general, and the "black" refers to the priest's black robe.novel

The protagonist originally planned to wear the priest's black priest's robe instead of the red general's uniform and become the archbishop.But he finally got
On the guillotine.Stendhal's novel is based on a murder case that caused a sensation in France at that time.Gorky once said: "

Stendhal's talent and power lie in that he referred a very ordinary criminal case to the bourgeois social system in the 19th century.

The realm of historical and philosophical research. ""Red and Black" is a novel both in terms of ideological depth and artistic description.
This work can be regarded as an important work in the history of world literature.

Pursue Freedom to Criticize Reality

Stendhal (1783～1842) French writer.His works have distinct and strong ideological tendencies and excellent artistic skills, and have been
It opened up the road of French critical realism literature and had a great influence on European literature in the 19th century.

Stendhal was deeply influenced by the Enlightenment thought in the 18th century, and also experienced the struggle years of the French Revolution.In faith, he

He is an atheist against the hypocrisy and ugliness of the Church; in politics he is a bourgeois democrat against
Feudal monarchy and feudal restoration forces; in literature and art, he is an advocate and pioneer of realism, opposing classical

Righteousness and all tendencies away from reality.His literary works have distinct characteristics and achievements in thought and art.he is good at politics

Observing and analyzing reality from different perspectives, drawing typical themes from real life, expressing political themes from love stories, and truly
Reproduce the social and political life during the feudal restoration period, expose the crimes of the feudal restoration rule, have a strong political tendency, era

characteristics and critical spirit.In portraying the characters, he is especially good at describing the complex inner activities of the characters, revealing the inner life under the specific influence.

Psychological changes, showing excellent psychological analysis ability.The story of the novel is complicated, but the structure and layout are rigorous, the plot is tortuous, exotic
The sentiment is strong, and the characters are all under the control of passion, which is full of romanticism.He deepened and enriched the realist approach,

It has an effect on the development of novel creation.

"The Red and the Black" is Stendhal's representative work and also the earliest masterpiece of critical realism in European literature in the 19th century.

In 1827, the "Court Gazette" published a tutor who had an affair with the mistress, and later he shot the mistress to death.

Love murder case.Stendhal processed and adapted this material, put it into the social and political content of the Restoration Dynasty, and created a rich novel.
A political novel, originally named "Julian", was changed to "Red and Black" when it was finished in 1830, and the subtitle was "1830 Years".
thing".

Write about the end of the spirit and reveal the Restoration Dynasty

The novel "The Red and the Black" takes the restoration period of the Bourbon dynasty as the background, takes the encounter of the protagonist Julien as the main line, and broadly shows
The social life and the sharp and complex political struggles from 1815 to 1830 vividly express the profound theme of anti-restoration.

The clue of the novel is the two love affairs of the protagonist Julien.Son of a sawmill owner with a remarkable memory, 19
When he was young, he was recommended to the mayor's family as a tutor.Soon after, he had an affair with the mayor's wife De Rina, and had to leave after being exposed.back
Later, he became the private secretary of the Marquis de la Moore in Paris, fell in love with the Marquis's daughter, and made a private commitment for life.At this moment

Under the lure of the church, Mrs. de Renal wrote a letter to expose the relationship between Yu and her past.disappointed and angry
Julien waited for an opportunity to shoot and wound De Renal.During the days of the trial, Julien resolutely refused to appeal and gave up everything he could

The chance to save his life was finally sentenced to death.

The novel passes through Julien's life experience in four typical places: Villiers, Besançon Theological Seminary, and the Paris court aristocratic mansion and prison.

It reflects the realism and deeply exposes the French society during the Restoration period.

First, the novel expresses and exposes the dark rule of the feudal restoration and the reactionary decay of the feudal nobility and the church.During the Restoration period,

The royal family, the nobility and the church, which had been severely hit and stripped of all privileges in the past, came back and ruled everything again.bourbon king
The remnants of the dynasty wore the crown and ruled France, setting off a wave of restoration and religious fanaticism.The Marquis of Muir, an exiled aristocrat who took refuge in foreign countries,

Returning to Paris, he became a power minister of the Restoration Dynasty and a representative of the feudal aristocracy.He is domineering, decadent and reactionary with court, church and
Foreign reactionary ruling groups have close ties.His mansion is the activity center of the upper class in Paris, and the nobles who enter and exit the living room of the Marquis
Full of scoundrels, rascals, and hypocrites, men and women living debauched lives, balls and suppers brightly lit, all night long
Dadan, their talk was all vulgarity, boredom, and hypocrisy.He had a premonition that the revolution was coming, and the court, church and aristocracy
Tomorrow will be wiped out, so they planned counter-revolutionary secret meetings, colluded with foreign feudal forces, and established counter-revolutionary aristocratic armed forces.
Suppress the revolution and prolong the restoration of the dynastic regime.The church also revived and became rampant for a while.

(I.e.
Forces rule the country, spy organizations are densely distributed everywhere, people's speech and actions are closely monitored, and those with a little free thought are punished.
to persecution.The seminary is a hell on earth where hypocrisy, despicableness, greed, and shamelessness combine. The monks are superficially

The noble and holy moral gentlemen are actually a group of chasing fame and fortune, intrigues, money and power is their goal
.The factions within the church are fighting openly and secretly, each pulling backers, recruiting party members, and increasing power.The Ming Dynasty of Kingship and Religious Power
The war between the dark and the dark also increased day by day, and the Marquis of Muir and Fuli Lie engaged in fierce litigation for the distribution of property for as long as 6 years.exist
At the revolutionary secret meeting, although the power struggle between royal rule and religious forces was more intense, the unanimous goal of extinguishing the revolution

Getting them to reach a common agreement completely exposed their reactionary nature.

Second, the novel reproduces the struggle of the bourgeoisie for rights and its class nature.During the restoration period, the petty and middle bourgeoisie were politically

Exclusion, economic oppression, freedom of belief and press.The rapid growth of the bourgeoisie due to economic power, for

It is increasingly urgent to seek political power while safeguarding economic interests.The bourgeois liberals are everywhere, publishing newspapers, political magazines,
Pamphlets, creating public opinion, trying to implement the republic again.In the candidate for the deputy mayor of Villiers, the Liberal Party relied on its own

wealth, mobilized all public opinion machines, and formed a joint camp to fight. Mayor De Rina couldn't help exclaiming: "These freedoms

The partisans . . . are hungry for power now, and they know how to use all the weapons of their struggle. "In this Restoration and

In the struggle against restoration, the profit-seeking class nature of the bourgeoisie has been fully demonstrated.Mayor de Renal is a greedy self
A private figure, the Revolution made him the owner of a nail factory, a Napoleonic party.But during the Restoration period, he immediately attached himself to the Restoration
Dynasty, hunt revolutionaries, freeze peasants, become a royalist, become mayor.When he knew the ambiguity between his wife and Julien

When the relationship is resentful, he would rather put up with it when he thought that if he broke up with his wife, he would not be able to get a large inheritance from his wife.

go down.Valleno is a bourgeois nouveau riche who started from corruption and theft. He used the Liberal Party, relied on the power of the church, and took refuge in the Paul
The royal party finally climbed to the post of governor and won the title of baron.The Liberal Shankner bowed his knees in front of the noble lord, for the sake of

In order to obtain a fellow of the National Academy.To betray the original camp and cling to the forces of feudal restoration is the class instinct of the bourgeoisie seeking profit.
qualitative performance.

Third, the novel expresses the miserable situation and resentment of the lower class people.Under the dark rule of the Restoration Dynasty, the lower class people are in

A miserable situation of poverty and powerlessness.Rural working people can't find it at home when they return from the fields to their huts in the winter evening
A piece of bread, not even chestnuts and potatoes, lived a very poor life.When the people in the mountainous area mentioned the name of the county magistrate, they would not
With smiling respect, there will soon be no bread to eat.De Renal could even kill peasants at will with impunity,

As the mayor, the dark rule of the restoration has aroused dissatisfaction and resistance among the people, and some lower-level people are gathering forces against the restoration.
Even the servants of the mayor's family joined the secret society.More nostalgia for the Napoleonic era, when feudalism etc was abolished

The level system provides a broad development prospect for the third level.The protagonist Julien also praises and yearns for the Napoleon era, and even

Someone publicly praised the Napoleonic era on the stagecoach: "France
Never was Rainsy more venerated by nations than during his thirteen years on the throne. "The people miss the Naron era, resent the revival of

The regime was restored, and the struggle against the restoration continued to intensify.

On the background of the complex and fierce struggle between restoration and anti-restoration, the novel portrays the image of Julien brilliantly.

Thirty years later, the reputation is growing

The encounters of famous works are different.Some are famous in the literary world immediately, and are famous all over the world in an instant;

After that, it was able to replay the splendor. The fate of "Red and Black" obviously belongs to the latter. When it was published in early 1830, French domestic anti-

Ying was indifferent, and only 750 copies were printed.However, the author Stendhal firmly believes: "I will be understood in 1880." "What I value
was only reprinted in 1900. ’ ‘Another lottery I’m thinking of, where the biggest bet is: do a
1835 Writer read by people. "About 30 years after the novel came out, people finally "discovered" the value of "Red and Black"

Since then, the reputation of this book has grown day by day, and finally it deserves to be among the world's literary masterpieces.

The actions of the characters and the description of the scenery and environment in the works are described with a few strokes of line drawing, while the thoughts and feelings of the characters

The description of emotions and psychological activities, that is to say, the description of the inner world of the characters, does not spare space, with rich ink and color, and vividly portrayed
Perfect.Regarding the successful shaping of Julien, Gorky commented on the significance of this typical image: Julien is a figure in European literature in the 19th century.

The "father" of a series of heroes who rebelled against capitalist socialism.

Some even praised Stendhal as "the greatest psychologist of all time".The profound connotation and superb skills of this novel

, so that Stendhal won the reputation of "the father of modern novels". Now, it has been recognized that "The Red and the Black" is a European literary novel in the 19th century.

The first masterpiece of critical realism in history.

"The Red and the Black" has become a masterpiece of realistic novels with its profound ideological content, successful typical characters and excellent artistic skills.

masterpiece.However, the novel mocks and vilifies the working people, and sympathizes with and argues for the individualistic outlook on life and love.
solution, showing the limitations of the author.

(End of this chapter)