100 must-read books for college students

Chapter 78 A Milestone in the History of Modern Education
Chapter 77 A milestone in the history of modern education: "Democracy and Education"

Dewey's philosophy seems to transcend materialism and idealism, and has a strong "experience" and "scientific" color
,due to

It more prominently reflects the way of thinking and life style of the American bourgeoisie than other western schools of philosophy, embodying
Because of their characteristics of paying attention to practical functions, it quickly became the most fashionable philosophy in the United States.At the same time, Dewey and the general study
Unlike philosophers, he is not limited to talking about philosophical concepts, but strives to promote his philosophical theories, thus greatly expanding

Increased the influence of pragmatism, making pragmatism become the dominant philosophy in the United States for a long period of time.dewey as

The mouthpiece of the "American Spirit," whose ideas have had a greater influence on American social thought than any other philosopher, up to the present day
, Dewey is still called the number one philosopher in the United States in the 20th century by American academic circles.

"Democracy and Education" Representative Works of Educational Philosophy

John Dewey (1859-1952) was a famous American philosopher, psychologist, educator, ethicist and political thinker
Family.

Starting from the philosophy of pragmatism and the democratic system of the United States, Dewey discusses the issue of education in a democratic system in more detail.

In 1894, Dewey determined the philosophical thought of pragmatism and began to seriously study educational issues.

He served as the dean of the Department of Education at the University of Chicago, trying to explore and create his own ideas of pedagogy.Before long, he founded
An experimental school, the Dewey School, formed and developed his ideas on education and psychology, which he progressively proposed at the turn of the century
own philosophy of education. In 1904, he went to Columbia University again, mainly teaching the theory of educational philosophy.

In 1916, he carried out his educational philosophy thought
A detailed summary was formed to form the book "Democracy and Education".

Pragmatic Philosophical Educational Theory Classics

The main content of Dewey's "Democratic Education" is to discuss that "education is to make philosophical differences concrete and be accepted.
Testing laboratory. ""Philosophy as a social process is equivalent to the educational process""Education is the continuation of social life

It is a tool that transmits experience through communication." "The criterion for judging the value of school education is that it creates a relationship between students and society.

the desire to continue to grow or develop; the extent to which it provides means for the realization of this desire" "School

All the tasks and methods of education are to cultivate students' thinking ability and habits" and other issues, and most of these issues are what we have to deal with

touch more.Although Dewey's "Democracy and Education" is not a tome, it is a must-read teaching book.

classic literature on education.Although there is no lack of philosophical and speculative language and discussions in this work, it is also full of American philosophical characteristics.

There's that sense of humor and lightheartedness.This book ranges from historical analysis to realistic analysis, from philosophical analysis to educational theory and teaching.
The analysis of educational practice should be said to be very detailed.

In this book, Dewey first briefly reviewed and analyzed various pedagogical thoughts in history, and pointed out that
Although China's educational theory has many valuable ideas, there are serious deficiencies and flaws.Because of these educational theories

Contains an extremely strong class viewpoint and the idea of ​​class division of social members, which is not conducive to the full development of human freedom and democracy.
wave.The lack of analysis of the relationship between education and practice in traditional educational theory has resulted in a disconnect between education and practice.

Phenomenon.In the process of emphasizing the intellectual function of education, the traditional educational theory has a great influence on the cultivation of human sociality and the development of human morality.
Improving and so on are not enough.For this reason, it is necessary to establish and develop a more reasonable and healthy pedagogy theory.just before this

Under the premise, Dewey put forward his own pragmatism educational theory system in detail.

Dewey pointed out that education and philosophy are closely related.First, philosophy is the theory of the most general aspects of education.any kind of teaching
Educational system or education system are all related to a certain philosophy. Philosophical theory is the theoretical guidance of educational activities, and it is the basis for educational activities.
general methodological basis.Second, education is the laboratory in which philosophical differences are reified and tested.in education
In the process of education, the educators are actually conveying a philosophical concept to the educated through their own educational activities, so

, through education, different philosophies begin to enter the minds of the educated, so that differences and debates in philosophical theories
Into the consciousness of the masses, tested in popular society.Therefore, education is very useful for testing philosophical thought.

effective way.At the same time, philosophy is not an empty theory divorced from social practice.
Therefore, philosophy is actually a social activity and a social process.and

As a social process, philosophy is equivalent to the educational process, and the influence of philosophy on people is itself education, and at the same time, education

Philosophy is also experienced and disseminated.Fundamentally speaking, philosophy is the basis of education, and education is at the same time the life of philosophy.

move, the two cannot be separated.However, not all philosophies can provide the most sound methodological basis for education.

Pragmatist philosophy is a very sound philosophy that is very useful for education.First, Dewey pointed out that different philosophical systems,

Each has its own unique epistemological concepts.Because of social class divisions that prevent free and full intercourse, the intelligence of the members of each class
Both power and understanding are one-sided, so that all schools of philosophy in the past have various deficiencies and defects, and they have great impact on education.

have different adverse effects.The experience of various philosophical situations does not enrich and complement each other, and thus cannot serve as a good teaching tool.
Education provides good guidance.Secondly, Dewey believes that the essential feature of pragmatism as the epistemology of a democratic society is to insist on
The continuum between activities that recognize and purposefully change the environment is itself a philosophy of practice that seeks to bring the theory of philosophy
Apply methodology and epistemology developed in practice to educational activities.In this regard, the view of pragmatic philosophy holds that teaching

Teaching activities should link the acquisition of knowledge in the school with various activities or assignments in the common living environment, so that
In the process of receiving education, students can not only acquire certain theoretical knowledge, but also acquire knowledge of social life.
After school education, to be able to adapt to the needs of society relatively smoothly, not only have good theoretical knowledge, but also
Sound moral knowledge and judgment can be acquired.

Dewey pointed out that educational activities are closely related to the moral life of human beings, and a very important content of educational activities is

It is moral education and cultivation.Morality is a very important part of human life, it goes deep into every aspect of our life
In other words, morality potentially includes all our actions.Anyone's life is a life of constant pursuit of moral life

Procedure.Virtue is no mystery either. It is a man who is able, by associating with others in all the duties of life, to make him fully and

Local becomes the quality of the person he is able to form.The moral and social qualities of an individual are related to each other.from education
He said that all education that can develop students' ability to effectively participate in social life is moral education.According to Dewey, educational
The fundamental essence is the cultivation of interest. The core of modern education is to enable the educated to not only do the specific behaviors necessary for society

Interested in, and interested in, the continual re-adaptation necessary for growth, in learning from all life's encounters
interest, thus shaping a character of the educated.

Education has its special and rich meaning in modern democratic society.In this regard, Dewey conducted a more detailed discussion.

He analyzed the relationship between education and social life, the role of education in social development, the classification of education and the different types of education
specific functions.Education is a tool to continue social life, and it transmits experience through communication.

Here, the educational process can
In a broad sense, it can be divided into: natural education and school education.There should be a balance between the two approaches to education.People always live in a certain
Under the environment, the environment is the sum of all kinds of situations when organisms perform their unique activities.The social environment is any member of the

All the activities of the partners formed during the movement.The school is the special environment which affects the intellectual and moral disposition of its members, it possesses
Three functions: firstly, to simplify and sort out the various factors of the tendencies to be developed; secondly, to purify and integrate existing social customs
and, finally, to create a wider and more beautifully balanced environment than adolescents may be exposed to if left to their own devices.this kind

The democratic education concept is a particularly important content of this book.In the democratic concept of education, the concept of education is simply

It is the reorganization or transformation of experience.

The concept of education is to transmit and expand the ability, to make all kinds of people living in society achieve the ability and experience
Sharing, development and balance on the Internet.Education, therefore, is to develop, to grow, to have no purpose other than itself, and to teach
The education process is a process of continuous reorganization, transformation and transformation.in that it creates the will to enable students and society to continue to grow or develop
to what extent it is desired; in the extent to which it provides means for the realization of this desire.The educational thought of growth boils down to the experience of
Continue to transform ideas.This transformation or reorganization can both increase the meaning of the experience and improve the capacity of the subsequent experience process

.Dewey argued that a good educational purpose should have the following characteristics: First, an educational purpose must be based on the educated
The needs of the inherent activities of a specific individual; second, it must be able to be transformed into a method of cooperating with the activities of the educated, creating

The environment needed to liberate and organize the potentialities of the educated; third, there is no general or ultimate end in education.

Since education is the reorganization or transformation of experience, all tasks and methods of school education are to cultivate students' thinking ability and

Habit.Experience is the interaction of the human organism with its environment, involving the link between actions or attempts and the results obtained

Knot.Connection is realized by thinking, and experience without the thinking factor has no value.The elements of pedagogy are equal to the essentials of thinking
Elements: ① Make students have a real experience situation - there must be a continuous activity that is interested in the activity itself; ② In this
Create a real problem inside the emotion as a stimulus for thinking; ③ Make students possess knowledge materials and engage in necessary

Observe to deal with this problem; ④ Let them be responsible for developing their own solution to the problem step by step; ⑤ Let them

Students have the opportunity to test the practical value of their ideas and practices through application.

Finally, Dewey also pointed out that reforming the education system should resolve the conflict between vocational education and cultural accomplishment education.The key is to change

Shaping school textbooks and pedagogies to utilize forms of work that reflect socio-professional needs and articulate their intellectual and moral

Content.

In short, the book "Democracy and Education" written by Dewey, the spiritual spokesman of the United States and the number one philosopher in the United States, is the history of educational thought.

The classic literature on the Internet, the series of educational thoughts expounded in this book have important historical and cultural significance, in history and reality

have had a huge impact.

The book "Democracy and Education" summarizes the history of human educational thought, and puts forward the basic principles and theories of modern education
, laid the foundation of modern educational thought.This kind of educational thought is very important for getting rid of the memory-based educational thought and establishing a quality-based educational thought.
Educational thinking is very important.

The book particularly emphasizes the practical value and humanistic value of education, attaches great importance to the impact of education on human morality and social development, and makes education

Getting rid of the scope of isolated knowledge imparting and seeing education as an extremely important aspect of social activities makes education
It has gained its due status in modern social life.Dewey put forward in this book about the purpose, function, and

Methods and other theories have also had a huge impact on the educational practice of modern countries.Education reform in most countries

The establishment of education system and education system are inextricably linked with Dewey's educational theory.From this we can say without exaggeration

, Dewey's educational thought put forward in this book is an important theoretical basis of modern education.Of course, the basic

The theoretical basis is still very limited.The philosophical theoretical basis of Dewey's educational thought is the philosophy of pragmatism. He put social
Think of development as the process of the development of human nature, as a continuous process of personal experience, rather than an objective law

development process.Undoubtedly, this is an idealist view of history.

(End of this chapter)