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Chapter 71 The Nietzschean Philosophy of Voluntarism
Chapter 70 Nietzsche's Philosophy of Voluntarism: "The Will to Power"

Nietzsche's "will to power" and "superhuman philosophy" not only provided ideological material and theoretical basis for fascism, but also
It also had a profound influence on modern bourgeois philosophy.Many schools of modern bourgeois idealist philosophy differ in

To a certain extent, he accepted certain viewpoints in Nietzsche's philosophy. For example, Sartre, the representative of existential philosophy, appreciated Nietzsche's philosophy very much.

Nietzsche's philosophical

Influences are complex.With the fall of German fascism, Nietzsche's philosophy was discarded in disgust.But the 20th century
After the 60s, Nietzsche's works became popular again in the West, and his slogan of "reassessing all values" was mentioned again
, some Western scholars exclaimed: "Nietzsche is resurrected!"

The Mad Philosopher's Axiom of Might

Nietzsche (1844-1900) was a philosopher in Germany during the transition period from liberal capitalism to imperialism.

Famous representatives of science.His philosophy represents the emerging monopoly bourgeoisie, especially its most reactionary stratum
Requirements.

In 1895, he began to create

"The Will to Power", until his death in 1900, unfinished.

Nietzsche's philosophy was formed in the 19s and 70s, and his main works include "The Birth of Tragedy" and "Thus Spoke Zarathustra"

wait.At that time, the major capitalist countries in the West were beginning the transition to imperialism.sanctified in the age of liberal capitalism
Those rational orders, systems and moral concepts are more and more distorted from the real society, which is full of crises, full of disadvantages, and moral corruption.
In stark contrast.It is the need of the times to re-evaluate everything in the past and point out a new path for future development.

.Nietzsche, from the standpoint of the emerging monopoly bourgeoisie, was aware of this need and made his philosophy reflect it.

need.On the other hand, the revolution of the Paris Commune had been suppressed at that time, and the proletarian revolutionary movement in various European countries was temporarily at a

At a low tide, capitalism has not encountered the direct threat of revolution for the time being, and big capital is expanding rapidly and becoming invincible.However, in

Behind the false calm of capitalism, its tendency to decay and decline can be seen more and more clearly.The breadth of Marxism

Widespread communication, the growing awakening of the working class, and the successive establishment of workers' political parties herald a revolutionary storm that threatens the survival of capitalism

will come.Nietzsche, as a sensitive bourgeois thinker, felt this

Threats, in order to deal with this threat, he believes that it is no longer possible to rely on the deceitful tricks of playing democracy and freedom, and must resort to naked
To contain and suppress violence, we must openly advocate "might is justice."Thus Nietzsche both attacked the traditional philosophy of rationalism

"Tenderism" also opposes the gloomy and negative nature of Schopenhauer's theory of will to life, so that voluntarism adopts the theory of will to power.
form.His book "The Will to Power" reflects his thoughts and viewpoints.

"The Will to Power" Superman Philosophy

The main content of Nietzsche's "The Will to Power" is about the unlimited creative spirit and superhuman philosophy.Nietzsche in this book

At the beginning of his work, he proposed in a haughty spirit that anti-rationalism must be used to "re-evaluate all values."Nietzsche believes that
Under this historical and cultural influence, although man is portrayed as the builder of the universe, the decider of everything in the world around him, the historical

core of progress.In fact, this kind of history and culture makes people obey the universal and pure reason and as the embodiment of this reason
A world that follows slave morality and falls into narrow pragmatism, which makes people afraid to create new things, so that people cannot see
Realize their true prospects and value.Therefore, in order that man's powers may be unfettered, in order that man's life and moral conduct may be

To be of real value, old ideas formulated and sanctified by rational thinkers must be destroyed.Nietzsche believes that in the past

In philosophical culture, philosophers have put forward a series of concepts, such as subject, object, truth, etc., these concepts do not actually have
Real meaning, but only fiction (although Nietzsche also thinks that these concepts may have some life and practical significance), he thinks

Because these concepts must never be relied upon to define a man's mission, to value his career.Nietzsche calls for a research life and morality
Behavioral philosophy, that is, "practical philosophy" in the traditional sense.Nietzsche believed that the problems of the world are closely related to the problems of man,
Only by starting from people can we solve the problem of understanding the world.Nietzsche does not deny that people should use

People's existing knowledge about themselves and the world, but he believes that the acquisition of this knowledge itself is transferred by people.Thus, in

In his philosophy, issues about people occupy the primary position, and the issue of people's cognition of the world is placed in a subordinate position.
Rank.

Nietzsche completely discards the element of objectivity in Kant's epistemology.His so-called phenomenal world refers to the world relative to the subject, which is
The world processed and transformed by the subject is the world endowed with meaning by the subject.

He completely rejects the idea of ​​a world in itself, of entities, etc.According to Nietzsche, any concept, judgment of people

[-]. Appearance is always the result of the subject's processing of the world.In this sense, the whole world is what people think of the world.
The sum of various processing methods.

In Nietzsche's view, any cognition cannot be a cognition that has nothing to do with the knower, and it is not a pure cognition.it is always with

They are related to some of their interests and needs, and all are subject to human purposes.Nietzsche believes that, like "things in themselves", the so-called "in-itself

"feeling" and "knowledge in itself" are also absurd. Because they exclude the determining role of man as the subject,
Consciousness as a pure process.The fundamental error of the rationalist's epistemology lies precisely in regarding knowledge as something irrelevant to human interests.
the closed process of attaining the pure and absolute truth, and treating this abstract and pure truth as a further

knowledge and the determinants and foundations of all human activities.Therefore, he infinitely exaggerated the role of human subjectivity and demanded complete
The objectivity of cognition and truth is completely eliminated, and the cognition activity is attributed to the activities carried out by the subject to meet its own needs.

He believes that truth is nothing more than a tool or means used by the subject to satisfy some purpose of its own, and has no objective and real meaning.because
The criterion of this truth is not at all whether it corresponds to reality, but whether it corresponds to the purpose of the subject, whether it is meaningful to the subject.

use.

Nietzsche repeatedly said that all truth is artificial
Forgeries, fictions, the most false can be as much truth as the truest.

In short, in Nietzsche's philosophy, truth and reality are reduced to the arbitrary falsification and fiction of the subject.Further, he is concerned with the subject
Someone made a unique explanation.He believes that the spiritual activities of people as the subject are far more than just conscious activities such as feeling and thinking, but

It is a complex and multi-layered structure, in which the activities of consciousness are only a part, and consciousness can only have a relationship with the outside world.
The function of consciousness is only to seek useful things, that is, to become a tool to satisfy the desire of the subject.consciousness does not

Giving everything, does not understand everything, not even itself.A large part of a person's spiritual (inner) life (and

and the most important part) happens outside of consciousness.That is, it happens unconsciously, unconsciously (his point of view
became the theoretical forerunner of Freud's psychoanalysis).Therefore, sensation, thinking, etc., which are conscious things, can neither
What becomes the point of departure or standard of judgment about the external world cannot be the point of departure or standard of one's inner life.In other words
In other words, it cannot be the standard of human life and moral behavior. In Nietzsche’s view, seeing consciousness and thinking as the subject does not represent

to show the essence of human beings, but only as a convenient fiction, which is used to represent the unity or matrix of the various states of the subject,

That is to say, when the process of thinking and consciousness occurs, we always think that there is a certain subject or self producing consciousness and thinking.Cartesian

"I think, therefore I am" is to affirm the existence of the subject through consciousness and thinking activities.According to Nietzsche, such affirmations, however useful,

It fits a need, but it's not real enough.Therefore, Nietzsche said directly: "This world is the will to power, how can there be him?"
Ya! "

Nietzsche emphasized that the essence of human beings is the will to power, and the history of the world is the eternal cycle of the will to power, and the pictures of the world are

The various manifestations of the will to power in its eternal return.He believes that this mysterious will to power is eternally the same as a whole.
Yes, that is to say, it is certain in terms of quantity.However, in its partial qualitative aspect, it is fluid and changing.It does not

will remain forever in a certain state, it has nothing permanent except its constant flow, its constant change itself

.The will to power is always endless and self-improving, and it is always self-destructive and self-created.

Accordingly, Nietzsche endeavors to obliterate the class basis of competition and anarchy in capitalist society, reducing them to abstract
The will to power struggle.He tried to justify extreme individualism, seeing it as the nature of all people, the will to power

The embodiment.

It is perfectly reasonable to view social hierarchy in terms of the will to power theory.Nietzsche believes that the will to power of the strong should be promoted and the will of the weak should be restrained
will to power.So who are these superior men with an innate quality of the will to power?It's Superman.Nietzsche's
His superhuman philosophy is his extremely unique theory about human history.Nietzsche believes that social history, like the whole world, is
Constantly creating, constantly destroying, and repeating the cycle.The history of the last few centuries, especially since the bourgeois revolution

, It has brought human beings to the brink of total degeneration, degradation, and even destruction.In order to escape this fate of degradation and destruction, for

In order to get rid of the eternal reincarnation of the will to power, Nietzsche believes that the only way is to wait for the superman to appear and rely on the superman to save.

Because human beings are humble and cowardly in reality, Superman subverts human beings, surpasses human beings, and reassesses and creates all values.superman is
The legislator of nature and society, himself not bound by any laws, the Superman, the criterion of morality and truth, himself not bound by any law
Temperance of Morality and Truth.Nietzsche's advocacy of superman, in one respect, is to propose a kind of

The ideal of the perfect man.But on the other hand, his superman often serves as the theoretical incarnation of the ultra-reactionary bourgeoisie.

These ideas in "The Will to Power" had a great impact on history.This influence is not only in philosophical theory, but

It also had a strong impact on social and political activities in the 20th century.

"The Will to Power" abandons the pessimistic, decadent and evasive features of Schopenhauer's voluntarism, making voluntarism a kind of encouragement.
A "practical philosophy" of unrestricted self-aggrandizement and action.Nietzsche's philosophy is very important to many schools of philosophy in the 20th century
It has had a huge impact, such as life philosophy, existentialism, psychoanalysis, etc. are all influential.

In the field of social politics, Nietzsche's voluntarism directly draws a series of extremely reactionary conclusions, which made him a fascist

the most important theoretical forerunner.Of course, Nietzsche's superhuman philosophy also has a certain stimulating effect on oppressed nations.
At the beginning of the century, advanced Chinese intellectuals drew a lot of inspiration from Nietzsche's philosophy, and inspired the nation through various methods.

Independent consciousness and strength.

(End of this chapter)