100 must-read books for college students

Chapter 66 Russian Citizen Fiction
Chapter 65 Russia's first citizen novel: "Crime and Punishment"

The impoverished college student Raskolnikov was extremely depressed and killed an old loan shark

, and
Killed an innocent man by mistake.From then on, he fell into greater pain, and later surrendered under the influence of the prostitute Sonia.he was exiled

To Siberia, Sonia accompanied him thousands of miles. "In Sonia's boundless tenderness, he finally saw the brilliance of God." A

In the morning, he crawled at her feet, "then a new life unfolded before his eyes."

This is the story in miniature of the world-renowned masterpiece "Crime and Punishment".

citizen fiction

Fedor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky (1821-1881) was born in Moscow, Russia.his text
Literary activities can be divided into two periods, that is, literary activities in the 40s and 60s to 70s. "Crime and Punishment" (1866), "White
"Illness" (1868), "The Brothers Karamazov" (1879~1880) and other masterpieces were written in the late period.

"Crime and Punishment" is the main representative work of Dostoevsky.The author's ideas and artistic style are reflected in this work
relatively concentrated performance.The reason why the writer chooses the theme of "crime and punishment" is, firstly, because in the 60s, crimes in Russia

The phenomenon of crime is noticeable.Second, it is because the writer has extensive and in-depth observation and understanding of crime phenomena during his hard labor

.Third, it is because this theme is convenient for writers to show their outlook on life and good ways of governing the world.

The protagonist in the book, an out-of-school college student, Raskolnikov, kills the old usury Alyona Ivanovna,
There are both political and economic motives.Alyona Ivanovna amassed a great deal of wealth, while many poor
The poor have no food or clothing.It was this social inequality that inspired Raskolnikov's criminal behavior.

Raskolnikov's criminal behavior also has the characteristics of an intellectual and is based on his so-called "theory".many times in the book
And two kinds of people: ordinary people and extraordinary people.The so-called ordinary people are people who are bullied and insulted, they are civilians,

This is the ordinary man whom Raskolnikov sympathizes with;
A world ruler like Napoleon.One of Raskolnikov's motives for committing the crime was to test whether he was
He is the kind of extraordinary person who can do whatever he wants.Raskolnikov's spiritual world is complicated, and he sincerely sympathizes with the suffering

Ordinary people who are in need, showing a good character of self-sacrifice and saving others.But it is still mainly egoism that dominates in the depths of his soul

.His primary motive for murder and robbery was to use the looted property to complete his studies and help his mother and sister.from this
In a sense, his behavior is not much different from that of ordinary robbery and murderers, and it is not the kind of violence that the writer thinks at all.

Revolutionary action.This behavior of his has nothing in common with the Russian revolutionary democrats.The purpose of the latter is to liberate the people,
The former is to save oneself.In Raskolnikov's "theory" of crime there is also an extreme individualism that despises ordinary people

and anarchist factors.

In Russia in the 19th century, the reality was dark.The feudal autocratic system caused untold misery to the Russian people.treat such
The world is extremely important. Of course, it is a pity that the writer has a strong prejudice and describes two roads, that is, Lasker

Nikov's path and Sonia's path.The former is the way of violence, the latter is the way of tolerance and sacrifice.turn out
Skolnikov's violent behavior not only did not change the social injustice, but also made himself into a painful situation that he could not get rid of.

In the end, under the inspiration of Sonia, he embarked on the road of confession and redemption, and obtained relief and happiness from it.Lasko
The different paths and endings of Ernikov and Sonia clearly embody Dostoevsky's ideal of religious society

.

The author describes in detail the huge contradictions and conflicts in Raskolnikov's inner world before and after his crime, and his extremely painful mental state.

process.Before committing the crime, he wondered whether he should exterminate the old usurer in order to save himself and Malmey.
Poor people like the Ratov family; will they prove that they are a Napoleon-style extraordinary "superman".The result proves first
Knowing that he himself is not "Superman," he also shows that the situation of his family and the poor is not caused by killing the old loan shark.

any changes.On the contrary, he himself fell into the abyss of pain that he could not save himself.As a result, he had a new spiritual contradiction
shield.This new mental contradiction also has two aspects: one is that he has guessed countless times and estimated whether his criminal behavior will be serious or not.
Get caught, will the crime be exposed.This is the case when you are alone; it is the case when you are touched by the scene;

in this way.This fear of being punished is fully manifested in all his words and deeds, tormenting him powerfully and making him die.

Days like years, restless eating and sleeping.The second is the condemnation of conscience.The first object of crime in his mind is a "harmful to all"

lice", and after committing the crime he realized that the murdered old woman was a human being, and he became a murderer, he committed a crime against a human being,
And dare not see people.The pain that this torture brought to him became heavier and heavier as time went by, compared with the guilt of the crime

The fear of exposure was even more unbearable.He said: "I killed myself"; "I did not kill a person, but
A principle!I broke a principle. "It is through these two aspects that the writer condemns violence. Raskolnikov
Under the long-term torment of the fear that the crime might be exposed and the condemnation of conscience, he finally accepted the inspiration of the Christian spirit and knelt on the rope.
Niya's feet, and finally surrendered to the police station.Of course, the writer also wrote about another contradiction in Raskolnikov's heart: he

Rationally, he considered himself innocent for a long time, and repeatedly expressed his attitude in anger.But he knows the law and people
Qun always believed that he was guilty and he deserved to be punished.He both fears this punishment and hates it.this inner conflict

tormented him until he finally bowed his head before the law and before God, after the ravages of hard labor.writer denies him
Although it is regarded as "revolutionary" violence, it affirms the counter-revolutionary violence carried out by the authorities.This is not the same as Leo Tolstoy's later thinking

same.Tolstoy did not approve of transforming society in a revolutionary way, and also opposed the tsarist authorities' violence against the people.he denies that people have
The power to punish others.

Raskolnikov's nightmare while serving his sentence further reflects the writer's creative intention.He dreamed that the world was in catastrophe

In the middle of the year, the terrible plague prevailed, and most people died.A microbe called "trichinella" was also found.By this micro

Bio-infested people are immediately possessed and insane, and these people think they are smart people who know the truth
.People hate each other and kill each other.Plague, fire, famine devoured people.It is not difficult to see that this absurd dream image

What it symbolizes is social revolution, the so-called revolution invented by the writer.Revolution is a disaster, it will destroy everything, this is what the writer tells

to the reader.This is the writer's conclusion drawn from Raskolnikov's experience.Raskolnikov's experience is "personal
"Farewell", what his dream embodies is "ordinary". From this we can see how much the writer hates revolutionary theory, revolutionary action and revolutionary
By.In fact, Raskolnikov's crimes have nothing to do with the revolution. He is not even a green forest hero who kills the rich and helps the poor.the only
The saving grace is that he sincerely sympathizes with the suffering, but in reality he does nothing.His criminal activities did not give the people
Bring the slightest benefit.

In addition to the two main characters Raskolnikov and Sonia, there are some characters and plots that embody the author's creative intention.
, they play the role of denying violence and revolution from different aspects.For example: the landowner Svidrigailov committed a crime, and later

Come to realize this evil, but instead of going through the suffering of atonement, take his own life by suicide.Also: Painter

Nikolai was not guilty, he just accidentally picked up a coin with a pair of gold earrings that Raskolnikov dropped in his haste.
However, he admits that he is a murderer pursued by the police authorities and is willing to suffer for others.This shows the writer's deep

Teach prejudice.Because of this, the writer said through the mouth of Porfiry, the detective chief of the police station: Suffering is a good thing and a great thing.

Thing.

Art is unique and far-reaching

"Crime and Punishment" embodies the artistic features of Dostoevsky's creative activities.

First, it is unique in terms of materials and themes.

Dostoevsky's lifelong concern was mainly with the Russian commoners and their intellectuals.they didn't rebel

They are not righteous civilians, but submissive civilians.Deep in misery they pass the day moaning, atonement, or misery

die.They are a part of the populace, a populace tinged with Dostoevskyism, a part of Russian literature and even

A commoner unique to world literature. "Crime and Punishment" expounds the idea of ​​salvation through these unique civilian images.

Second, what reflects the above themes, themes, images and creative intentions is the writer's unique art form and artistic skills.

Tension became a feature of Dostoevsky's work

.It is rare for him to have a character who is in a stable situation and a peaceful mind.

Writers often write about dreams, trance, hysteria, hallucinations, raving, inner division, etc., and even ghosts.

The theme, theme, and image of the work are related to the author's creative intention.

First, it is the need to describe the characters in the writer's pen. These dreams, hallucinations, etc. are mostly related to people's misfortune.such as characters
Dreams, similar to their daily lives, are often tragic and terrifying.Raskolnikov at the end of the work
Dreamland, that's it.

Second, there is an intrinsic connection with the writer's creative thoughts and intentions.Describe dreams that are not closely related to real life, etc., as a momentary
The artistic means of drawing character characters and displaying the theme of the work left a huge gap for the subjectivity, arbitrariness and introversion of the writer's creation.
The free space can make it possible for writers to express their creative intentions more freely.

Dostoevsky's artistic creation has great complexity in terms of content and form.studying dostoyevs

At the time of the foundation, we should first pay attention to the reasonable core of humanitarianism and democracy in his works, as well as his originality in art.

At the same time, we should also pay attention to the strong religious influence and reactionary political ideas.

"Crime and Punishment" is a universally recognized world masterpiece.It is the first great work in the history of Russian literature to bring the theme of citizens into the novel.
It occupies a special position in literature and has had a major and multifaceted influence on later literature.famous soviet literature
Critic Lunacharski called it "the first great petty bourgeois novel".This work better combines humanitarianism and
民主
Doctrine is unified, with originality.Of course, the works contain strong religious influence and reactionary political views, reflecting the trendy
generational limitations.

(End of this chapter)