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Chapter 72 The Textbook of Proletarian Revolutionary Struggle
Chapter 71 Textbook of Proletarian Revolutionary Struggle: "Mother"

The image of the proletarian has appeared in literary works for hundreds of years. However, in the writings of writers before the 20th century, the proletarian

Often just a foil and a supporting role.What people see is either a miserable wretch who suffers, or a loyal servant of a capitalist,
Or vulgar and ignorant boors, even in works that reflect the labor movement like Zola's Germination, the workers are nothing more than a
Swarms of spontaneous mindless rioters.In 20 at the beginning of the 1906th century, the great Russian writer Gorky's excellent novel "

"Mother" was born, and the proletariat began to appear in the hall of literature with a new attitude of the protagonist, with its head held high.

The hero's mother, the great "Mother"

Gorky, formerly known as Alexei Maximovich Poshkov, was born in 1868 in the next village on the Volga River in Russia.
Vgorod city. In 1892, he published his debut novel under the pseudonym Maxim Gorky (meaning Greatest Pain).

"Makar Chudra".

Gorky entered the literary world as a romantic writer.His "Old Wife Izegil" and "Song of the Eagle" were published
Table in 1895.Gorky's early works include the novel "Foma Gorteev", "Three", the play "Small City

", "The Bottom", "The Enemy" and the novellas "Ogurov Town", "The Life of Matvey Krymyagin".

His later works include the autobiographical trilogy "Childhood", "In the World", and "My University", reflecting the history of the bourgeois family.

The novel "The Career of the Ardamonovs" and the novel "The Life of Klim Samkin" about pre-revolutionary bourgeois intellectuals.

The characters and materials of the novel "Mother" come from real people and real events.But the author is not limited to describing real people and real events.He according to 1905
The rich experience accumulated in the 20s revolution made a high-level artistic summary of the living materials, which truly reflected the Russian culture at the beginning of the [-]th century.

The new revolutionary reality made the perfect image of the proletarian hero enter the field of literature for the first time.

At the beginning of this work, it shows the living environment of the working class in the imperial Russian era and the old fitter Mikhail Vlasso.
Husband's miserable life.Then, through the experience of the Vlasov family, it shows how the working class moves from spontaneity to self-consciousness.

fight.The young Pavel lived in a different era from his father. With the help of revolutionary intellectuals, he learned revolutionary theory and embarked on a career path.

He took the road of revolution and became a member of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party.He and members of the Workers' Marxist group relied on
The masses, educate the masses, and grow with the masses.Through the "Swamp Gorbe" incident and the exercise of prison life, Pavel constantly
Summing up the struggle experience, gradually mastered the art of fighting the reactionaries.In the "May Day" parade and court battle, he showed

He demonstrated his fearless heroism and boundless loyalty to the cause of the emancipation of the working class.The novel is divided into two parts, the first one focuses on
The process of the growth of the workers' group led by Pavel under the leadership of the party, the second part focuses on the Marxist group among the masses

Work and the awakening of the masses.

Pavel is the first flesh-and-blood proletarian revolutionary hero in world literature.The writer closely combines the revolutionary struggle

The struggle and the growth of the masses highlight his high political consciousness and revolutionary heroism.In the face of any severe test,

He always stood up.No matter in the face of arrogant factory owners, or heavily armed police, or in the court of the enemy,

He is righteous and stands tall.Through this image, the writer successfully expressed the ideals of the Russian proletarian revolutionaries in the early 20th century.

Growth process and noble character.

Pavel's mother Nilovna is the central character of the novel.For the theme of revealing the awakening of the masses, the image of the mother is more important
.Because she was subject to triple oppression, in addition to being exploited economically by capitalism and being in a powerless position politically, she was also subjected to
to her husband's beatings and abuse.The reason why the author wants to create such a character is to pass through the most oppressed

The process of women's awakening profoundly reveals the great power of Marxism in educating and transforming people, and shows that the broad masses are in the process of revolution.
The "resurrection" of the soul in the revolutionary movement shows the depth and breadth of the proletarian revolutionary movement.Furthermore, the mother in the structure of the novel
Zhongye
have an important role.Almost all events in the work are described through her feelings.From an artistic point of view, in small
In the character image system mentioned above, the mother is the most profound and touching one.

At the beginning of the novel, the mother is an ordinary working woman who is tortured, timid, and submissive.Gorky is vivid and concrete

It vividly describes the awakening of the wife and mother of the most oppressed ordinary worker, that is, the process of spiritual resurrection.Mother

It was with the inspiration and help of his son and his comrades that he gradually accepted the revolutionary truth.The activity of the worker group in her home slowly

inspired her consciousness.After Pavel was arrested for the "Swamp Gorpy" incident, the mother accepted the task of distributing leaflets.this one
Although the direct purpose of the action is to rescue the son from prison, it is still an important symbol of the mother's growth.workers against pavel

Sympathy and praise, the lively atmosphere in the factory due to the reappearance of leaflets, was a great encouragement to the mother.she is more aware

The justice of her son's work, she took pride in her participation in leaflet distribution when she visited her son in prison.son and
When the comrades held the "May Day" parade, the mother walked to the street with her son.The son held high the red flag and walked at the forefront of the team,

Heroic and unyielding in the face of armed police.The mother was deeply moved by the heroic behavior of her son and comrades, and was moved by the magnificent crowd scene.
Excited, she further realized the power of truth, so she devoted herself more consciously to revolutionary activities.

After Pavel's second arrest, his mother moved to the city, where she lived with the revolutionary intellectuals and devoted herself entirely to party work.she
Often dressed up as nuns, small townspeople or businesswomen, carrying leaflets and revolutionary publications to run around towns and villages.

She has exercised a strong cheerfulness and a steady demeanor.At the same time, she also gained a deeper understanding of the suffering of the people and saw that they are awakening

.Pavel's speeches and struggles in court further raised his mother's consciousness.At the end of the novel, the mother risked her life
To distribute leaflets with Pavel's speeches, unfortunately the station was surrounded by spies.At this time, she bravely distributed the leaflets to Zhou

crowd around.Despite the beatings by the spies, she still shouted: "Everyone must work together and be united!" "The truth

It cannot be extinguished even with an ocean of blood. "At this time, the mother standing in front of us has become a fearless and conscious revolutionary.

life fighter.

Proletarian Protagonist Revolutionary Struggle Textbook

"Mother" is based on the true description of the new revolutionary reality, the profound summary of the essence of the times, and the high ideological and artistic characteristics.

Artistic heroes and new creative methods created a new era of proletarian literature.

"Mother" had a huge impact on the revolutionary people in Russia and the world.It "qualifies as a biography of the working class" and "cultivates

generation after generation of Russian proletarians” (Voroshilov). It became “a desk book for the European proletariat” and was
“The warmest praise”(Lunacharski).After Lenin read the manuscript of "Mother", he said to Gorky at that time: "Good!
Extremely, this is a necessary book. Many workers have joined the revolutionary movement unconsciously and spontaneously. Now they read

Once you read "Mother", you will definitely benefit a lot.A very timely book. "Lenin said this, of course not
Only referring to the work "Mother", but it should be admitted that Lenin to a large extent, and first of all, is precisely this
An epoch-making masterpiece.

In short, "Mother" is Gorky's most famous and representative long-length work, and it is the first book in the history of Russian and world literature to describe the
A novel describing the proletariat as the decisive force in the revolutionary struggle.The development of the mother's character is the key to the majority of Russian people in the early 20th century.
The artistic reproduction of the process of awakening and growth of the masses, the novel profoundly reflects the transformation of the Russian workers and peasants' revolutionary movement from spontaneous to spontaneous.
The struggle of feeling. The advent of "Mother" has greatly awakened the revolutionary spirit of the proletariat and working people in Russia and other countries in the world.
Destiny consciousness is worthy of being a visual textbook of the revolutionary struggle of the proletariat.

Lu Xun admired Gorky and his "Mother" very much. He thought Gorky "is great, and I think no one can compare."
As soon as Erki's novel "Mother" was published, the revolutionaries said it was a "most timely book", and no matter at that time, it is still
exist.I think, especially in China now and in the future. "This novel was serialized in an American magazine in English in December of the same year.

In the second year, it was translated into French, Italian, German, Spanish and other languages, and spread all over the world.Gorky's "Mother" is a social
The founding work of socialist literature.

(End of this chapter)